Aesthetic Surgery of the Facial Skeleton
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Aesthetic Surgery
of the
Facial Skeleton
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EDITION
1
Aesthetic Surgery
of the
Facial Skeleton
Stephen B. Baker MD, DDS, FACS
Professor and Program Director
Department of Plastic Surgery
Medstar Georgetown University Hospital
Washington, DC, USA
Medical Director Craniofacial Program
Inova Children’s Hospital
Falls Church, VA, USA
Pravin K. Patel MD, FACS
Professor & Chief
Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Cosmetic Surgery
Department of Surgery
Director of the Craniofacial Center
Chief of Pediatric Plastic & Craniofacial Surgery
University of Illinois at Chicago
Chicago, IL, USA
Jeffrey Weinzweig MD, FACS
Clinical Professor of Surgery
Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Cosmetic Surgery
University of Illinois at Chicago
Chicago, IL, USA
Chief of Craniofacial Surgery
Director, Craniofacial Anomalies Program
Division of Plastic Surgery
Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center
Director, JW Plastic Surgery
Chicago, IL, USA
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Contents
Preface, vii SECTION 2 The Skeletal Framework, 125
Foreword, viii 16 Optimizing Aesthetics in Facial Skeletal
Surgery, 126
Dedications, ix
Stephen B. Baker, Harvey M. Rosen
List of Contributors, xi 17 3D Virtual Surgical Planning: From Blueprint
to Construction, 137
SECTION 1 Principles, 1 Pravin K. Patel, Andrew M. Christensen
1 Aesthetic Facial Skeletal Surgery—Evolution 18 Advances in Orthodontic Treatment, 152
of Thought and Technique, 2 Ronald Jacobson
Pasha Shakoori, Linton A. Whitaker, Scott P. Bartlett 19 Optimizing the Smile: The Interface Between
2 Perspectives of Facial Aesthetics, 11 Teeth and Lips, 165
Ali Totonchi, Bahman Guyuron Pravin K. Patel, Ronald Jacobson
3 Anthropometrics, 19 20 Maxillary Skeletal Orthognathic Surgery, 172
Lara S. van de Lande, Athanasios Papaioannou, David Peter J. Taub, Anand R. Kumar, Navid Pourtaheri,
J. Dunaway Pravin K. Patel
4 Psychology of Facial Aesthetics, 29 21 Mandibular Skeletal Orthognathic Surgery, 182
David B. Sarwer, Jacqueline C. Spitzer Johan P. Reyneke
5 Motivations of Patients Seeking Aesthetic Surgery 22 Maxillary–Mandibular Aesthetic Orthognathic
of the Face, 36 Surgery, 212
Darryl J. Hodgkinson Pravin K. Patel
6 The Importance of Patient-Reported Outcomes in 23 Maxillary–Mandibular Skeletal Contouring
Aesthetic Skeletal Facial Surgery, 43 Surgery, 221
Jonathan A. Schwitzer, Andrea Pusic Jong-Woo Choi, Woo Shik Jeong
7 Radiologic Advances in Facial Imaging, 48 24 Alloplastic Augmentation of the Midface, 235
Richard Monahan, Didem Dagdeviren Catherine S. Chang, Michael J. Yaremchuk
8 Photographic Advances in Facial Imaging, 59 25 Orthognathic Camouflage, 243
Linping Zhao, Yu-Hui Huang Rex W. Hung, Stephen B. Baker
9 Relationship Between the Soft Tissue and the 26 Alloplastic Augmentation of the Chin and the
Skeletal Framework, 71 Mandible, 250
Jaime Gateno, James Xia, Daeseung Kim Catherine S. Chang, Michael J. Yaremchuk
10 Surgical Anatomy and Approaches to the Facial 27 Osseous Genioplasty: Dimensional Control
Skeleton, 77 of the Lower Facial Third, 260
Ashley L. Howarth, Lacey R. Pflibsen, Stephen P. Beals Stephen B. Baker, Jeffrey Weinzweig
