NATIONAL EDUCATION FOUNDATION

GLOBAL ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY

RAJARAJESHWARI NAGAR
BANGALORE – 560 098.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

I/II SEM
Computer Aided Engineering Drawing
22MEG13/23

Prepared By:
Dr. Ravi Kumar V
Associate Professor

Dr. Ravi Kumar D V

Associate Professor
Computer Aided Engineering Drawing 21MEG15/25

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 Contents
CHAPTER 1: INTR0DUCTION TO GRAPHICS ---------------------------------------1 to 9
CHAPTER 2: INTR0DUCTION TO SOLID EDGE ST9 ------------------------------ 10 to 35
CHAPTER 3: PROJECTION OF POINTS------------------------------------------------36 to 43
CHAPTER 4: PROJECTION OF LINES--------------------------------------------------44 to 48
CHAPTER 5: PROJECTION OF PLANES-----------------------------------------------49 to 59
CHAPTER 6: PROJECTION OF SOLIDS------------------------------------------------60 to 79
CHAPTER 7: ISOMETRIC PROJECTION----------------------------------------------80 to 87
Computer Aided Engineering Drawing 21MEG15/25

INTRODUCTION

Drawing
The graphical representation of any object or idea can be termed as drawing. A drawing
can be prepared either using free hand or using engineering instruments or using
computer software.

Types of Drawing

 Artistic Drawing
 Engineering Drawing

Artistic Drawing

The drawing representing any object or idea which is sketched in free hand using
imagination of artist and in which proper scaling and dimensioning is not maintained is
called an artistic drawing. Example: Painting, Posters, arts etc.

Engineering Drawing

 Engineering drawing can be defined as a graphical language used by engineers

and other technical personnel associated with the engineering profession which
fully and clearly defines the requirements for engineered items. It is a two
dimensional representation of a three dimensional object.
 In other words, The art of representing a real or imaginary object precisely using
some graphics, symbols, letters and numbers with the help of engineering
drawing instruments is called engineering drawing.
 The art of representing engineering objects such as buildings, roads, machines,
circuits etc. on a paper is called engineering drawing. It is used by engineers and
technologists.
 An engineering drawing provides all information about size, shape, surface type,
materials etc. of the object. Example: Building drawing for civil engineers,
Machine drawing for mechanical engineers, Circuit diagrams for electrical and
electronics engineers, computer graphics for one and all etc.

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Difference between Artistic and Engineering Drawing

Purpose of Engineering
 Drawing it is very difficult and complex to explain some certain engineering
requirements in word.
 In such cases well dimensioned and properly scaled graphics can make it easy to
understand that for technical personnel. Engineering drawing serves this
purpose.
 Any product that is to be manufactured, fabricated, assembled, constructed, built,
or subjected to any other types of conversion process must first be designed. To
make the outcome from the design understandable to any third party
engineering drawing is the best way.

Applications of Engineering Drawing

Engineering Drawing is an essential part of almost all engineering projects. Some
important uses of engineering drawing are mentioned below:
 It is used in ships for Navigation.
 For Manufacturing of Machines, automobiles etc.
 For construction of buildings, roads, bridges, dams, electrical and
telecommunication structures etc.
 For manufacturing of electric appliances like TV, phone, computers etc.

Types of Engineering Drawing

Drawing can be grouped into following 4 major categories:
1. Geometrical Drawing
 Plane geometrical drawing
 Solid geometrical drawing

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2. Mechanical Engineering Drawing

3. Civil Engineering Drawing

4. Electrical & Electronics Engineering drawing etc.

1. Geometric Drawing

The art of representing geometric objects such as rectangles, squares, cubes,

cones, cylinders, spheres etc. on a paper is called geometric drawing. If the object has
only 2 dimensions i.e. length and breadth (as rectangles, squares, triangles etc.), it is
called Plane geometrical drawing and if it has 3 dimensions i.e. length, breadth and
thickness/depth (as cube, prism, sphere, cylinder etc.), it is called Solid geometrical
drawing.

2. Mechanical Engineering Drawing

The art of representing mechanical engineering objects such as machines,

machine parts etc. on a paper are called mechanical engineering drawing or machine
drawing. It is used by mechanical engineers to express mechanical engineering works
and projects for actual execution.

