ENGLISH

GRAMMAR IN THIRD
EDITION
USE
By: Raymond Murphy
 English Grammar in Use

First- year- student

…………………………………………….………

A door is much smaller

Compared to the house

A lock is much smaller

Compared to the door

A key is the smallest of all,

But a key can open entire house

Thus, small, thoughtful solutions

Can solve major problems

Set by:

Mr. Mohammed H. Rashid

Al-Qalam University College

2020-2021

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 English Tenses

English Grammar Tenses are one of the best skills for anyone who wants

to have a perfect writing, because the English tenses help

learners/students improve their writing skill in a better way than any

other skills .The English language has four skills. Two of which are

inputs including (listening and reading) , and the others are output

including (speaking and writing). The English language has twelve

tenses consisting of four categories and three times frames. It has (simple

tenses, continuous tenses perfect tenses and perfect continuous tenses).

In order to avoid making mistakes in writing, one should have a deep

knowledge in grammar, they are also useful for speaking but not too

much.

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 Present continuous:
Each tense has three main items:
A) The structure ( form) of the tense
B) The uses of the tense
C) The adverbs of the tense
The present continuous is composed of two parts - the present
tense of the verb to be + the present participle of the main verb.
NOTE: The subjective pronouns (he, she, it) are used with (is) and the
subjective pronouns (we, they, we) are used with (are) and the subjective
pronoun (I) is used (am).
1. The form of the present continuous:
Subject + be + base+ing Affirmative sentence
She is talking to me now
Subject + be + not + base+ing Negative sentence
He is not (isn't) playing the piano
Be + subject + base+ing ? Interrogative sentence
Is she talking on the phone now?
NOTE: The verb be
The verb be in English can be used in three forms:
• Simple present statements,
• Negative statements, and
• Question
NOTE: The pronoun (I) takes (am).The pronoun (you, we, they) take (are).
The pronoun (he, she, it,) take (is) as in
e.g) Iam a teacher . Affirmative
She is not a doctor. Negative
Are we students? Question/ Interrogative

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 Present continuous is used as follows:

a) To describe an action taking place at the present moment

e.g) you are reading a book now
He is listening to music at the moment
We are watching TV at the present
b) To describe an action when we talk about changes happening around especially
with these verbs (get, grow, increase, rise) page: 2
e.g) The population of the world is increasing very fast
c) To describe an action or event in the future, which has already been planned,
decided or arranged.
e.g) I bought a ticket , so I'm moving to London
He is having a party next week
d) To describe a temporary event or situation,
e.g) I'm living with some friends until I find a place of my own

NOTE: ''Always'' is sometimes used with present continuous to express annoyance

Always goes between the auxiliary verb and the main verb:
Same is always borrowing my phone without asking!
Peter is always complaining about his job!
BE CAREFUL! Some verbs are not used in the present continuous, present perfect
continuous . They are used with present simple , present perfect. /

 Senses and perception: feel, hear, see, smell, taste

 Opinion: assume, believe, doubt, feel, think, consider, suppose
 Mental states: forget, imagine, know, mean, notice, recognize, remember,
understand
 Emotion and desires: envy, fear, dislike, hate, hope, like, love, mind,
prefer, regret, want, wish,, need, prefer, realize, mean
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  Measurement: contain, consist of, belong to, measure, contain, seem

She is knowing a question . Wrong………….she knows a question

He is liking that show. Wrong……………….He likes that show.

3. The Adverbs of present continuous:

(now, today, at the present , at the moment, right now )
These verbs come at the beginning of the sentence referred to this tense.
( hurry up, be quiet, keep quiet, watch out , look out, be careful, pay attention,
look, listen up).Sometimes the imperative verb would be another symbol that
refers to this tense
e.g , Look! He is listening to me now. Pay attention! We are speaking with
them at the moment

 Present simple:
The form of present simple is composed of subject + verb and complement .If the
subject ( he,she,it) , the verbs take (s,or es) . If a word ends with ( ch,sh,s,x), (es)
should be added to the verb, and if the subject ( we,they,I, you) , the verb don’t
take ( s,es). In case of negation, the subject ( he, she, it) takes (does not) and (
we, they ,I and you) take (do not)
E,g) He goes to school every day. Affirmative
He doesn’t go to school. Negative
Does he go to school? Interrogative.

