Transformer and Motor Theory

Make notes of the theory part Single phase transformer – equivalent circuit, phasor diagram, tests,
regulation and efficiency;
three phase transformers – connections, parallel operation; autotransformer, Energy conversion
principles, Electro-mechanical energy conversion ; DC machines–types, windings, generator
characteristics, armature reaction and commutation, starting and speed control of motors; three
phase induction motors– principles, types, performance characteristics, starting and speed
control; single phase induction motors; synchronous machines – performance, regulation and
parallel operation of generators, motor starting, characteristics and applications; servo and
stepper motors. Braking of DC and AC motors

Here are the notes covering the theory part of the topics you mentioned:

Single-Phase Transformer
Equivalent Circuit

Represents a transformer using lumped parameters to simplify analysis.

Consists of:
Primary & secondary winding resistances (R1 , R2 ) ​ ​

Leakage reactances (X1 , X2 )

​ ​

Magnetizing branch (Rm , Xm ) to model core losses and magnetizing current.

​ ​

Phasor Diagram

Shows the relationship between voltage and current vectors.

Based on no-load, lagging load, and leading load conditions.
Helps in understanding phase angles and power factor effects.

Tests on Transformer

1. Open Circuit Test (OC Test): Determines core losses and magnetizing impedance.
2. Short Circuit Test (SC Test): Determines copper losses and equivalent impedance.

Voltage Regulation

Measures the change in secondary voltage from no-load to full-load.

Formula:

Vno-load − Vfull-load
%Regulation = × 100
​ ​

Vfull-load ​

Depends on load power factor (worst at lagging loads).

Efficiency
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 Ratio of output power to input power:

Output Power
η= × 100
Input Power
​

Maximum efficiency occurs when iron loss = copper loss.

Three-Phase Transformers
Connections

Star-Star (Y-Y): Suitable for high-voltage transmission.

Delta-Delta (Δ-Δ): Used for low-voltage, high-current applications.
Star-Delta (Y-Δ): Common in step-down transformers.
Delta-Star (Δ-Y): Used in step-up transformers.

Parallel Operation

Conditions:
1. Same voltage ratio
2. Same phase sequence
3. Identical per-unit impedance
4. Same polarity
Ensures proper load sharing and prevents circulating currents.

Autotransformer
Single winding acts as both primary and secondary.
Higher efficiency and smaller size compared to conventional transformers.
Voltage transformation ratio:

V2
k=
​

V1 ​

Used in voltage regulators, motor starters, and power transmission.

Energy Conversion Principles

Based on Faraday’s Law (Electromagnetic Induction).
Electrical energy ↔ Mechanical energy (via electromagnetic fields).
Work done is given by:

dW = F ⋅ dx

where force (F) is due to interaction between current and magnetic field.

Electro-Mechanical Energy Conversion

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 Interaction of magnetic field and electric current produces motion.
Includes:
Rotating Machines (DC machines, Induction Motors, Synchronous Machines).
Linear Machines (Linear motors, solenoids).

DC Machines
Types

1. DC Generator – Converts mechanical to electrical energy.

2. DC Motor – Converts electrical to mechanical energy.

Windings

Lap Winding: Used in high-current, low-voltage machines.

Wave Winding: Used in high-voltage, low-current machines.

Generator Characteristics

Separately Excited & Self-Excited Generators.

Voltage vs. Load Current Characteristics (Load Regulation).

Armature Reaction

Distortion of the main magnetic field due to armature current.

Reduces efficiency, causes sparking at brushes.

Commutation

Process of current reversal in armature windings.

Improved using Interpoles and Compensating Windings.

Starting of DC Motors

Requires starter to limit inrush current.

Common starters: Three-point, Four-point Starters.

Speed Control of DC Motors

Armature Voltage Control (for speed below base speed).

Field Flux Control (for speed above base speed).

Three-Phase Induction Motors

Principles

Rotating magnetic field induces current in rotor.

Torque produced by interaction of stator and rotor fields.

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Types

1. Squirrel Cage Induction Motor (SCIM) – Rugged, maintenance-free.

2. Wound Rotor Induction Motor (WRIM) – Allows external resistance control.

Performance Characteristics

Torque-Speed Characteristics: Shows variation of torque with speed.

Slip:

Ns − Nr
S= × 100
​ ​

Ns ​

where Ns = synchronous speed, Nr = rotor speed.

​ ​

Starting Methods

Direct-on-Line (DOL) Starter (for small motors).

Star-Delta Starter (for large motors).
Autotransformer Starter (for high-voltage motors).

Speed Control

Pole Changing Method

Variable Frequency Drive (VFD)
Rotor Resistance Control (for WRIM only)

Single-Phase Induction Motors

Not self-starting (requires auxiliary winding).
Types:
Split-Phase Motor
Capacitor-Start Motor
Shaded Pole Motor

Synchronous Machines
Performance

Operates at constant speed (synchronous speed).

Torque developed depends on power angle (δ ).

Regulation

Voltage regulation is the change in terminal voltage from no-load to full-load.

Methods: Synchronous Impedance Method, Ampere-Turn Method, Zero Power Factor Method.

Parallel Operation of Generators

Conditions:
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 1. Same frequency
2. Same voltage magnitude
3. Same phase sequence
4. Same phase angle

Motor Starting

Requires external excitation.

Methods:
Damper Winding
Pony Motor

Characteristics & Applications

Used in power generation, synchronous condensers, industrial applications.

Servo and Stepper Motors

Servo Motors

Closed-loop system with feedback control.

Used in robotics, CNC machines, automation.

Stepper Motors

Moves in discrete steps.

Used in 3D printers, positioning systems.

Braking of DC and AC Motors

DC Motor Braking

1. Regenerative Braking – Converts kinetic energy back to electrical energy.

2. Dynamic Braking – Uses resistor to dissipate energy.
3. Plugging – Reverses polarity to stop motor quickly.

AC Motor Braking

1. Regenerative Braking – Energy fed back to power source.

2. Dynamic Braking – Uses braking resistor.
3. Plugging – Reverses phase sequence to stop quickly.

This covers the theory part in a structured and detailed manner. Let me know if you need any
modifications or additional explanations!🚀

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