3. Civil Engineering Drawing

The art of representing civil engineering objects such as buildings, roads,

bridges, dams etc. on a paper are called civil engineering drawing. It is used by civil
engineers to express civil engineering works and projects for actual execution

4. Electrical Engineering Drawing

The art of representing electrical engineering objects such as motors, generators,

transformers, wiring diagrams etc. on a paper are called electrical engineering drawing.
It is used by electrical engineers to express electrical engineering works and projects for
actual execution.

The art of representing electronic circuits of TV, Phones, computers etc. on a

paper are called electronic engineering drawing or electronic drawing. It is used by
electronic engineers to express electronic engineering works and projects for actual
execution.

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Elements of Engineering Drawing

Drawing Standards
An engineering drawing should be well specified and universally acceptable.
That’s why there are some specified rules for engineering drawing. These rules may
vary slightly for different regions. There are some drawing standards or drawing codes
that accumulates the rules of engineering drawing for a certain region.

Well-known drawing codes and their application region is expressed below:

In most of the cases, it is usual practice to follow ISO code for engineering drawing.
However, in some instances ANSI and BS standards are also followed.

What is Projection?
 The light rays passes through on an object at any angle, then the image of the
object is formed on reference planes, that image is called Projection
 If the light rays passes through on an object at 900 on an object, then the image
formed of the object is perpendicular or straight then that perpendicular image is
called Orthographic Projections.

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Orthographic Projection:

“It is a technical drawing in which different views of an object are projected on different
reference planes observing perpendicular to respective reference plane”

Different Reference planes

 Horizontal Plane (HP),

 Vertical Plane (VP)
 Side or Profile Plane (SV/PP)

Different orthographic views

Front view (FV) is a view projected on VP.

 Top View (TV) is a view projected on HP.

 Side View /Profile View (SV/PV) is a view projected on PP.

IMPORTANT TERMS FOR UNDERSTANDING OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS:

 Quadrant System
 Planes.
 Pattern of planes & Pattern of views
 Methods of drawing Orthographic Projections

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Following notations should be followed while representing different views

in orthographic projections.

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SOLID EDGE SOFTWARE-ST9

1. How to open New File in SOLID EDGE SOFTWARE-ST9

2. How to open ISO Metric Draft Sheet.

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3. How to change Drawing Sheet Setup

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Line command

1. Choose the Line command .

2. Click where you want the line to begin (A).
3. Click where you want the line to end (B). This defines the line's length (C) and
rotation angle (D).
4. Do one of the following:

 To draw a single line, press the Esc key to end the Line command, or click a
different command.
 To end the first line and start another, click the right mouse button. This restarts the
Line command.
 To draw a series of connected lines, click where you want each line segment to end,
and then press Esc when you are done.

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Tip:

 Instead of clicking to draw the end points, you can type values on the value edit
boxes. You can also use a combination of graphic and edit box input.
 When you use the IntelliSketch Point on Element option, you can draw a line tangent
to two curved elements. First click the curved element, and then move the cursor
through the tangent intent zone on the first element, and then use IntelliSketch to
establish a tangent relationship to the other element.
 If you do not use the tangent intent zone, the line is connected to the elements, but is
not tangent to them.
 You can use IntelliSketch to make an end point of a line tangent or perpendicular to
the key point or end point of another element.
 You can use the options on the Line command bar and the commands on the shortcut
menu to edit a line.

Point command

1. Choose the Point command .

2. Click where you want the point to be.

Tip:

 Points are always placed as construction elements.

 Instead of clicking where you want the point to be, you can type values in the
coordinate boxes on the Point command bar. You can also use a combination of
graphic and command bar input.
 The coordinate origin is located at the bottom left corner of the window.
 You can use the options on the Point command bar to edit a point.

Rectangle by Center command

1. Choose the Rectangle by Center command .

2. Click to define the center of the rectangle (A).
3. Dynamically drag, and the click to define a corner of the rectangle (B) or enter a value
in the edit boxes.

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Tip:

 Instead of clicking to draw the rectangle, you can type values in the Width, Height,
and Angle boxes on the Rectangle command bar. You can also use a combination of
graphic and edit box input.
 You can use the options on the command bar to edit a rectangle.
 You can press and hold the Shift key to create a square.