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  Present simple is used:
1. It is used to talk about things in general: Nurses look after patient in
hospital
2. Habit: I get up late /early
3. Regular basis: I leave work at 5:30 most days
4. How often we do thing ( repetition): I go to work every day
5. Facts/ true statement: The sun rises every morning
6. Permanent situation. She lives with her mother
7. Instruction: how do I get to the station?
8. Proverb: Shakespeare says: to be or not to be
9. In subordinated clause that are conditional introduced by (if, unless, when,
after…..etc): e.g) if you do that, you will succeed
10. Timetable, programs, official events ( for public transport, cinema)
11. Story: Hamlets meets the ghost of his father.

 The adverb of present simple:

1. every + time: every day/ year/ month, week, second and so on
2. The adverbs of frequency are often referred to this tense
(always, usually, often, sometimes ) etc.
3. Without adverbs of any other tenses is also referred to this tense

NOTE: The adverbs of frequency below can be used with this tense as follows:
( always, sometimes, never, often, seldom, usually )
The adverb goes between the subject and the verb:
e.g) I often see them.
We rarely talk to them.
They seldom go out in the evenings.

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• occasionally, sometimes, often, frequently, and normally can also be at the
beginning or end of a clause:
e.g) I see them occasionally.
Sometimes we talk to each other.
Normally I go out in the evenings.

 Past simple:
1) The form of the past simple is composed of subject + verb and complement.
All the subjects ( he, she, it, we, they, I, you)) take (ed or irregular verb).For
the interrogative, the form "Did " is used and ( did not ) used in negative, as in,
e.g) we played the piano. Affirmative sentence
We did not play the piano. Negative sentence
Did we play the piano? Interrogative

NOTE: The V.TO BE

Verb to be in English can be used in three forms:
• Affirmative
• Negative statements
• Question
NOTE: the subject (you, we, or they) take (were). the subject (he, she, it , I ) take
(was) , as in
e.g) I was a boy. Affirmative
He was not on the sofa . Negative.
Were students happy? . Question

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 2) Past simple is used:
a) The simple past is used to talk about a completed action in a time before now.
b) Express habitual or repeated actions in the past

3) The adverbs that are used with this tense are:

( ago, in+year, last+time ( last week, month, year) yesterday, in the past)

e.g) My parents came to visit me three days ago.

John Cabot sailed to America in 1498.
My father died last year.
We crossed the Channel yesterday.
 Past continuous:
The past continuous is composed of two parts - the past
tense of the verb to be (was, were) + the present participle of the main verb. The
verb (was) is used with (he, she, it, I ) , and (were) is used with (we, they, you) .
1. The form of the past continuous:
Subject + be + base+ing Affirmative sentence
e.g) She was washing the house
Subject + be + not + base+ing Negative sentence
e.g) they were not talking With me
Be + subject + base+ing ? Interrogative sentence
e.g) Was he driving fast yesterday night at 9:00 ?.

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2. The past continuous is used:
a) To describe an unfinished action that was interrupted by another

event or action:

e.g) "I was having a beautiful dream when the alarm rang

b) We often use the past simple and the past continuous together to say that

something happened in the middle of something else.

e,g) Tom was waiting for me when I arrived

While he was washing his car, it rained.

 The adverbs that are referred to this tense are:

While /as + past continuous, past simple.
When + past simple, past continuous
These adverbs (yesterday, last, in+ year) + time , as in
e.g) I was watching football yesterday night at 11:00 o'clock.
He was walking with his friends last night at 9:00.

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  Present perfect:
The present perfect is composed of two elements:
The appropriate form of the auxiliary verb to have (present tense), plus the past
participle of the main verb. The past participle of a regular verb is base+ed, e.g.
arrived, looked. For irregular verbs, you have to memorize them all. The verb
(have) is used with (we, you, they, I) , and (has) is used with (he, she, it) .

1. The form of the present perfect:

Subject + have/has + past participle. Affirmative sentence
She has answered the phone
Subject + have/has + not + past participle. Negative sentence
We have not talked well
Has/have+ subject + past participle? Interrogative sentence
Has she seen her sister?

