AP SSE CLASS X IMPORTANT FORMULAE FOR MATHS

Real Numbers
1. Every composite number will be expressed as a product of prime numbers.
2. H.C.F. of (a, b) is always a factor of L.C.M. of (a, b)
3. The product of a, b is equal to the product of H.C.F and L.C.M of (a, b).
i.e., a x b = H.C.F of (a, b) x L.C.M of (a, b)
4. If a number ends with digit zero, then 2 and 5 must be the factors of that number.

Polynomials
1. The standard form of a linear polynomial is ax + b, where a  0 .

2. Graphical representation of linear polynomials is a straight line.

b
3. The Zero of linear polynomial ax + b is  .
a

4. The standard form of a quadratic polynomial is ax2 + bx + c, where a  0 and a, b, c

are real numbers.
5. Graphical representation of a quadratic polynomial is a parabola.
6. If a > 0, then the parabola is open upwards.
7. If a < 0, then the parabola is open downwards.
8. The number of zeroes of quadratic polynomials is at most 2.
9. If α, β are zeroes of a quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c, then
b
The sum of the zeroes α + β = 
a
c
The product of the zeroes α.β =
a

The quadratic polynomial with zeroes α, β is in the form of k [x2 - (α + β)x + α β].
10. If the zeroes are reciprocal to each other then the product of zeroes is equal to 1.
1 1 
(b)  2   2       2
2
11. (a)  
  

Pair of linear equations in two variables

1. The standard form of Linear equation in one variable is ax + b = 0, a  0
2. A linear equation in one variable has a unique solution.

3. The linear equation in two variables is in the form of ax + by + c = 0, a 2  b 2  0

4. The linear equation in two variables has infinitely many solutions.

5. Graphically it is a straight line.
6. Pair of linear equations in two variables a1x  b1y  c1, a2x  b2y  c 2.

INTERSECTING LINES PARALLEL LINES COINCIDENT LINES

Unique solution No solutions Infinitely many solutions
Consistent Inconsistent Consistent
a1 b1 a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1
    
a 2 b2 a 2 b2 c 2 a 2 b2 c 2

Quadratic Equations
1. The standard form of a quadratic equation is ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a  0 and a, b, c
are real numbers.
2. Zeroes of a quadratic equation is

b  b 2  4ac
x
2a
Here b2 – 4ac is called discriminant.
3. If b2 – 4ac = 0, then the roots are real and equal.
4. If b2 – 4ac > 0, then the roots are real and unequal.
5. If b2 – 4ac < 0, then the roots are not real.

Arithmetic Progressions
1. The A.P. is in the form of a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d,…………….
2. d is called a common difference.
3. d = a2 – a1 = a3 – a2=…….= an – an-1
4. nth term of an A.P. is an = a + (n-1)d. (OR) an = an-1 + d (OR) an = sn – sn-1
5. The sum of n terms in A.P. is
n n
Sn  2a  n  1 d  OR  Sn  a  l  , where l is the last term.
2 2
6. If an = pn + q, then the common difference is p (i.e., coefficient of n).

Triangles
1. If two triangles are similar, then the corresponding angles are equal.
2. If two triangles are similar, then the corresponding sides are proportion.
3. Circles, equilateral triangles, Right Isosceles triangles, Squares, and regular polygons
are always similar.
4. Straight lights are not considered as a similar.
5. Rectangles, Rhombuses, triangles (except equilateral triangles and right Isosceles
triangles), and irregular polygons with same number of sides are not similar.
6. All Congruent triangles are similar. But all similar triangles need not be congruent.
7. If ABC PQR ,then