11 Biology of Bone and Cartilage Grafting, 88 28 Rhinoplasty: Dimensional Analysis and
Janice S. Lee, Andrea B. Burke Planning, 280
12 Alloplastic and Natural Materials Used as Bahman Guyuron, Ali Totonchi
Implants, 95 29 Principles of Rhinoplasty, 291
Frederick H. Silver Neela Rao, Dean M. Toriumi
13 Aging of the Facial Skeleton, 104 30 Aesthetic Cranioplasty, 299
Olivia C. Means, Matthew P. Fahrenkopf, John A. Manas Nigam, Vikas Kotha, Jeffrey Weinzweig,
Girotto Stephen B. Baker
14 Biology of Fat Grafting, 109 31 Osseointegration and Prosthodontic
Francesco M. Egro, J. Peter Rubin Considerations, 311
15 Embryology and Development of the Facial David J. Reisberg
Skeleton, 117 32 Anaplastology and Facial Prosthetics, 318
Geoffrey H. Sperber, Steven M. Sperber Rosemary Seelaus, Peter Llewelyn Evans
v
vi CONTENTS
33 Aesthetic Orbital Surgery, 339 SECTION 4 Special Case Considerations, 431
Erin M. Wolfe, Pravin K. Patel, S. Anthony Wolfe 40 Facial Feminization Surgery, 432
Jeffrey Weinzweig, Stephen B. Baker
SECTION 3 The Soft Tissue and Skin Envelope, 353 41 Evaluation and Treatment of the Adult Patient
34 Soft Tissue Assessment, Optimization, Presenting With Facial Asymmetry, 453
and Planning, 354 Stephen B. Baker
Foad Nahai, Gabriele C. Miotto 42 Posttraumatic Facial Restoration—A Philosophy
35 Lipostructure for the Facial Skeleton, 363 for Repair, 468
Francesco M. Egro, Sydney R. Coleman, J. Peter Andrew M. Wexler, Stephen B. Baker
Rubin 43 Face Transplantation, 477
36 Structural Fillers of the Face, 370 Fatma Betul Tuncer, Frank A. Papay
Haiyan Cui, Lee L.Q. Pu, Stephen B. Baker 44 The Effects of Contour and Highlighting Makeup
37 Perioral Considerations in Facial Aesthetic on the Perception of Facial Form, 485
Surgery, 383 Youna Kyong Choi, Stephen B. Baker
Randal D. Haworth
38 Skeletal Considerations in Facial Rejuvenation, 404 Index, 500
Richard J. Warren
39 Microsurgical Augmentation of the Facial
Skeleton, 417
Jason W. Yu, Jordan D. Frey, Jamie P. Levine
Preface
Over the past several decades, significant advances the individual topics discussed in this volume. In the
have occurred in the approach to aesthetic surgery of chapters of this text, the goal is not to comprehensively
the facial skeleton. Surgical simulations of anticipated cover a particular topic but to provide sufficient infor-
results can be conveyed to patients by using sophisti- mation to serve as a review for the seasoned surgeon
cated three-dimensional (3D) imaging modalities that and an overview for a surgeon who may be less
can yield images of realistic outcomes, thus facilitating familiar with a given technique or approach. We un-
alignment of the goals and expectations of the surgeon derstand that many readers of this text may not be
and the patient. The planning of skeletal procedures familiar with all the topics discussed here but expect
has been enhanced with virtual surgical planning, that all readers will be familiar with some of them.
augmented reality technology, and 3D printing, allow- Our hope is for every physician to gain an apprecia-
ing the surgeon greater precision in planning skeletal tion for the combined role of multiple techniques so
movements. Ancillary techniques have been incorpo- that each provider has the most updated information
rated into the aesthetic approach to skeletal problems regarding the best approach for each patient.