 The present perfect is used to describe:

1. An action or situation that started in the past and continues in the present.
e.g) I have lived in Bristol since 1984 (= and I still do.)
He has worked in the bank for ten years
I have had the same car for 3 years

2. An action performed during a period that has not yet finished.

e.g) She has been to the cinema twice this week (= and the week is not over yet.)
He has written two essays today

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 3. A repeated action in an unspecified period between the past and now.
e.g) We have visited Portugal several times.

4. An action when the time is not important.

e.g) He has read 'War and Peace'.
I have seen you
I have built a new house
5. When we say that something has happened, this is usually new information
e.g) Ow, I have cut my finger.
. I have bought a new car
6. It is the first, second, third time something happened
e.g) It is the first time I have done that.
It is the second time he has spoken English in front of audience

3) The adverbs that are used with this tense are:

Till now, up to now, recently, ever, just, already, almost, nearly, recent, never, yet,
in the last few days, so far, for age, for a long time
NOTE: As for (just, almost , nearly ,already, never ) are used in the affirmative
sentence
e,g) We have just/ already solved the problem
We have never seen a mistake from her.
Ever: is used with interrogative only:
e.g) Have you ever gone to Paris?
Has he ever travelled to London?
Yet: is used with negative and interrogative:
e.g) He has not made a cake yet.
Has he made a cake yet?

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  Present perfect continuous:
The present perfect continuous is made up of two elements: (a) the present perfect

of the verb 'to be' (have/has been), and (b) the present participle of the main verb

(base+ing).The verb (have) is used with (we, you, they, I), and (has) is used with

(he, she, it).

1. The form of the present perfect continuous:

Subject + have/has + been+ present participle. Affirmative sentence
She has been waiting for them
Subject + have/has + not been + present participle. Negative sentence
We have not been doing that
Has/have+ subject + been+ present participle? Interrogative sentence
Has she been swimming?

 The present perfect is used to describe:

1. Actions that started in the past and continue in the present.
a. She has been waiting for you all day (=and she's still waiting now).
b. I've been working on this report since eight o'clock this morning
(=and I still haven't finished it).
2. Activities that have recently stopped or just stop but we are interested in the
results:
A. Have you been running (you are out of breath now)
B. It's been raining (= and the streets are still wet).
C. Your clothes are dirty. Have you been working?
D. The baby’s eyes are red. Has she been crying?
E. Ali’s clothes are covered in paint. He has been painting the ceiling.
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3. Action repeated over a period of time
e.g Tom is a very good player; He has been playing since he was eight.

NOTE:
How are you? It is something normal that we meet daily.
How have you been? It means we have not met for a long time. We don’t know
each other’s situation.

3) The adverbs that are used with this tense are:

All +time ( all evening/ day long)

Since and for are mostly used with this tense

For: is used to express a period of time. It may be used with all tenses such as the

present perfect, simple past and future

for six years, for a week, for a month, for hours, for two, for ages, for a long time

e.g) I have worked here for five years. Perfect

He worked here for ten years. Past simple

I will be staying for two years. Future

Since: is followed by a certain point in time and past simple too:

since this morning, since last week, since yesterday,

since I was a child, since Wednesday, since 2 o'clock.

I have been playing tennis since I was at the age of 10

She has been waiting for him since yesterday

They have been studying at college since 2018

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  Past perfect:
The Past Perfect tense in English is composed of two parts: the past tense of the
verb to have (had) + the past participle of the main verb. The verb (had) is used with
all subjective pronouns (we, you, they, I, he, she, it).
1. The form of the present perfect:
Subject + had + past participle. Affirmative sentence
We had phoned her brother
Subject + had + not + past participle. Negative sentence
They had not left
Had+ subject + past participle? Interrogative sentence
Had you seen your boss?

2.The past perfect is used to describe:

a) The past perfect refers to a time earlier than before now. It is used to make it
clear that one event happened before another in the past.
b) When two actions happen in the past, the past perfect is used for the first action
and the past tense for the second.

3.The adverbs that are used with this tense are:

After/ because + past perfect, past simple
Before/when+ + until + By past simple, past perfect
e.g) We couldn’t get a room because we hadn’t booked
Because we hadn’t booked it , we couldn’t get a room.
e.g ) When we got to the cinema, the film had started
Before I left the house , I had looked the door.