Rectangle by 2 Points command

1. Choose the Rectangle by 2 Points command .

2. Click where you want one corner of the rectangle to be (A).
3. Dynamically drag, and then click to define the diagonal corner of the rectangle (B) or
enter values in the edit boxes.

Tip:

 Instead of clicking to draw the rectangle, you can type values in the Width, Height,
and Angle boxes on the Rectangle command bar. You can also use a combination of
graphic and edit box input.
 You can use the options on the command bar to edit a rectangle.
 You can press and hold the Shift key to draw a square.

Rectangle by 3 Points command

1. Choose the Rectangle by 3 Points command .

2. Click where you want one corner of the rectangle to be (A).
3. Click to define the rotation angle and the width of the rectangle (B).
4. Click to define the height of the rectangle (C).

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Tip:

 Instead of clicking to draw the rectangle, you can type values in the Width,
Height, and Angle boxes on the Rectangle command bar. You can also use a
combination of graphic and edit box input.
 You can use the options on the command bar to edit a rectangle.

Polygon by Center command

1. Choose the Polygon by Center command .

2. Use the command bar to set the polygon options, such as:

 The number of sides.

 Whether the polygon is drawn by vertex or midpoint of a side.

3. Click where you want the center of the polygon (1).

4. Click to define the vertex or midpoint of the polygon (2) or you can enter a value in
the edit boxes.

Note:

 The By Vertex option circumscribes a circle about the polygon.

 The By Midpoint option inscribes a circle in the polygon.

Tip:

 In 3D documents, a polygon consists of a series of connected lines that are

constrained to a circle. In a draft document, the polygon circle is not created.

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Circle by Center Point command

1. Choose the Circle By Center Point command

2. Click where you want the center point to be (A).
3. Click to define the radius (B) or enter a value in either the diameter or radius edit box.
Tip:
 Prior to clicking to define the center point, you can type a diameter or radius value on
the Circle command bar. You can then just click to continue placing circles at the
value entered.
 IntelliSketch places relationship handles.
 You can use the options on the Circle command bar and the commands on the
shortcut menu to edit a circle.
 The IntelliSketch command supports horizontal and vertical alignment for the center
points of circles. When you place a circle and the center point input recognizes a
horizontal or vertical alignment with the center point of another circle, the horizontal
or vertical alignment relationship is applied.

Draw a circle by defining 3 points

1. Choose the Circle by 3 Points command .

2. Click three points that lie on the circumference of the circle.

Tip:

 Instead of clicking to define the third point on the circumference of the circle, you
can type a diameter value in the edit box.
 IntelliSketch places relationship handles.
 You can use the options on the Circle command bar to edit a circle.

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Circle tangent

Note:

 The IntelliSketch options Point on Element or End Point must be set to draw circles
that are tangent to other elements.

1. Choose the Tangent Circle command .

2. Move the mouse cursor along an element until IntelliSketch recognizes a point on
element relationship or a key point.

3. Click to make the circle tangent.

4. Do one of the following to define the radius:

 Move the cursor until the circle is positioned where you want it, and then
click.
 Enter a value in the diameter edit box.
 Move the cursor until IntelliSketch recognizes a tangent or key point
relationship with another element, and then click.

Tip:

 Prior to selecting the element to be tangent to, you can define the diameter or radius in
the Circle command bar.
 You can define the radius first to make a circle tangent to the first element, but not
fixed in one position.
 After you type a value in the Diameter or Radius box, move the cursor along the
element until IntelliSketch recognizes a point on element relationship, and then click.

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The circle is then displayed dynamically, and you can move it along the element
freely until you make it tangent to another element or key point.

 If you use the Tangent Circle command when the IntelliSketch options Point On
Element and End Point are not set, you can draw a non-tangent circle by clicking
two points that represent the diameter.
 IntelliSketch places relationship handles.
 You can use the options on the Circle command bar to edit a circle.

Ellipse By Center Point command

1. Choose the Ellipse by Center Point command .

2. Click where you want the center of the primary axis to be (A).
3. Click where you want the primary axis to end (B).

This defines the length of the primary axis and the rotation angle.