that were traditionally treated with skeletal surgery To achieve our goals, we assembled a group of
alone. These ancillary techniques include structural fat esteemed authors who are recognized as international
grafting, high-viscosity dermal fillers, alloplastic im- experts on their respective topics. The initial sections
plants, and contouring makeup. The current approach of the text cover surgical treatment planning, imaging,
to aesthetic skeletal surgery frequently benefits from a and basic science concepts; then the text progresses
multimodal approach to achieving optimal results. to addressing diverse surgical techniques. These
Each individual technique can be compared to a color techniques include orbital and maxillary osteotomies,
on an artist’s palette, to be used creatively to tailor the facial prosthetics, osseointegration, fat grafting, der-
surgeon’s approach to each patient’s needs. In many of mal fillers, and orthognathic camouflage. The last sec-
the clinical cases cited in this text, more than one mo- tion of this volume includes indications for facial
dality was used to obtain the desired result. We aimed feminization surgery, correction of cranial deformities
to demonstrate that there is frequently more than one and facial asymmetry, posttraumatic reconstruction,
approach to an aesthetic, structural, or functional and face transplantation. We hope that this text will
problem that can yield an excellent outcome for the serve as a definitive resource for numerous specialists
patient. to broaden their awareness and facilitate the imple-
The intended audience of this volume encompasses mentation of these concepts and techniques and
myriad specialists, including plastic surgeons, cranio- their multimodal application to optimize outcomes in
facial surgeons, dermatologists, otolaryngologists, oc- aesthetic surgery of the facial skeleton.
uloplastic surgeons, and oral maxillofacial surgeons, Stephen B. Baker
who routinely encounter patients seeking aesthetic Pravin K. Patel
facial surgery. Entire textbooks have been written on Jeffrey Weinzweig
vii
Foreword
As many have said there is often a thin line between tissue envelope aids and protects the foundation.
Saturday night and Sunday morning.1 So, too, is the Equally important are the attachments (tendons, liga-
line between what is considered aesthetic and what is ments, etc.) that unite these hard and soft tissues into
considered functional or reconstructive. As facial sur- a functional and aesthetic whole. Complete aesthetic
geons we are often asked to restore function to a miss- facial surgery, therefore, demands that one consider
ing, displaced, or diseased region, but in doing so we the bony foundation, the overlying soft tissues and
also strive to restore normal facial form. Surgeons of their static and dynamic interrelations. Only by ad-
the face understand implicitly that one of the major dressing each of these individually, but most often in
functions of the face is to look like a normal or supra- combination, can one truly and completely achieve the
normal face. That simple concept weaves its way optimal aesthetic and functional result. Drs. Baker,
through everything we do as a socialized animal. In Patel and Weinzweig recognize these principles and
fact, it is well-documented that with normalcy or su- have put together a complete road map on how to get
pranormalcy in appearance comes a host of benefits to us there. The editors have assembled a cohort of
the bearer including employment opportunity, better knowledgeable, experienced and talented clinicians
prospects in choosing a mate, etc., and the list goes on from a variety of subspecialties, all with a focus on the
and on. It is our imperative, then, as facial surgeons, to face. The breadth of topics is far ranging, beginning
strive to not only correct the functional deficits, but to with basic principles, history, anatomy, the physiology
give the face a shape, form and appearance that makes of bone grafts, bone substitutes and alloplasts and car-
it the most attractive to others of our species. rying on through diagnosis, contemporary planning
The last 100 or so years have seen the rise of cos- and execution. Nonsurgical and minimally invasive
metic surgery. With few exceptions initial procedures enhancement are discussed and all sections are book-
during this period, for merely aesthetic enhancement, ended by citations on the psychology of appearance.
concentrated on the soft tissues. Fortunately during This tome will serve as a guide to not only the
the same period there arose a group of bold and re- surgeons just embarking upon a career in facial sur-
sourceful surgeons daring to operate on the bony gery, but also the seasoned veteran looking to update
foundation of the face through the tools of osteoto- his knowledge in this complicated, diverse and
mies, bony shifts, inlay and onlay bone and cartilage evolving field. Hop on board. I think you will enjoy
grafts and alloplasts, all initially for functional rea- the journey.