After I had washed the house, I went out shopping

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 Until their arrival , the US population had remained small.

By the year 2011, the company had sold 10 cars.

until we arrived , the captain had sailed.

NOTE: the difference among three senses as follows:

e.g: When I arrive home, My mom started to cook. Past simple
(both sentences are past simple, both mean that when I arrived home then my mom
began to cook. I saw her to cook. Both actions happened in the past)

e.g: When I arrived home, My mom was cooking. Past continuous and past
simple
(it means that before I arrived home, she started to cook. So, When I arrived home ,
she was in the middle of doing an action)

e.g: When I arrived home, My mom had cooked. Past Perfect

(it means that when I arrived home, she finished cooking. So, before I arrived home
, she did the action).

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 Future Tenses
1. Future with (going to) - form

This form is composed of three elements: the appropriate form of the verb

'to be' + going to + the infinitive of the main verb:

NOTE: the subjective pronouns (he, she, it) are used with (is) and the subjective

pronouns (we, they, we) are used with (are) and the subjective pronoun (I) is

used with (am).

 The form of the (going to ):

Subject + be + going to + infinitive Affirmative sentence
We are going to talk to him
Subject + be + not + going to + infinitive Negative sentence
She is not going to travel soon
be + subject + going to + infinitive ? Interrogative sentence
Are we going to do the exam?.

 The future ( going to ) is used to describe:

a) To refer to plans and intentions
e.g) We are going to move to London next year. (= the plan is in our minds
now.)
b) To make strong predictions based on present evidence:
e,g) Look at those clouds - it is going to pour with rain! (= It's clear from
what I can see now).
c) It can be used in the past to intend to do something but changed your mind.
e.g) We were going to travel by train, but then we decided to go by car .

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2. Present continuous is used for future:
The present continuous is composed of two parts - the present
tense of the verb to be + the present participle of the main verb.
NOTE: the subjective pronouns (he, she, it) are used with (is) and the subjective
pronouns (we, they, we) are used with (are) and the subjective pronoun (I) is used
(am).

 The form of the present continuous:

Subject + be + base+ing Affirmative sentence
She is talking to her sister tonight.
Subject + be + not + base+ing Negative sentence
They are meeting me next week
be + subject + base+ing ? Interrogative sentence
Is he moving tomorrow?.

 The present continuous is used to describe:

1. An action that taking place when we say we have arranged to do something. But
this one is surely to happen:
e.g) I bought a ticket so Iam moving to London tomorrow
(it mean I'm sure to travel because I bought a ticket)
2. It is used mostly to talk about personal arrangements and fixed plans especially,
when the time and place have been decided
e.g) I’m seeing Lary on Sunday

 The adverbs that are used with future as a whole:

Next+ time, tomorrow, in the future, soon.

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  Future simple:
The Future simple is composed of two parts the modal verb + the main verb.
NOTE: the subject pronouns (he, she, it we, they, we I) used with (will) and
sometimes (we, I ) used with (shall).
 The form of the future simple:
Subject + will/shall + base Affirmative sentence
She will give to her friend.
Subject + will/shall + not + base Negative sentence
We shall not tell the secret
Will/shall + subject + base ? Interrogative sentence
Will he help me ?.

 The simple future is used as follows:

a) It is used when we decide to do something at the time of speaking.
e.g) I will do that
b) It is used to give opinion, expectation, hope, offer, agreement, promise and ask
someone to do something:
e.g) I hope you will see that
I think she will like the work
I won’t tell anyone else
I will help you.

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  Future continuous, form:
The future continuous is made up of two elements: the simple future of the verb 'to
be + the present participle (base+ing).
NOTE: as for the subjective pronouns have the same function as explained in the
previous tense.
 The form of the future simple:
Subject + will/shall be + base+ ing Affirmative sentence
She will be giving to her friend.
Subject + will/shall + not be + base+ing Negative sentence
We shall not be telling the secret
Will/shall + subject + base ? Interrogative sentence
Will he be helping me ?.

 The future continuous is used :

a)The future continuous refers to an unfinished action or event that will be in
progress at a time later than now. It is used:
e.g) I will be sun-bathing in Bali.
b) To refer to actions/events that will happen in the normal course of events:
e.g) I'll be seeing Jim at the conference next week.