4. Click a location on one side of the primary axis (C).

This defines the secondary axis.

Tip:

The primary axis can be shorter than the secondary axis.

 Instead of clicking to define the axes and rotation angle of the ellipse, you can
type values on the Ellipse command bar. You can also use a combination of
graphic and command bar input.

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 IntelliSketch places relationship handles.

 You can use the options on the Ellipse command bar and the commands on the
shortcut menu to edit an ellipse.

Ellipse By 3 Points command

Draws an ellipse using three edge points. The first two points define the length of the primary
axis and the rotation angle. The last point defines the secondary axis.

1. Choose the Ellipse By Center Point command .

2. Click where you want the center of the primary axis to be (A).
3. Click where you want the primary axis to end (B).

This defines the length of the primary axis and the rotation angle.

4. Click a location on one side of the primary axis (C).

This defines the secondary axis.

Tip:

The primary axis can be shorter than the secondary axis.

 Instead of clicking to define the axes and rotation angle of the ellipse, you can
type values on the Ellipse command bar. You can also use a combination of
graphic and command bar input.
 IntelliSketch places relationship handles.
 You can use the options on the Ellipse command bar and the commands on the
shortcut menu to edit an ellipse.

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Tangent Arc command

1. Choose the Line command

2. The Line command starts in line mode by default. Do one of the following:

 To start by drawing a line, click where you want the line to begin.

 To start by drawing an arc, click the Arc button on the command

bar, and then click where you want the arc to begin.

3. Click where you want the line or arc to end.

4. If you are drawing an arc, click a third point to define the radius of the arc.After you
draw an arc, the command switches back to line mode automatically.

Tip:

You can use a combination of graphic and edit box input. Instead of clicking a
location, you can type a value in the edit box, as shown in the preceding image.

Arc By 3 Points command

1. Choose the Arc By 3 Points command .

2. Click where you want the sweep of the arc to begin (A).

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3. Do one of the following:

 Click where you want the midpoint of the arc to be (B), and then click where
you want the sweep of the arc to end (C).

 Click where you want the sweep of the arc to end (B), and then click where
you want the midpoint of the arc to be (C).

Tip:Use the intent zones at the first and second points to specify whether the third point is
between the first two or beyond one of the first two.

Arc by Center Point command

1. Choose the Arc by Center Point command .

2. Click where you want the center point to be (A).
3. Click where you want the sweep of the arc to begin (B) and end (C).

Tip: You can change the arc direction by moving the cursor

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 Instead of clicking to define the radius and sweep angle, you can type these values in
the edit boxes. You can also use a combination of graphic and edit box input.
 IntelliSketch places relationship handles.
 You can use the boxes on the command bar to edit an arc.

Curve command

Use the Curve command to draw a smooth, B-spline curve by points. You can click and
drag to define a freehand curve, or you can click to create edit points to define the curve. If
you click edit points, you must define at least three points to create the curve.

When you create a curve, edit points (1) and curve control vertex points (2) are created to
help you edit and control the shape of the curve

Fillet command

Use the Fillet command draws a fillet between two elements. The elements can be arcs,
lines, circles, ellipses, or curves.For some examples of how you can draw a fillet, see this
Help topic Draw a fillet. Once drawn, a fillet remains connected and tangent to its input
elements.

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Chamfer command

Use the Chamfer command (sketch) to draw a chamfer, or bevel, between two linear
elements. You can control the chamfer angle and the setback distances for both elements.

Split command

Use the Split command Splits open and closed elements at the location you specify.
You can use this command when working with 2D elements such as profiles, sketches,
cutting planes lines, and so forth to split a 2D wireframe element into two separate elements.

When you split an element, appropriate geometric relationships are applied automatically.
For example, when you split an arc, a connect relationship is applied at the split point, and a
concentric relationship is applied at the center point of the resultant arcs.

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Extend to Next command

Use the Extend to Next command Extends one or more open elements until they
intersect with the nearest element or the element you select in the active window.

If there is no possible intersection between the element you want to extend and any other
element in the view, the command does not extend the element. For example, if you select a
horizontal line to the left of its midpoint, and there is no intersecting element on the left, the
command does not extend the element.