sons. Importantly they recognized the power and Scott P. Bartlett
value of these movements and additions from a purely Mary Downs Endowed Chair in
cosmetic perspective. Both groups (hard and soft Craniofacial Treatment and Research
tissue surgeons) also recognized that there is an im- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
portant and intimate relationship between the bony Professor of Plastic Surgery
skeletal foundation and the overlying soft tissue: the Perelman School of Medicine
bone not only supports and facilitates the function and University of Pennsylvania
appearance of the overlying soft tissue, but the soft Philadelphia, PA, USA
1 Jimmy Buffett. (1994). Fruitcakes [Song]. On Fruitcakes [Album]. Margaritaville Records/MCA/MCAD-11043 (US, CD).
viii
To my family
Margie and Stephen – thank you for your endless love and support.
To my parents
Patricia and Rodney – thank you for instilling the values of education and curiosity from an early age.
To my mentors
Thank you for your knowledge, support and guidance in my growth.
To my patients
I am honored and humbled by your trust – you give meaning to everything we do.
To the Medstar Georgetown Plastic Surgery residents
I am honored to participate in your training. The curiosity, enthusiasm and intelligence
you display are inspiring.
To the nurses at Medstar Georgetown Hospital
Thank you for the excellence, compassion and devotion you demonstrate daily in the care of our patients.
SBB
*****
To my co-editors and publisher
Steve and Jeff – nothing like being stuck in between the two of you on this long journey.
Belinda, Nani and Joanna – thanks for not giving up on us. This book exists only because of you.
To my mentors
Michael Sarr, who taught me that even surgeons live on the Bell curve,
showed me the path to become better.
B. Herold Griffith, who had faith in me, taught me the history of plastic surgery and of wars,
and taught me his craft as if I were his son.
Henry Kawamoto, who opened the door to the Magic Castle, showed me the tricks of the trade
and taught me to operate with my eyes closed with sleight of hand.
To my family
My Parents who allowed me to wander but never get lost.
My wife, Mojgan, without whom my contribution to this book would have been completed much earlier
if it wasn’t for all the chores.
My children, Delnaz and Danesh, who have made me laugh, taught me how to be a Dad
and only for whom I am willing to start life all over again.
My dear Milo who is the best person I know even though he is a dog.
To my teachers
Jan Minkowski who spent four years explaining to me why [i!"∂"!m]"#0.
Finally, my grade schoolteacher who told me I will never be a good reader. She was right.
I liked picture books better, so I became a plastic surgeon.
PKP
*****
To my family
Leo, Tyler and Luke – the three brightest stars in my life.
And Ashley, my guiding star, who completes my constellation.
To my parents
Leo and Sylvia – whose protective gaze from the heavens is a constant source of strength and inspiration.
In Loving Memory
Noreen Weinzweig Lloyd
(1957-2018)
Amazing sister, mother, daughter and wife.
To know Noreen was to love Noreen.
My big sister often said, ‘Life is short. Enjoy it!’
Best advice anyone ever gave me.
To my mentors
Lee Edstrom, H. Kirk Watson and Linton Whitaker,
Each of whom contributed greatly to my evolution as a surgeon and human being.
They made it look so easy. Some lessons last a lifetime. Many they taught me certainly will.
