Chapter 5 第 5 章

Key Business Functions 主要商業功能

Key business functions 主要商業功能
 Human Resources Management  人力資源管理
 Financial Management  財務管理
 Operations Management  營運管理
 Marketing Management  市場營銷管理
 Information Management  資訊管理
 Risk Management  風險管理

Human resources management 人力資源管理

 Human resources management ensures that a
 人力資源管理確保企業擁有足夠具備合適技能的
company has an adequate amount of employees with
suitable skills. 員工為企業效力。
 Human resources management is the process of:  人力資源管理：
 acquiring and training employees  是指獲取和培訓僱員、評核他們的工作表現，以
 appraising employees’ performance and providing 及 給予他們報酬和福利（例如薪金和年假）的過
them with compensation (e.g., salary and annual
程。
leave)
 dealing with matters concerning employee  處理勞資關係和僱員福利等問題。
relations and employees’ well-being.  所有企業都必須招聘和保留具備才能的員工。
 Every company must be able to attract, recruit and  合適的人才有助企業有效率和有效能地達成企業目
keep competent workers. 標。
 Competent workers help a company achieve its goals  對於知識型經濟社會的企業來說，有效的人力資
efficiently and effectively.
源管理尤其重要。
 This is particularly true for companies in a
knowledge-based economy.

Human resources management tasks 人力資源管理的工作

1. Human resources planning 1. 人力資源規劃
 Human resources planning (also called manpower  人力資源規劃（又稱人力規劃╱人力計劃）是企
planning) is the process of deciding
業決定
 what positions a company needs to fill and
 要填補哪些職位空缺，以及
 how they are to be filled.
 This ensures that a company has the right number  如何填補這些空缺的規劃過程。
and kinds of workers who are capable of  確保企業擁有足夠的員工，而他們又具備適合的
completing company tasks. 技能，以完成職務。
2. Recruitment and selection 2. 招聘和甄選
 Identifies and attracts capable applicants for jobs  識別和吸引人才應徵有關職位
 Selects the most appropriate candidates  挑選最適合的求職者
3. Training and development 3. 培訓和發展
 Improves workers’ performance by using different  從各方面提升員工的工作能力，例如專業技能、
methods to enhance their technical, interpersonal
人際關係技巧、解難能力等，從而改善他們的工
and problem-solving skills
作表現。
4. Performance appraisal
4. 工作表現評核(工作考核／員工考績)
 Evaluate workers’ performance by designing a
performance appraisal system and helps them  設立工作評核制度，以評估員工的工作表現，幫
identify ways to improve 助他們 找出改善的方法。
5. Compensation and benefits management 5. 報酬和福利管理
 Provides an effective compensation system which  制定有效的薪酬和福利制度，以吸引和保留人
can motivate workers to work productively, and 才，以及激勵員工努力工作。
attracts and retains competent workers

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Importance of human resources management 人力資源管理的重要性
1. Recruits workers with suitable skills to perform 1. 為企業招聘具備合適技能的員工，以擔任職務。
company tasks.
2. 向員工提供培訓，以提升他們的專業知識和技能；
2. Provides training to workers to improve their
knowledge and skills; and help managers improve 幫助管理人員提升管理和領導技巧。
their management and leadership skills. 3. 進行工作表現評核，評估員工的工作表現。
3. Conducts performance appraisals to evaluate
4. 制定公平和有競爭力的薪酬制度，以激勵員工；並
employees’ job performance.
4. Develops a fair and competitive compensation system 向員工提供各項福利，以增加他們對公司的歸屬感。
to motivate employees; and provide them with
5. 處理員工的投訴，並促進公司、員工和工會之間的
various benefits and services which can strengthen
their commitment to the company. 關係。
5. Handles grievances from employees and promotes 6. 確保公司遵守所有勞工法例。
good relationships between the company, employees
and labour unions.
6. Ensures that the company has observed all labour
regulations.