AB BC AC
A  P , B  Q C  R and   .
PQ QR PR

8. In the given triangle if PQ || BC, then

AP AQ
(i)  .
PB QC

AP AQ PQ
(ii)   .
AB AC BC
9. If ABC PQR , then

AB BC AC Perimeter of ABC
   .
PQ QR PR Perimeter of PQR

Coordinate Geometry
1. If the coordinates of A (x1, y1) and coordinates of B (x2, y2), then the distance
between A and B or the length of AB is:

 x2  x1   y2  y1  .
2 2
Distance between two points =

2. If the coordinates of A ( x1, y1) and coordinates of B (x2, y2), and the point P (x, y)
divides AB in the ratio of m1: m2 internally, then the coordinates of P is:
 m x  m2 x1 m1y2  m2y1 
Section formula =  1 2 , .
 m 1  m 2 m1  m2 

 x  x 2 y1  y2 
3. Mid-point =  1 , .
 2 2 
4. The ratio of trisection points 1: 2 and 2: 1.
5. The point on the x-axis is in the form of (a, 0).
6. The point on the y-axis is in the form of (0, a)

Introduction to trigonometry
ABC is a right-angled triangle, the right angle at B,

side opposite to  1
1. sin   
hypotenuse cos ec 

side adjecent to  1
2. cos   
hypotenuse sec 

side opposite to  1 sin 

3. tan    
side adjecent to  cot  cos 

side adjecent to  1 cos 

4. cot    
side opposite to  tan  sin 

hypotenuse 1
5. sec   
side adjecent to  cos 

hypotenuse 1
6. cos ec  
side opposite to  sin 

7. Hypotenuse 2 = base 2 + altitude 2

8. sin2 A + cos2 A = 1

9. sec2 A - tan2 A = 1

10. cosec 2 A – cot 2 A=1

1
11. If secA + tan A = p, then sec A – tan A = .
p
 Some Applications of Trigonometry
1. If the line of sight is above the horizontal line, then the angle between line of sight and
the horizontal line is called the angle of elevation.
2. If the line of sight is below the horizontal line, the angle between line of sight and the
horizontal line is called the angle of depression.
3. If the Altitude is equal to the base, then the angle is equal to 450.

4. If the angle of elevation is 300, then the base is 3 times of altitude.

5. If the angle of elevation is 600, then the altitude is 3 times of the base.

6. If the distance is increased, then the angle of elevation is decreased.

7. If we are walking towards the pole, then the distance is decreased and the angle is
increased.

Circles
1. A circle will have infinite tangents.
2. A tangent intersects the circle at only one point.
3. A circle will have at most 2 parallel tangents.
4. If a line intersects the circle in 2 points, then the line is called the secant of the circle.
5. The intersecting point of radius and the tangent is called the point of contact.
6. The Radius is perpendicular to the tangent at the point of contact.
7. The angle at the point of contact of the tangent and the radius is 900.
8. The number of tangents drawn from the external point to the circle is two.
9. Length of Tangents drawn from the external point to the circle are equal.
10. The number of tangents drawn from the point on the circle is 1.
11. The number of tangents drawn from the point inside of the circle is zero.
12. If a parallelogram is circumscribed to a circle, then it is called a rhombus.
13. If a quadrilateral is circumscribed to a circle, then the sum of opposite sides is equal.
14. Tangents passing through end points of a diameter are parallel to each other.
15. From the below diagram

(i) PT = PS, OT = OS, TQ = SQ,

(ii) TPS  TOS 1800.

(iii) OSP  OTP  900.

(iv) TSP  STP . (v) TPS  2OST .

Areas Related to Circles

 
Area of a sector = 0
 r 2.
360

Area of a Major sector = Area of a circle – area of a minor sector.

Area of a segment = area of a sector – area of a triangle.

A minute hand covers 60 angles in one minute of time.

An hour hand covers a half-degree angle in one minute of time.