JW
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List of Contributors
Stephen B. Baker MD, DDS, FACS Sydney R. Coleman MD, FACS
Professor and Program Director Clinical Assistant Professor
Department of Plastic Surgery Department of Plastic Surgery
Medstar Georgetown University Hospital University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
Washington, DC, USA Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Medical Director Craniofacial Program
Inova Children’s Hospital Haiyan Cui MD
Falls Church, VA, USA Plastic Surgeon
Director of Hongmei Outpatient Department
Scott P. Bartlett MD Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital
Mary Downs Endowed Chair in Pediatric Craniofacial Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine
Treatment and Research and Craniofacial Director, Shanghai, People Republic of China
Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
Professor of Plastic Surgery Didem Dagdeviren DDS, MSc, PhD, FRCD(C), Dipl
Perelman School of Medicine at the University of ABOMR
Pennsylvania Assistant Professor
Philadelphia, PA, USA Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
McGill University Faculty of Dentistry
Stephen P. Beals MD Montreal, QC, Canada
Co-Medical Director
Barrow Cleft and Craniofacial Center David J. Dunaway FDSRCS, FRCS(Plast)
St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center Craniofacial Unit Great Ormond Street Hospital and
Phoenix, AZ, USA UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health
Professor of Craniofacial Surgery
Andrea B. Burke DMD, MD UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health
Assistant Professor London, UK
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
University of Washington School of Dentistry Francesco M. Egro MBChB, MSc, MRCS
Seattle, WA, USA Integrated Resident, PGY-5
Resident Physician
Catherine S. Chang MD Department of Plastic Surgery
Formerly Craniofacial Fellow University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
Massachusetts General Hospital Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Boston, MA, USA
Currently Private Practice Peter Llewelyn Evans
Beverly Hills, CA, USA Head of Prosthetic Maxillofacial Rehabilitation
Maxillofacial Unit Laboratory
Jong-Woo Choi MD, PhD, MMM Morriston Hospital
Professor Swansea, UK
Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery
Seoul Asan Medical Center Matthew P. Fahrenkopf MD
Seoul, South Korea Chief Resident
Spectrum Health Integrated Plastic Surgery
Youna Kyong Choi BS MD Michigan State University College of Human Medicine
Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Grand Rapids, MI, USA
University of Utah School of Medicine
Salt Lake City, UT, USA Jordan D. Frey MD
Fellow
Andrew M. Christensen BS, FSME NYU Langone Health
Adjunct Professor New York, NY, USA
Department of Radiology
University of Ottawa
Ottawa, ON, Canada
xi
xii LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Jaime Gateno DDS, MD Rex W. Hung MD
Chairman, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Clinical Faculty in Plastic Surgery
Surgery Franklin Square Medical Center
Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Baltimore, MA, USA
Institute for Academic Medicine
Houston Methodist Hospital Ronald Jacobson DDS, MS
Houston, TX, USA Associate Professor (adjunct)
Professor of Clinical Surgery (Oral and Maxillofacial University of Detroit Mercy School of Dentistry
Surgery) Detroit, MI, USA
Weill Medical College, Cornell University
New York, NY, USA Woo Shik Jeong MD
Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery
John A. Girotto MD, MMA Seoul Asan Medical Center
Chair Seoul, South Korea
Department of Pediatric Surgery
Spectrum Health Medical Group Daeseung Kim PhD
Grand Rapids, MI, USA Postdoctoral Fellow, Surgical Planning Laboratory
Section Chief Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Pediatric Plastic Surgery and Dermatology Houston Methodist Research Institute
Helen DeVos Children’s Hospital Houston, TX, USA
Grand Rapids, MI, USA
Vikas S. Kotha BS
Bahman Guyuron MD Research Scholar
Emeritus Professor Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Plastic Surgery Medstar Georgetown University Hospital
Case Western Reserve University Washington, DC, USA
Cleveland, OH, USA
Plastic Surgery Anand R. Kumar MD, FACS, FAAP
University Hospitals Professor and Chief
Cleveland, OH, USA Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery
Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine
Randal D. Haworth MD, FACS Cleveland, OH, USA
Director
Plastic Surgery Janice S. Lee DDS, MD, FACS
Haworth Institute Clinical Director NIDCR/NIH
Beverly Hills, CA, USA Chief, Craniofacial Anomalies and Regeneration Section
Bethesda, MD, USA
Darryl J. Hodgkinson FACS, FRSC(C)
Cosmetic and Restorative Surgery Jamie P. Levine MD
Clinic Plastic Surgery Associate Professor
Sydney, NSW, Australia Plastic Surgery
Chief of Microsurgery
Ashley L. Howarth MD NYU Langone Medical Center
Instructor New York, NY, USA
Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Mayo Clinic Olivia C. Means MD
Phoenix, AZ, USA Resident
Spectrum Health Integrated Plastic Surgery
Yu-Hui Huang MD, MS Michigan State University College of Human Medicine
Research Fellow Grand Rapids, MI, USA
Department of Radiology, College of Medicine
University of Illinois at Chicago Gabriele C. Miotto MD
Department of Clinical and Translational Science Assistant Professor of Surgery
School of Public Health Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
University of Illinois at Chicago Department of Surgery
The Craniofacial Center, Department of Surgery Emory University School of Medicine
Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Atlanta, GA, USA
University of Illinois Hospital & Health
Sciences System Richard Monahan DDS, MS
Chicago, IL, USA Department Head
Department of Radiology Radiology
University of Minnesota University of Illinois at Chicago College of Dentistry
Minneapolis, MN, USA Chicago, IL, USA
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xiii
Foad Nahai MD David J. Reisberg DDS, FACP, FAAMP
Professor Head, Dental Unit/Prosthodontics/Maxillofacial
Division of Plastic Surgery Prosthetics
Emory University The Craniofacial Center
Atlanta, GA, USA The University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences
System
Manas Nigam MD Professor
Resident Department of Surgery
Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery The University of Illinois College of Medicine
Medstar Georgetown University Hospital Chicago, IL, USA
Washington, DC, USA
Johan P. Reyneke BChD, MChD, FCOMFS (SA), PhD
Athanasios Papaioannou PhD Director of The Center for Orthognathic Surgery,
Postdoctoral Researcher Mediclinic, Cape Town
Department of Computing Extraordinary Professor, Department of Oral and
Imperial College Maxillofacial Surgery
London, UK Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Western
Cape
Frank A. Papay MD Cape Town, South Africa
Chairman, Dermatology & Plastic Surgery Institute Clinical Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial
Department of Plastic Surgery Surgery
Cleveland Clinic University of Oklahoma
Cleveland, OH, USA Oklahoma City, OK, USA
Clinical Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial
Pravin K. Patel MD, FACS Surgery
Professor & Chief University of Florida College of Dentistry
Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Cosmetic Surgery Gainesville, FL, USA
Department of Surgery Associate Professor, Department of Oral and
Director of the Craniofacial Center Maxillofacial Surgery
Chief of Pediatric Plastic & Craniofacial Surgery VNAI Faculty of Dentistry
University of Illinois at Chicago Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico
Chicago, IL, USA San Salvador, Mexico
Lacey R. Pflibsen MD Harvey M. Rosen MD, DMD
Plastic Surgery Resident Plastic Surgeon
Mayo Clinic Arizona General Plastic Surgery
Phoenix, AZ, USA Pennsylvania Hospital
Philadelphia, PA, USA
Navid Pourtaheri MD, PhD
Plastic Surgeon J. Peter Rubin MD, FACS
General Plastic Surgery Deparment Professor and Chair
Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center Department of Plastic Surgery
MetroHealth Medical Center University of Pittsburgh
University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center Professor
Cleveland, OH, USA Department of Bioengineering
University of Pittsburgh
Lee L.Q. Pu MD, PhD, FACS Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Professor of Surgery
Division of Plastic Surgery David B. Sarwer PhD
University of California Davis Medical Center Center for Obesity Research and Education
Sacramento, CA, USA College of Public Health
Temple University
Andrea Pusic MD, MHS, FACS Philadelphia, PA, USA
Professor
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Jonathan A. Schwitzer MD
Brigham and Women’s Hospital Plastic Surgery Resident