Financial management 財務管理

 A firm must have sufficient funds to finance its  企業須具備充足的資金以維持各方面的運作，
operations.  例如：
 For example, it needs funds to:
 購買或租用辦公室
 Buy or lease an office  購買原料和存貨
 Buy raw materials and inventories
 購買機器和設備
 Buy machines and equipment
 支付租金、水電雜費和薪金
 Pay rent, utilities and wages
 開發新產品或開拓新市場
 Develop new products or enter new markets
 Pay off debts  償還債務
 Expand the business  擴充業務
 Financial management refers to the management of  財務管理是指管理企業的財務資源和財務責任以達
financial resources and financial obligations in order 到企業的目標。
to achieve a firm’s goals.  財務責任是指個人或企業支付款項（尤其是債務）
 Financial obligations refer to the money that a person
的責任。
or a firm is committed to pay, particularly a debt.
 It aims to maximise a firm’s wealth  財務管理的目的是為企業賺取最大的財富。

Financial management tasks

 Financial managers are responsible for developing 財務管理的工作
and carrying out a company’s financial plans and  財務經理負責制定和執行企業的財務計劃，並決定
determining the most appropriate sources and uses of 最恰當的資金籌集方法和資金用途。
funds.  監控企業的現金流量、作出財務決策，以及向高層
 They also monitor the company’s cash flows, make 管理人員提出財務上的建議。
financial decisions, and advise top management on all
financial matters.  大部分大型企業的財務部都由財務總監或司庫負責
 Most large companies employ a chief financial officer 管理。
or treasurer to take charge of its finance department.  財務管理的主要工作包括
 The main financial management tasks are  制定及執行財務計劃
 Developing and carrying out financial plans
 籌集資金
 Obtaining funds

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Developing and carrying out financial plans 制定及執行財務計劃
1. Forecasting both the company’s short-term and 1. 預測企業的短期和長期財政需要
long-term financial needs  短期的預測只涵蓋一年或更短的時間，包括估計
 A short-term forecast predicts revenues, cost and
企業的收益、成本和費用。
expenses for a period of one year or less.
 A long-term forecast covers a period longer than  長期的預測涵蓋的時間超過一年。
one year.
2. Developing budgets to meet those needs 2. 制定預算以滿足上述財政需要
 A budget is a detailed plan of income, costs and  預算是企業對未來一段時間內的收入、成本和費
expenses expected over a period of time. 用所作的詳盡計劃。
 It helps financial managers estimate the flow of
money into and out of the business.  它有助財務經理估計資金的進出。
3. Monitoring actual revenues, costs and expenses 3. 監控企業的實際收益、成本和費用，並與財務計劃
against the financial plan 中的預測比較
 Firms usually review their financial performance  企業通常每月檢討其財務表現，這有助管理層找
monthly. This helps managers detect problem and
take necessary remedial actions. 出問題所在，並採取補救措施。

Obtaining funds 籌集資金

 Equity financing  股本融資（又稱權益籌資）
 Funds are supplied by the owner(s) of the firm:  資金由企業東主提供。
 Sole proprietorships: Using owner’s savings  獨資企業: 東主向企業投入個人儲蓄
 Partnerships: Admitting new partners  合夥企業: 增加合夥人
 Limited companies: Issuing shares to existing
shareholders or new investors  有限公司: 向現有股東或新投資者發行股份
 Retained profit are an important source of funds  留存利潤也是大小企業的重要資金來源。
for all firms.
 Debt financing  債務融資（又稱舉債融資）
 Funds are obtained from sources other than the  從東主以外的來源籌集資金，例如:
owners  例如:
 Examples:  向銀行借款
 Loans from banks  要求供應商給予貿易賒帳
 Trade credit from suppliers

Importance of financial management 財務管理的重要性

1. Acquires and manages funds to support the 1. 為企業籌集和管理資金，以維持營運。
company’s operations. 2. 監控企業的現金流量。
2. Monitors the company’s cash flow.
3. 為企業目前和將來的支出制定預算。
3. Develops budgets for current and future expenditure.
4. 評估投資計劃及其回報。
4. Assesses investment projects and their returns.
5. Decides how funds can best be used to finance the 5. 決定資金的最佳用途，以支持企業的發展。
company’s growth.