 The adverbs are that used are:

This /that time + time, ( this time tomorrow)
Time +adverbs ( at 10 o’clock tomorrow).
e.g) At 12 :00 tomorrow I will be waiting for you here.
This time tomorrow she will be answering your call.

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  Present simple (future:
The form of present simple is composed of subject , verb and complement .If the
subject ( he,she,it) , the verbs takes (e,or es) and if the subject ( we,they,I, you) , the
verb don’t take ( s,es). In case of negation, the subject ( he, she, it) take (does not)
and ( we, they ,I and you) take ( do not)

 The Present simple (future) is used as follows:

1) To express fixed arrangements that is out of our control, present or future:
e.g) Your exam starts at 09.00

2) To talk about timetable, programmes (public transport ( the plane, bus, train) ,
cinema, the conference, the semester, classes, training course, the term, :
e,g) The Iraqi plane arrives at 3:00 tomorrow.
The film begin at 3:55 tonight.

3) When the statements are based on present facts, and when these
Facts are something fixed like a time-table, schedule, calendar.

 Note: the difference between:

a. The plane leaves in ten minutes (= statement of fact)
b. The plane's going to leave in ten minutes (= prediction
based on present situation, meaning "...and if you don't hurry
up you're going to miss it!")

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 NOTE:
We can use present perfect after (when, after, until, as soon as) if two actions don’t

happen at the same time. But if two actions happen at the same time ,we can use

present simple after (when, after, until, as soon as, if ,before):

e.g) When I have phoned Kate, we can have dinner

(first I will call her and after we can have dinner).

e,g) when I call her, we will have dinner .

NOTE: 1) - when is used for something that is sure to happen .However, if is used

for something that is possibly to happen.

NOTE: 2) - never use (will) after these conjunction( if, when, before, after, as soon

as …….) etc.

e.g) when I will go home, I will call you . wrong

When I go home, I will call you. Correct

 The modal auxiliaries:

Rules of Modal auxiliaries as follows:
Subjects + modals + base form …………….... Affirmative
Subjects + modals (not ) + base form……….. Negative

Modals + subjects + + base form…………….? Interrogative

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Can, Could: they convey the following meanings:
a) ability: e.g) He can speak English
b) permission: e.g) Can I smoke here?
c) Theoretical possibility: e.g) we could go to the zoo
d) Conditional possibility: e.g) if he had money, we could buy a car.

May, Might:
a) Permission: e,g) you may come in Present
b) possibility: e.g) you might take tomorrow Future

Note: The past form of (may/ might ) is [ may/ might have + past participle}
e.g A. I wonder why Kate didn’t answer the phone .
B. She may have been asleep.

Should:
a) obligation: e.g) you should clean the room
b) Advice: e.g) you look tired. You should go to bed
c) Expectation e.g) she has been studying hard for the exam ,so she
should pass it.
d) Conditional use: e,g) we should love to go if we had the chance.
Would:
a) willingness: e.g) would you come
b) Imagination: e.g) It would be nice to buy a car but we can
not afford
c) characteristic activity in the past: e.g) Tom would get up early
I would have done/ I would do that

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 d) conditional use: e.g) we would do it, if we didn’t stop them.
e) probability: e.g) that would be his friend

Must:
a) obligation: e.g) you must come early
b) necessity: e.g) she must solve it now

Note: The difference between ( Have to / must / have got to ). They are similar in
meaning
It is later than I thought . I must go ………….or I have to go

 Passive Voice
In the active voice , the subject of the verb is the person or thing that does the

action.However, in the passive voice , the action is done to the subject.

As usuall , we form the passive with a suitable form { '' be + past participle}. Only verbs

which take an object ( tansitive verb) can go into the passive.

NOTE: A sentence in the active voice is changed to the passive as follows:

1 ) Put t the object in the position of the subject in the passive voice.

2 ) write down '' verb to be'' in the same tense of the active verb followed by the past

participle of the active verb. If the object is singular , the verb form should be

singular, While the object is plural , the verb form should be plural.

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  Present simple:
Object+ v.to be ( is, are, am) + past paticiple
e.g) We sell pens at this shop ( active)
Pens are sold at this shop ( passive).

e.g) She buys a book

A book is bought.