If the element you want to extend to is not the nearest element, you can specify the element to
which you want to extend by holding the Ctrl key, and selecting the element first. For
example, if you want to extend the horizontal line (A) to the angular line (B), hold the Ctrl
key, and select line (B). Release the Ctrl key, and then select line (A).

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Trim command

Use the Trim command trims open and closed elements either to the closest
intersection in both directions or to the selected element.

Offset command

Use the Offset command to draw an offset copy of a 2D element or a continuous set of
connected 2D elements. This command copies elements while maintaining characteristics
such as the angle of lines and the center point of arcs and circles.

Move command

1. Choose the Move command .

2. If you want to copy the elements, click the Copy button on the Move command bar.
3. Click to define the from point.
4. Click to define the to point.

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Rotate command

Use the Rotate command rotates one or more 2D elements a precise distance or angle
about a specified point
The Rotate command turns or turns and copies 2D elements about an axis. The command
requires you to specify a center point for the rotation (A), a point to rotate from (B), and a
point to rotate to (C).

Copy

Copies the elements in the selection set. This option is not selectable if a drawing
view is in the selection set.
Step Angle
Specifies the rotation step angle. The step angle specifies the increments, in degrees,
that an element rotates from the rotation reference axis.
Rotation Angle
Defines the rotation to point by setting the angle of the rotation axis. The rotation
angle is measured from the reference axis. Zero degrees is coincident with the
reference axis; the angle increases in the counterclockwise direction.
If there are two possible to points after you set the rotation angle, you can click in the
application window or use the Position Angle box to define the to point you want to
use.
The rotation angle is displayed on the General Tab of the Drawing View Properties
dialog box for future reference.
Position Angle
Defines the rotation from point by setting the angle of the rotation reference axis. The
origin of the angle measurement is the center of rotation. Setting the position angle to
0 extends the axis horizontally toward the right of the screen, 90 extends the axis
vertically toward the top, 180 extends the axis horizontally toward the left, and 270
extends the axis vertically toward the bottom.

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After you have set the rotation from point and the rotation angle, you can use the
Position Angle box again to set the rotation to point.

Mirror command

Use the mirror command Mirrors one or more selected elements about a line or axis that
you define. You can mirror without copying, or mirror and copy.

Scale command

Use the Scale command Reduces or enlarges selected elements by a scale factor that
you define. The scale factor is the same along the x and y axes. Scaleable elements include
framed elements, such as text boxes. You can use the Scale command to scale, or to
simultaneously scale and copy.

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Intellisketch

Alignment Indicator command

The Alignment Indicator command displays dashed lines to show horizontal or

vertical alignment while you draw or modify elements. Alignment indicators work similarly
to IntelliSketch relationship indicators. If you click when a horizontal or vertical indicator
line is displayed, the element you are drawing or modifying will be horizontally or vertically
aligned with the element the indicator line leads to.

Smart Dimension command

Use the Smart Dimension command to place a dimension on any single element,
between any two elements, or between elements in different drawing views of the same
model. The dimension types that are available depend on the elements you select.
When placing dimensions between drawing views, the views must share the same view plane
and view rotation angle. For example, you can add a dimension between an edge in a front

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view and an edge in a detail view with the same front orientation, but not between a front
view and a side view.
Selecting elements
You can use Smart Dimension command to place a dimension on the following single
elements:

Length and angle of a line

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Dimension between two elements or key points

Use the dimension between

1. Click an element or key point (A) to identify the origin element

2. Click another element or key point (B) to measure to
3. Move the cursor where you want to place the dimension. The dimension
dynamically follows the movement of the cursor.
4. Click to place the dimension (C).

Angle Between command

Use the Angle Between commands

Places a dimension that measures the angle between elements or key points. When you select
the elements or key points, the dimension is placed in one of four quadrants. As you move
the cursor, the dimension dynamically changes to another quadrant. You can place angular
dimensions in stacked (A) or chained dimension (B) groups.

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In the Draft environment, you can use the Angle Between command to place a dimension to a
center mark line or to a center mark center point.

Style

Use the Style Commend for Create New Line

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Text command

1. Choose the Text command .

2. Do one of the following:

 To place a text box, click and drag to define the location and size of the text
box. The text box appears as an outlined box.

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 To place a text string, click the location in the drawing where you want the
text to start. The cursor appears in the place where you can start typing text.