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Operations management 營運管理
 Every company is engaged in the production of goods  所有企業的營運均涉及生產貨品或提供服務（或兩
and/or services.
 Manufacturing companies produce physical goods 者兼備）。
 Services companies produce non-physical outputs  從事製造業的企業生產有形的貨品
 They all have an operating system which transforms  從事服務業的企業提供無形的服務
inputs into outputs.
 The typical transformation process involves various  企業都有一套營運系統，把投入轉化為貨品或服務。
procedures, technologies, knowledge and work  轉化過程一般涉及不同的程序、技術、知識和工作。
activities.  投入經過營運系統和生產過程轉化為貨品或服務，
 Operations management is a business function of
managing systems and processes that transform 營運管理是指管理這些系統和過程。
inputs into finished goods or services.  確保企業能有效率地生產貨品或提供服務，並符合
 It ensures that goods and services are produced 品質標準。
efficiently and meet quality standards.

Operations management tasks 營運管理的工作

Designing effective production process 設計有效的生產程序
1. Forecasting demand (Marketing management) 1. 預測需求 (市場營銷管理)
 Estimate future demand for the company’s goods  營運經理須預測市場對貨品和服務的需求，
and services.
 These estimates are used to plan production  這些需求用以計劃企業的生產活動。
activities. 2. 計劃和釐定生產能力
2. Planning for capacity  決定企業的生產能力。
 Determine the company’s production capacity for
goods and services.  生產能力是指企業所能生產的最大產品數量。
 Production capacity is the maximum amount that 3. 選擇生產或營運地點
a firm can produce.  選擇合適的生產或營運地點，以達到降低成本和
3. Choosing a facility location
 Find a location that can minimise production costs 增加營運效率的目的。
and increase operational efficiency. 4. 規劃工場設施的佈局
4. Designing a facility layout  為所需的商品和服務規劃生產設施的佈局
 Determine the physical arrangement of resources
needed to produce goods and services.  設施佈局可影響處理物料的效率、設施的使用，
 The layout can affect the efficiency of material 以及員工的生產力。
handling, the utilisation of equipment, and the 5. 安排生產日程
productivity of employees.
5. Scheduling work  決定每項生產工序所需的時間，並逐項訂下開始
 Determine how long each production task takes to 和完成的時間。
complete and set starting and ending times for
each task.

Inventory management and quality assurance 存貨管理和品質保證

1. Inventory management 1. 存貨管理
 Ensure a reasonable stock level to avoid wear and
 確保存貨量適中，以免存貨過多，導致損耗及毀
tear from over-storage.
 Operations managers should keep track of all 壞。
materials and supplies so that they are in good  營運經理應記錄所有物料和存貨，確保它們完好
condition and available whenever the company
無缺，以備不時之需。
needs them.
2. Quality control 2. 品質控制
 To assure the quality of goods and services,  為確保產品和服務符合標準，須：
operations managers should:  定期檢查生產工具和設施
 regularly inspect tools and equipment  向供應商購買優質原料
 acquire quality parts from suppliers  向員工提供技能培訓
 provide skill training to employees

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Importance of operations management 營運管理的重要性
1. Develops an operating system which transforms 1. 建立營運系統，把投入轉化為貨品或服務。
inputs into outputs.
2. 設計有效的生產程序。
2. Designs an effective production process.
3. Ensures that production is carried out efficiently. 3. 確保生產能有效率地進行。
4. Maintains inventory properly so that it is available 4. 妥善管理存貨，以備不時之需。
whenever needed. 5. 確保貨品和服務質素符合標準。
5. Ensures that goods and services meet quality
standards.

Marketing management 市場營銷管理

 All companies generate revenue by selling their goods  企業必須透過銷售貨品和服務來賺取收益。
and services to customers.  首先，企業要了解顧客所需，
 First, they have to find out what their customers  然後提供能滿足他們需要的貨品和服務。
need.
 例子 :
 Then they provide them with goods and services
 麥當勞提供漢堡包滿足食客。
that can satisfy their needs.
 Examples:  微軟研製不同的軟件如 Word、Excel 和 Internet
 McDonald’s makes hamburgers to satisfy Explorer，以滿足電腦使用者的不同需要。
hungry customers.  所有成功的企業所創造的貨品和服務，都是顧客願
 Microsoft develops software such as Word, 意購買的。
Excel and Internet Explorer to meet the needs  市場營銷管理的功能是計劃和執行市場營銷策略
of computers users.
（簡稱市場策略）
，提供產品和╱或服務，比競爭對
 All successful companies create products or services
which their customers want to buy. 手更能滿足顧客的需要。
 Marketing management is a business function of
planning and executing marketing strategies so that a
company can meet customer needs with its products
and/or services better than competitors.