Surface areas and volumes

S.No Name of the solid LSA (CSA) TSA (SA) Volume

1 Cube 4s2 6s2 s3

2 Cuboid 2 h (l + b) 2 (lb + bh + hl) Lbh

3 Cylinder 2 rh 2 r (r  h )  r 2h

1 2
4 Cone  rl  r r  l  r h
3

4 3
5 Sphere 4 r 2 4 r 2 r
3

2 3
6 Hemisphere 2 r 2 3 r 2 r
3
7. Slant height of the cone (l ) = h2  r2

SA = LSA of Cone + LSA of Cylinder (excluding base)

SA = LSA of Cone + LSA of Cylinder + Area of the circle (including
base)
Volume = Volume of cone + Volume of cylinder

SA = LSA of Cone + LSA of the hemisphere

Volume = Volume of cone + Volume of hemisphere

SA = LSA of Cone + LSA of Cylinder + LSA of Hemisphere

Volume = Volume of cone + Volume of cylinder + Volume of HS

SA= LSA of cylinder + 2(LSA of the hemisphere)

Volume= Volume of cylinder + Volume of sphere

SA = TSA of cube + Area of circle

Volume: Volume of cube + Volume of HS
Note: Here side of square = diameter of hemisphere)

Volume of water left in cylinder=

Volume of cylinder - Volume of cone - Volume of HS

SA = LSA of HS + LSA of Cylinder + LSA of HS

Volume= Volume of Cylinder - Volume of HS-Volume of HS

SA = Area of circle + LSA of Cylinder + LSA of Cone

Volume= Volume of Cylinder - Volume of cone
 Both SA are equal but
Volumes are not equal

Both SA are equal but

Volumes are not equal

Both SA are equal but

Volumes are not equal

Statistics
Sum of observations
1. The mean of ungrouped data =
No of observations

2. The median of ungrouped data is the middlemost value of ordered data.

3. The mode of ungrouped data is which occurs most frequently of the data.

4. Mean of grouped data:

 fi x 1
(i) x  (Direct method)
 fi

 f id 1
(ii) x  a  (Deviation method)
 fi

 fiu 1
(iii) x  a  h (Step deviation method)
 fi

a = assumed value from class mark

h = class size

di  xi  a

xi  a
ui 
h
5. Median of Grouped data:

6. Mode of Grouped data:

7. Mode = 3 Median – 2 Mean (Empirical formula)

Lower limit+Upper limit

8. Class mark = .
2

9. Class width = Upper limit – Lower limit (The classes are exclusive)

Probability
1. The set of all possible outcomes is called sample space.

2. The probability is always from 0 to 1.

3. If the probability is zero, it is called an Impossible event.

4. If the probability is equal to 1, then it is called a sure event or a certain event.

5. 0  P E   1
6.  
P E   P E  1

Number of favourable outcomes

7. Probability of an event = .
Total Number of outcomes

8.. Sample space of one coin = {H, T}

9. Sample space of two coins = {HH, HT, TH, TT}
10. Sample space of three coins = {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT}
11. Number of outcomes of n coins = 2n
12. Sample space of one dice = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
Among these Odd numbers are 1, 3, 5; even numbers are 2, 4, 6;
Prime numbers are 2, 3, 5; Composite numbers are 4, 6;
Perfect squares are 1, 4
13. Sample space of two dice = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6),
(2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6),
(3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6),
(4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6),
(5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6),
(6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
14. Number of outcomes of n dice = 6n
15. Number of cards in a deck = 52
16. Sample space of deck of cards=

17. Number of black color cards 26

18. Number of red color cards 26
19. Number of cards in each suit 13
20. Types of suites Heart, Diamond, Club, and Spade.
21. Number of numerical cards 9 of a suit, 18 of color, and 36 of a deck
22. Number of alphabet cards: 4 of a suit, 8 of a color, and 16 of a deck.
23. Number of face cards 3 of a suit, 6 of a color, and 12 of a deck.
24. Number of Ace cards 1 of a suit, 2 of a color, and 4 of a deck.
25. Number of cards 13 of a suit, 26 of a color, and 52 of a deck
26. At least 2 means 2 or more than 2
27. At most 2 means 2 or less than 2

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