3. Type text in the text box or where the text string begins.

Tip:

 You can make interactive adjustments to text size, color, alignment, rotation, and
other properties by selecting text and then applying the appropriate options on the
Text command bar.
 While creating and editing a text box or text string, you can click the Properties
button on the command bar to open the Text Box Properties dialog box.
 If you click and drag to draw the text box initially, then the box is defined as a fixed-
width text box. You can adjust the text box size interactively using the handles
displayed when you click the text box.

Leader

1. Choose the Leader command

2. On the Leader command bar, click the Break Line Type option, and then select the
orientation you want to use:

 Horizontal
 Vertical
 None

3. Click an element or in free space to place the terminator end of the leader (A).
4. Move the cursor around until the leader and the break line are oriented as needed.

You can further adjust the incline of the break line segment of the leader by typing a
value, in degrees, in the Angle box on the command bar.

5. Click an element or in free space to place the annotation end of the leader (B). The
leader is placed (C)

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Tip:

 You can snap any segment of a multi-segment leader line so that it is perpendicular to
the previous or next segment. This does not apply to the break line.
 After you place a leader, you can use the Properties command to change the
terminator type to an anchor.
 You can insert a vertex in a leader using the Alt key.

Zoom in or zoom out using the Zoom command

1. Choose the Zoom command from either of the following locations:

 On the status bar at bottom-right in the application window.

 On the ribbon in the View tab→Orient group.
 In View and Markup on the ribbon in the View tab→View Navigation group.

2. Do one of the following:

Tip:

 To exit this command, right-click, or press the Esc key, or select another command.

Zoom in or out using the mouse wheel

In the Assembly, Part, and Sheet Metal environments, you can use the mouse wheel to zoom
in and out.

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1. Click Zoom
2. Do one of the following:

 Rotate the wheel backward to zoom in at the current cursor location.

 Rotate the wheel forward to zoom out.

Tip:

To change the direction the wheel zooms, set the Reverse zoom directions
option on the View page of the Solid Edge Options dialog box

Zoom in or out using keyboard shortcuts

Do either of the following

 To zoom out, press Ctrl+Down arrow or Ctrl+Right arrow.

 To zoom in, press Ctrl+Up arrow or Ctrl+Left arrow.

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Projection
of Points

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1) Draw the projections of the following points on the same XY line, keeping convenient
Distance between each projectors. Name the quadrants in which they lie.

A - 30 mm above HP and 35 mm in front of VP.

B - 35 mm above HP and 40 mm behind VP.
C - 40 mm above HP and on VP.
D - 35 mm below HP and 30 mm in front of VP.

Solution

2) Draw the projections of the following points on the same XY line, keeping convenient
Distance between each projectors. Name the quadrants in which they lie.
E - 30 mm below HP and 25 mm behind VP.
F - 35 mm below HP and 30 mm in front of VP.
G - On HP and 30 mm in front of VP.
H - On HP and 35 mm behind VP.

Solution

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3) Draw all the three views of a point P lying 60mm below HP,70 mm infront of VP and
40mmfrom RPP. Also state the quadrant in which it lies.

Solution

4) A point S is in first quadrant and equidistant of 50 mm from all the three principal planes.
Draw the projections of the point. Draw all the three views of the point.
Solution

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5) Point P is 30 mm infront of VP, 40 mm above HP and 50 mm from RPP. Draw its

projections.

Solution: I Quadrant

6) A point P is 45 mm above HP, 60 mm behind VP and 30 mm from RPP. Draw the three
Principles view of the point. Also state the quadrant in which it lies.

Solution: II Quadrant

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7) A point is 30 mm in front of VP, 20 mm above HP and 25 mm in front / behind / from

LPP. Draw its projects and name the side view.

Solution: I Quadrant

8) A point is 40 mm behind VP, 15 mm above HP and 25 mm infront / behind / from LPP.

Draw its projections and name the side view.

Solution: II Quadrant

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9) A point is 30 mm behind VP, 30 mm above HP and 25 mm infront / behind / from LPP.

Draw its projections and name the side view.