Importance of marketing management 市場營銷管理的重要性

1. Finds out what customers need and how to satisfy 1. 找出顧客的需要，並設法滿足這些需要。
their needs. 2. 決定生產甚麼產品、在哪裏銷售和如何銷售，以及
2. Determines what to produce, where and how to sell 產品的價格。
the products or services, and their prices.
3. 制定計劃，與市場上其他對手競爭。
3. Develops plans to compete with other companies in
the market. 4. 與顧客、供應商、員工和其他商業夥伴建立長遠及
4. Builds long-term relationships with customers, 互利的關係。
suppliers, employees and other business partners for 5. 監察市場需求的變化並作出回應。
mutual benefit. 6. 為企業帶來收益。
5. Monitors changes in market needs and responds to
those changes.
6. Generates revenue for the company.

Marketing management tasks 市場營銷管理的工作

 Planning  計劃
 Organising  組織
 Implementing  執行
 Controlling  監控
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Planning 計劃
 Marketing planning determines the marketing  市場營銷計劃決定企業的市場營銷目標，並制定相
objectives of the company and develops a marketing 應的市場營銷策略以達成這些目標。
strategy which is used to achieve those objectives.  市場營銷計劃可以分為
 Marketing planning can be divided 1. 找出/創造市場機會
1. Identity/Create market opportunities 2. 選擇目標市場
2. Selecting target markets
3. 制定有效的市場營銷策略
3. Developing an effective marketing strategy

1. Identity/Create market opportunities 1. 找出/創造市場機會

 Process of Identity/Create market opportunities by
 按顧客獨特的需要、特性及消費模式，找出/創造
finding consumer needs, characteristics and
市場機會的過程。
consumption patterns.
 例如，紙包飲品製造商為成人和孩童分別生產容
 For example, the manufacturers of packaged drinks
量不同的產品。
provide products of different sizes for adults and
children.

2. Selecting target markets 2. 選擇目標市場

 After identity or create market opportunities,  找出/創造市場機會後，市場營銷經理須比較不同
marketing managers need to compare and choose 市場機會，並選出目標市場。
the target markets that they will decide to serve.  企業可以根據其資源和市場營銷目標，選擇一個
 Companies may serve one or more target markets, 或多個目標市場。
depending on their resources and marketing
objectives.

3. Formulate and evaluate effective marketing strategy 3. 制定和評估有效的市場營銷策略

 A marketing strategy consists of four key elements:  市場營銷策略由四個重要元素組成，統稱為：
4Ps or Marketing Mix 「4Ps」或市場營銷組合
 Product: The goods and services the company  產品: 企業向顧客提供的貨品和服務
offers to buyers
 價格: 顧客購買產品或惠顧服務時所付的金額
 Price: The amount that buyers have to pay to
 分銷方法: 企業把產品送達顧客的活動
obtain the product or service
 Place: The activities that the company carries  推廣: 企業游說顧客購買產品或服務的活動
out to make the product or service available to
buyers
 Promotion: The activities that the company
carries out to persuade customers to buy the
product or service

Organising 組織
 Marketing organising determines how marketing  市場營銷組織決定如何組織和協調企業的市場營銷
activities are coordinated and organised by the 活動。
company.
 很多大型企業都設有市場營銷部，以策劃和舉辦市
 In large companies, a marketing department will be
場營銷活動。
formed to plan and carry out marketing activities.
 There are three common ways of organising  市場營銷活動有三種常見的組織方法：
marketing activities:

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  Functional structure  按功能

 按產品類別
 Product structure

 Geographical structure  按地區

 The most common form is the functional structure by  組織市場營銷活動最常見的方法是按功能組織，不

which different marketing activities are performed by 同員工負責不同功能的市場營銷活動。
different people.  售賣多種產品或擁有多個品牌的企業大多按產品
 Companies which have many products and brands
類別組織營銷活動。
often use the product structure.
 Companies that sell in different countries use the  把產品銷往不同國家的企業多按地區組織營銷活
geographical structure. 動。

Implementing marketing activities 執行市場營銷活動

 Marketing implementation is the process that turns  企業須執行市場營銷策略，即是把計劃付諸實行。
marketing plans into actions.  要成功執行市場營銷計劃，市場營銷經理必須與企
 To implement a marketing plan successfully,
marketing managers must work with other people 業的員工和不同人士緊密合作。
both inside and outside the company.  市場營銷經理常與生產部門合作，開發新產品。
 Marketing managers often collaborate with the  他們也與批發商和零售商緊密合作，推廣其產品
production department in developing new
products. 和╱或服務。
 They also work closely with the wholesalers and
retailers in promoting their products and/or
services.