Boston, MA, USA Medstar Georgetown University Hospital
Department of Plastic Surgery
Neela Rao MD Washington, DC, USA
Department of Otorhinolaryngology
University of Texas Health Sciences Center
Houston, TX, USA
xiv LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Rosemary Seelaus BS, MAMS Fatma Betul Tuncer MD
Senior Anaplastologist Craniofacial Surgery Fellow
Department of Surgery Department of Plastic Surgery
University of Illinois at Chicago Cleveland Clinic
Chicago, IL, USA Cleveland, OH, USA
Pasha Shakoori MD, DDS, MA Lara S. van de Lande MD, PhD Candidate UCL
Chief Resident Craniofacial Unit Great Ormond Street Hospital and
Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health
Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health
Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia London, UK
Philadelphia, PA, USA
Richard J. Warren MD, FRCSC
Frederick H. Silver PhD Clinical Professor
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Division of Plastic Surgery
Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University of British Columbia
The State University of New Jersey Vancouver, BC, Canada
Piscataway, NJ, USA
Jeffrey Weinzweig MD, FACS
Geoffrey H. Sperber BSC(Hons), BDS, MS, PhD, FICD, Clinical Professor of Surgery
FRSAf Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Cosmetic Surgery
Professor Emeritus University of Illinois at Chicago
Department of Dentistry Chicago, IL, USA
University of Alberta Chief of Craniofacial Surgery
Edmonton, AB, Canada Director, Craniofacial Anomalies Program
Division of Plastic Surgery
Steven M. Sperber MSc, PhD, DABMGG, FACMG Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center
Assistant Professor of Pathology Director, JW Plastic Surgery
Medical Director of the Molecular Diagnostics Chicago, IL, USA
Laboratory
SUNY Upstate Medical University Andrew M. Wexler MD
Syracuse, NY, USA Plastic Surgeon
Harbor UCLA Medical Center and
Jacqueline C. Spitzer MSEd Kaiser Permanente West Los Angeles Medical Center
Center for Obesity Research and Education Los Angeles, CA, USA
College of Public Health
Temple University Linton A. Whitaker MD
Philadelphia, PA, USA Emeritus Professor of Surgery
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Peter J. Taub MD, MS Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
Professor, Surgery, Pediatrics, Dentistry, and Philadelphia, PA, USA
Neurosurgery Program Director
Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Erin M. Wolfe BS
Surgery Chief of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery Plastic Surgery
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
New York, NY, USA Miami, FL, USA
Dean M. Toriumi MD, FACS S. Anthony Wolfe MD, FACS, FAAP
Professor Chief, Division of Plastic Surgery
Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Miami Children’s Health System
University of Illinois at Chicago Miami, FL, USA
Director, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck
Surgery James Xia MD, PhD, MS
University of Illinois at Chicago Director of Surgical Planning Laboratory
Chicago, IL, USA Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Houston Methodist Research Institute
Ali Totonchi MD Houston, TX, USA
Associate Professor Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Case Western Reserve University Institute for Academic Medicine Houston Methodist
Plastic Surgery Hospital
MetroHealth Medical center Houston, TX, USA
Cleveland, OH, USA Professor of Surgery (Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery)
Weill Medical College, Cornell University
New York, NY, USA
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xv
Michael J. Yaremchuk MD Linping Zhao PhD
Chief of Craniofacial Surgery Research Assistant Professor, Division of Plastic &
Department of Plastic Surgery Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery
Massachusetts General Hospital College of Medicine
Boston, MA, USA University of Illinois at Chicago
Clinical Professor of Surgery Director of Research, The Craniofacial Center
Department of Surgery University of Illinois Hospital & Health Sciences System
Harvard Medical School Chicago, IL, USA
Boston, MA, USA Senior Research Specialist/Biomedical Engineer
Program Director Shriners Hospitals for Children-Chicago
Harvard Plastic Surgery Residency Program Chicago, USA
Boston, MA, USA
Jason W. Yu DMD, MD
Fellow
NYU Langone Health
New York, NY, USA
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