Solution: II Quadrant

10) A point is 35 mm below HP, 20 mm behind VP and 25 mm behind / in front / from

RPP. Draw its projections and name the side view.
Solution: III Quadrant

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11) A point A is 20 mm above HP and 25 mm infront of VP. Another point B is 25 mm behind

VP and 40 mm below HP. Draw their projections when the distance between their projectors
parallel to XY line is zero mm. Add the right side view only to point B.

Solution

12) A point is lying on VP, 10 mm below HP and 30 mm behind / in front / from LPP. Draw its
Projections and name the side view.
Solution

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13) A point is lying on HP, 20 mm behind VP and 35 mm behind / in front / from RPP. Draw
its Projections and name the side view.
Solution

14) Draw the projections of the following points on the same XY line, keeping convenient
distance between each projector. Also state the quadrants in which they lie.

P - 25 mm above HP and 35 mm in front of VP.

Q - 30 mm above HP and 40 mm behind VP.
R - 40 mm above HP and on VP.
S - 35 mm below HP and 30 mm in front of VP.
Solution

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Projection
of Lines

LINE INCLINED BOTH HP & VP

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1. A line AB 80 mm long has its end A 20 mm above HP and 30 mm in front of VP. It is

inclined at 30 deg. to HP and 45 deg. to VP. Draw the projections of the line and find
apparent lengths and apparent inclinations.
Solution

2.Draw the projections of a line AB 100 mm long inclined at 45 deg. to VP and 30 deg. to HP.
One end of the line is 20 mm above HP and in VP. Determine apparent lengths and
inclinations.
Solution

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3. A line AB 100 mm long is inclined to HP at 45 deg. and inclined to VP at 30 deg. Draw

front and top views of line and determine their lengths .Also determine the perpendicular
distance of end B from both HP and VP.
Solution

4. A line AB measuring 70 mm has its end A 15 mm in front of VP and 20 mm above HP

and the other end B 60 mm in front of VP and 50 mm above HP. Draw the projections of
the line and find the inclinations of the line with the both the reference planes of
projection.
Solution

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5. A line AB 65 mm long, has its end A 20 mm above HP and 25 mm in front of VP. The
end B is 40 mm above HP and 65 mm infront of VP. Draw the projections of AB and
shows its inclination with HP and VP.
Solution

6. A line AB has its end A 20 mm above HP and 30 mm infront of VP. The other end B is
60 mm above HP and 45 mm infront of VP. The distance between end projectors is 70
mm. Draw its projections. Determine the true length and apparent inclinations.
Solution

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7. A line PQ 85 mm long has its end P 10 mm above HP and 15 mm in front of VP. The top
view and front view of line PQ are 75 mm and 80 mm respectively. Draw its projections.
Also determine the true and apparent inclinations of the line.
Solution

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Projection
of Planes

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1) An equilateral triangular lamina of 25 mm sides lies with one of its edges on HP such
that the surface of the lamina is inclined to HP at 60 deg. The edge on which it rests is
inclined to VP at 60deg. Draw its projections.

Solution

2) A triangular plane lamina of sides 25 mm is resting on HP with one of its corners

touching it, such that the side opposite to the corner on which it rests is 15 mm above
HP and make an angle of 30 deg. with VP. Draw the top and front views in this
position. Also determine the inclination of the lamina to the reference plane.

Solution

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3) A square lamina of 40 mm side rests on one of its sides on HP. The lamina makes 30o
to HP and the side on which it rests makes 45 deg. to VP. Draw its projections.

Solution

4) A rectangular lamina of sides 20 mm X 30 mm rests on HP on one of its longer edges.

The lamina is tilted about the edge on which it rests till its plane surface is inclined to
HP at 45 deg. The edge on which it rests is inclined at 30deg. to VP. Draw its
projections of the lamina.

Solution

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5) A rectangular plate of negligible thickness of size 35 X 20 mm has one of its shorter

edges in VP with that edge inclined at 40 deg. to HP. Draw the top view if its front
view is a square of side 20 mm.

Solution

6) A pentagonal lamina of edges 25 mm is resting on HP with one of its sides such that
the Surface makes an angle of 60 deg. with HP. The edge on which it rests is inclined
at 45 deg. to VP. Draw its projections.