Controlling marketing activities 監控市場營銷活動

 Marketing control is the process of measuring and  市場營銷監控是量度和評估市場營銷計劃成果的過
evaluating the results of marketing plans: 程。市場營銷監控的過程如下：
1. Marketing managers first set the goals (marketing
1. 市場營銷經理訂立目標（市場營銷目標）；
objectives) they want to achieve.
2. They then measure and evaluate the performance. 2. 量度和評估企業的實際表現。假如實際表現偏離
If actual performance differs from expected 既定目標，市場營銷經理便要找出原因，並採取
performance, they would find out the causes and 糾正行動。
take corrective actions.  市場營銷監控的目的是確保企業能夠達到預期的市
 The purpose of marketing control is to ensure that the
company achieves its planned marketing objectives. 場營銷目標。

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Information management 資訊管理
 Managers need information to make various decisions  管理人員在作出各種決策和監察企業的表現時，都
and to monitor the company’s performance. 須要使用各種資訊。
 Information management is the business function of  資訊管理是指收集、處理、儲存和傳遞資訊，以 支
gathering, processing, storing, and distributing 援企業的運作和決策的過程。
information to support the company’s operations and  資訊經理的職責是建立一套資訊系統，為其他管理
decision-making. 人員和員工提供可靠和適時的資訊，幫助他們有效
 Information managers are responsible for establishing
地完成工作或作出決策。
an information system which gives reliable and timely
information to other managers and workers.

Information management tasks 資訊管理的工作

 Collecting and store various data  收集及儲存數據
 To facilitate decision-making, a company would  管理人員須從企業內外收集及儲存各種各樣的數
collect various data both inside and outside the 據，以便作出決策。
company.  數據是未經處理的事實，只是一些數字、名稱
 Data are raw facts which are just numbers, 或數量等。
names or quantities.
 例如，企業會收集：經濟增長率、產品每日的
 For example, many companies collect data such
銷售額、退貨的數目、競爭對手的產品資料
as: Economic growth, Daily sales figures,
Number of returned products, Products made
by competitors
 Transforming data into information  把數據轉化為資訊
 Data on their own do not have any meaning and  未經處理的數據本身沒有任何意義，對管理人員
are useless to managers. 沒有任何用處。
 Information is useful to managers because it has  數據經過處理和分析後，可成為有意義、對管理
meaning. 人員十分重要的資訊 。
 Data (Processing and Analysing)→ Information  數據 (處理和分析)→資訊
 Daily sales figure → Sales trend  產品每日的銷售額 →銷售趨勢
 Enables managers to detect changes in  有助管理人員識別顧客喜好的轉變
customer tastes.

Importance of information management 資訊管理的重要性

1. Gathers internal and external information which is 1. 從企業內外收集 有用的資訊。
useful to the company. 2. 處理和組織資訊，以便管理人員利用這些資訊作出
2. Processes and organises information in ways which
決策。
can be easily used by managers for decision-making.
3. 儲存和保護有用的資訊以便日後使用。
3. Stores and protects useful information for later use.
4. Provides reliable and timely information to managers. 4. 向管理人員提供可靠和適時的資訊。
5. Facilitates communication between employees even 5. 促進員工之間的溝通，不論他們身處何地。
if they are based in distant locations. 6. 讓管理人員更有效地監控企業的運作。
6. Allows managers to have better control over the
operations of a company.

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Risk management 風險管理
 Risk is the uncertainly or possibility of suffering a loss  風險是指蒙受損失或遭遇不幸的可能性。
or mishap.  所有企業都要面對風險，例如：火災、意外事故、
 All companies face the risk of loss resulting from 傷亡、盜竊、機件故障、罷工、惡劣天氣及自然災
events such as: Fires, Accidents, Injuries, Thefts,
害
Machine breakdowns, Labour strikes, Bad weather
 風險管理的功能包括：
and Natural disasters.
 Risk management is a business function of  為企業評估和識別各種潛在風險. 例如：火災，
 assessing and identifying the risks of a company. 盜竊，水災
e.g. fire, burglary, flooding  制定合適的方法來保護公司免受各種潛在風險
 developing suitable methods to protect the  監控或控制公司面臨的風險，以盡量減少損失
company against various types of risk.
 monitor or control risks faced by a company to
minimize losses

Risk management tasks 風險管理的工作

1. Identifies and measures potential loss. 1. 識別和量度潛在的損失。
2. Chooses the most efficient methods for controlling 2. 選擇最有效的方法來控制風險，並落實執行。
risks and implements them. 3. 監察風險控制的成效。
3. Monitors how well the risks are controlled.

Risk management strategies 風險管理策略

 Risk Avoidance  風險迴避
 Risk Assumption  風險承擔
 Risk Reduction  風險減少
 Risk Transfer  風險轉移

Risk avoidance 風險迴避

 Risk avoidance means the risk of loss has been  風險迴避是指徹底消除可能引致損失的風險。
eliminated.  只要企業不參與可能引致損失的活動，便可避免風
 A company can choose not to engage in any activity 險。
which would cause loss.
 風險迴避有時是最好，也是唯一可避免重大損失的
 Sometimes, risk avoidance is the only and the best
方法。
way that people can avoid a significant loss.

Risk assumption 風險承擔

 Risk assumption means that the risk of loss is borne  風險承擔即企業自行承擔可能引致損失的風險。
by the company.  企業可運用本身的資源和留存利潤，以承擔將來可
 A company can use its own resources and retained
能出現的損失。
profits to protect itself against possible future losses.
 這個策略大多在以下兩種情况採用：
 This strategy is commonly used in two situations.
1. The loss is insignificant. For example, most 1. 損失十分輕微。例如，餐廳一般會自行承擔 廚
restaurants bear the risk of the loss of kitchen 房用具的損失，因為這些用具並不昂貴。
utensils because those utensils are inexpensive. 2. 沒有其他可行的管理風險的方法。例如，很多高
2. There is no other way to manage the risk. For 科技企業都要獨自承擔新產品不被市場接受的
example, many technology companies have to 風險，因為它們不能減低或轉移這個風險。
assume the risk that their new products will not be
well-received by the market because they cannot
reduce or transfer the risk.

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Risk reduction 風險減少
 Risk reduction means that the risk of loss has been  風險減少即把可能引致損失的風險減低。
reduced.  企業可透過各種措施減低損失的機會及其所帶來的
 A company can take measures to reduce the chance
影響。
of loss and lessen the impact of loss on the business.
 例如，所有酒店均設有煙霧探測器和自動灑水系
 For example, all the hotels have installed smoke
detectors and automatics sprinkler systems. 統。

Risk transfer 風險轉移

 Risk transfer (Risk shifting) means that the risk of loss  風險轉移是把可能引致損失的風險轉移他人來承
has been transferred to another party. 擔。
 A company can transfer risks to others by making  企業可透過簽訂合約或購買保險把風險轉移。
contractual agreements or taking out insurance.
 製造商可以把訂單分包給其他公司，避免因生產
 A manufacturer can subcontract a project to other
firms to protect itself against loss from 成本突然上升而導致的損失。
unpredictable increases in production cost.  很多企業都會購買火險，把火災導致損失的風險
 Many companies take out fire insurance to transfer 轉移給保險公司。
the risk of loss from fire to insurance companies.  並非所有風險都可以投保。
 Not all risks are covered by insurance.  可保風險
 Insurable risks
 保險公司接受的風險
 can be covered by insurance
 Examples: Thefts, Fires, Injuries, Property  例如: 盜竊、火災、意外受傷、物業損毁、疾
damage and Illness 病
 Non-insurable risks  不可保風險
 not accepted by insurance companies  保險公司不接受的風險
 Examples: Acts of terrorism, Acts of war
 例如: 恐怖襲擊、戰爭