Solution

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7) A pentagonal lamina of edges 25 mm is resting on HP with one of its corner such that
the Edge opposite to this corner is 20 mm above HP & makes an angle of 45 deg.
with VP. Draw the top and front views of the plane lamina in this position. Determine
the inclination of the lamina with HP.

Solution

8) A regular hexagonal lamina of sides 25 mm is lying in such a way that one of its sides on
HP while the side opposite to the side on which it rests on VP. If the lamina makes 60 deg.
to HP. Draw the projections of the lamina.
Solution

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9) A hexagonal lamina of sides 25 mm rests on one of its sides on HP. The lamina makes
45deg. to HP and side on which it rests makes 30 deg. to VP. Draw its projections.

Solution

10) Hexagonal lamina of sides 25 mm rests on one of its sides on VP. The side opposite to
the Side on which it rests is 30 mm in front of VP and the side on which it rests makes 45
deg. to HP. Draw its projections. Also determine the inclination of the lamina with the
reference plane.

Solution

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11) A circular lamina of 50 mm diameter is standing with one of its points on the rim on HP
and the lamina inclined at 45 deg. to HP. The diameter at right angle to the diameter which is
passing through the point on which the lamina rests is parallel to VP. Draw its projections.

Solution

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Projection
of Solids

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3)

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4)

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5)

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PYRAMIDS
6)

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7)

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8)

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9)

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10)

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11)

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Isometric
projection

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1) A sphere of diameter 50 mm rests centrally on top of a cube of sides 50 mm. Draw the
Isometric projections of the combination of solids.

Solution

2) A hemisphere of 40 mm diameter is supported co-axially on the vertex of a cone of base

diameter 60 mm and axis length 50 mm. The flat circular face of the hemisphere is facing
upside. Draw the isometric projection of the combination of solids.

Solution

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3) The frustum of a square pyramid of base 40 mm, top face 20 mm and height 60 mm rest on
the center of the top of a square block of sides 60 mm and height 20 mm. The base edges of
the pyramid are parallel to the top edges of the square block. Draw the isometric projection of
the combination of the solids.
Solution

4) Draw isometric projection of a hexagonal prism of side of base 40 mm and height 60 mm with
a right circular cone of base 40 mm as diameter altitude 50 mm, resting on its top such that
the axes of both the solids are collinear.
Solution

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5) A cone of base diameter 30 mm and height 40 mm rests centrally over a cube of side 50 mm.
draw the isometric projection of the combination of solids.
Solution

6) A hemisphere of diameter 50 mm is centrally resting on top of a square prism of base side 60

mm and height 30 mm such that the curved surface of hemisphere is touching top face of the
prism. Draw its isometric projections.
Solution

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7) A rectangular pyramid of base - 40 mm X 25 mm and height 50 mm is placed centrally on a

cylindrical slab of diameter 100 mm and thickness - 30 mm. Draw the isometric projection of
the combination.
Solution

8) A rectangular pyramid of base - 40 mm X 25 mm and height 50 mm is placed centrally on a

rectangular slab sides - 100 mm X 60 mm and thickness 20 mm. draw the isometric
projections of the combination.
Solution

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9) A square prism base side - 40 mm, height 50 mm is placed centrally on a cylindrical slab of
diameter 100 mm and thickness 30 mm. Draw the isometric projection of the combination.
Solution

10) A square prism base side - 40 mm, height 50 mm is placed centrally on a rectangular slab
sides - 100 mm X 60 mm and thickness 20 mm. Draw the isometric projection of the
combination.
Solution

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11) Following figures shows the front and side views of solid. Draw the isometric projection of the
solid.

Solution

12) Two rectangular plats are placed centrally with dimensions ( l x b x h ) 100 mm X 60 mm X 20
mm and 100 mm X 40 mm X 20 mm such that longer edges are parallel. Draw the isometric
projection of the combination.
Solution

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13) A square prism side - 40 mm and height 70 mm has a full depth co-axial square hole side - 20
mm, such that edges of both the squares are parallel. Draw the isometric projection of the
combination.

Solution

14) A rectangular slab base - 100 mm X 80 mm and height 30 mm has a full depth co-axial square
hole side - 40 mm, such that one of the sides of the square is parallel to one of the sides of the
rectangle. Draw the isometric projection of the combination.
Solution

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