Importance of risk management 風險管理的重要性

1. Examines the company’s operations and identifies the 1. 審視企業的營運，識別當中可能引致損失的風險。
risks which may cause losses. 2. 制定最合適的方法來處理風險，以保障企業免受各
2. Protects the company against different risks using the
類風險的影響。
most suitable methods.
3. Minimises losses and reduces the impact of losses on 3. 盡量減少風險所帶來的損失，以減輕其對企業的影
the company. 響。
4. Ensures that human and physical assets of the 4. 確定保險計劃能妥善地保障企業的人力資源和資
company is properly insured. 產。

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Interrelationship of business functions 商業功能的相互關係
 Each business function plays an important role in  所有企業都要執行前述的六項商業功能，因為這些
helping a company to accomplish its objectives. 功能是企業能否達成目標的關鍵。
 The six business functions are interrelated with each  這六項商業功能在企業的日常營運中是相互關連，
other in the daily operations of a company. 而不是各自運作的。
 There are two major reasons for this relationship:  主要原因如下：
 Support needed from other business functions
 各項功能須互相支援
 Cooperate to implement business plans
 各項功能互相配合以落實業務計劃

Support needed from other business functions 各項功能須互相支援

 A business function can only be executed effectively  任何一項商業功能能夠有效地運作，都有賴其他商
with support from other business functions.
業功能的支援。
 In order to complete its own tasks successfully, a
 各項商業功能都需要其他商業功能提供資訊、資源
business function often depends on other business
functions to provide the required information, 和服務，才能完成各自的職務。
resources and/or services.  手袋製造商的財務部籌集營運所需的資金。
 The finance department of a handbag firm helps  人力資源部招聘分店的售貨員和工廠工人。
obtain funds for operation.  工廠工人生產手袋，供分店售賣。
 The human resources department of the firm
 售貨員負責在分店售賣手袋。
recruits sales representatives for its stores and
workers for its factory.
 Workers in the factory produce handbags that are
sold in stores.
 Sales representatives sell the handbags in stores.

Cooperate to implement business plans 各項功能互相配合以落實業務計劃

 Business functions need to work together to carry out  各項商業功能必須互相配合，才能落實企業的業務
a business plan or to solve a business problem. 計劃，以及解決營運中出現的問題。
 Most business activities are complicated and can only
 大部分商業活動都十分複雜，需要具備不同知識和
be accomplished successfully by people with different
技能的員工互相合作，才能完成。
kinds of expertise.
 因此，這六項商業功能在企業的運作中是相互關連
 It is better to understand business functions as units
的。
linked to each other rather than as separate units.

Example: 例子:
 A garment company has decided to build a production  由於深圳的地價和工資都比香港低，香港某服裝公
plant in Shenzhen because land and labour are much 司為減低生產成本，決定在深圳設廠，並計劃把部
cheaper there than in Hong Kong. The company also 分產品在當地出售。在這個投資計劃中，六項商業
plans to sell some of the garments produced in 功能如何各司其職？
Shenzhen to the locals. How are the six business  人力資源管理
functions involved in this decision?  在深圳招聘員工
 Human resources management
 向員工提供培訓
 Hire workers in Shenzhen
 訂立員工的薪酬
 Provide training to workers
 財務管理
 Set workers’ wages
 評估這項投資計劃及其回報
 Financial management
 Assess this investment project and its return  決定如何籌集這項投資計劃所需的資金
 Decide how to finance the investment

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 Marketing management  市場營銷管理
 Find out customer needs in Shenzhen and other  找出深圳和其他內地城市的顧客需要
Chinese cities  決定銷售哪些產品
 Decide what products are to be sold
 為在深圳和其他內地城市出售的產品訂價
 Set prices for products to be sold in Shenzhen
and other Chinese cities
 Operations management  營運管理
 Decide how to carry out production  決定生產如何進行
 Design the facility layout  設計廠房的設施佈局
 Purchase machines and equipment for  購買生產機器和設備
production
 Information management  資訊管理
 Gather and store useful market information  收集和儲存企業產品的市場資訊
about its products  建立連繫深圳廠房和香港總部的電腦網絡
 Establish a computer network between the
plant in Shenzhen and the headquarters in
Hong Kong
 Risk management  風險管理
 Identify and assess the risks associated with the  評估和識別這項投資計劃涉及的風險
investment  為深圳廠房制定最合適的風險管理策略
 Decide on the most suitable risk management
 為深圳廠房購買保險，如為火災和失竊投保
strategies for the plant in Shenzhen
 Buy insurance to protect against fires and thefts

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