I bought a lot of useful books yesterday

A lot of useful books were bought yesterday

I gave her a pen

She was given a pen

 Past simple:
Object+ v.to be ( was, were) + past paticiple

e.g) They read a story yesterdday

A story was read ysterday

He played the football

The football was played

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  Present continous:
Object+ v.to be ( is, am, are) + being+ past paticiple.

e.g) Iam climbing the hill now

The hill is being climbed

The cat is eating apples at the moment

Apples are being eaten at the moment.
 present perfect passive:

Object + has, have + been + p.p+ com passive

Q- You have made a mistake . [ passive ]

A – A mistake has been made .

Q- They have finished the job . [ passive]

A- The job has been finished .

Q- I have eaten some red apples recently . [ passive ]

A- Some red apples have been eaten .

 Past perfect passive

Object + had been + p.p + com Passive

Q - They had finished lunch . ( passive )

A - Lunch had been finished .

Q- I had reached before the bell rang . [ passive ]

A – Before the bell rang had been reached .

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  Passive with future (will):

Object + willl + be + p.p+com Passive

Q- Dana will write the letter.

A – The letter will be written.

 Perfect infinitive passive:

Object + should/would/might + have + been + past participle + com

Someone should have cleaned the room

The room should have been cleaned.

NOTE: some verbs have two objects ,so in this case we can choose either of them ( ask,
offer, give, show, teach, tell)

Someome gave the police the information

The police were given the informatiom

The information was given to the police

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  The passive of doing/ seeing/.Have a look

Active: I domt like people telling me what to do

Passive: I don’t like being told what to do.

…………………………………………….

 We can use '' get'' instead of ''be''

I got asked to do that . the same as

I was asked to do that.

 Informal and formal passive:

S + believe , say , think suppose + that . Active (informal)

It is + believed, said , thought , hoped + that .. passive ( formal)

Q- Mr . Smith thinks that Eribl citadel is very old . passive

A – It is thought that Eribl citadel is very old .

Q Hery is very old .Nobody knows how old he is

A- it is said that he is 108 years old

 We use have something done to say that we arrange for somebody else to do
something for us. Page:92, unit: 46.

e.g) Liza repaired the roof

Liza had the roof repaired.

NOTE: e.g) we can use ''get'' instead of '' have'' , as in

I think you should get your hair cut really short.

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  If Conditional Sentences
IF Conditional sentences: in conditional sentences, there are two parts (1) the
condition and (2) the main clause. The usual conditions are of three types:
1. This condition is used to express an event is likely to happen
''If " is followed by present simple ,the main clause is future ,and this is
also called ''First Conditional:
e.g) If the bus come ,we will get it on
if you don’t study , you will fail in exam

2. This condition is used to express something is unlikely to happen

''If " is followed by past simple ,the main clause is conditional, this is also called
''Second Conditional:
e.g) If I saw him tomorrow, I would give him the letter.

3. This condition is used to express something didn’t happen.it is impossible to

happen: ''If " is followed by past perfect ,the main clause is perfect conditional,
this is also called ''Third Conditional:

e.g) If you had called me earlier , I would have planned for the trip

if I had gone yesterday, I would have seen him.

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  Making questions in English
 If there are auxiliaries in the sentence , precede the auxiliaries in the position of
subject then put the question mark at the end of the sentence .
Auxiliaries are of two types:
1) Primary verbs ( is / are / am / was / were )
2) Modals ( can , could / will , would / may, might / shall , should ….etc)
Have you gone to Paris? Yes , I have
Is he a dentist ? No, he is not
Can you speak well? Yes, I can
Will he go to London? No, He won’t

 If there is no operator (auxiliaries) , (Do) can be used according to tense and the
subject of the sentence
Ali reads a story…………….Does Ali read a story?
Tom studied hard ……….….Did he study hard?
They play tennis ……………Do they play tennis?

 Wh-question are formed with the aid of one of the following Q-words
({when, where, why, what, whose, which, who, how, how long, how far, how

wide, how often, how much, how many,}

1. the Q-element (the clause element containing the Q-words) generally comes first
in the sentence
2. the Q-words itself takes first position in the Q-element

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who opened my letter? (Q-element: S)

which books have you sent him? ( Q-element :Od)

whose car is it ? ( Q-element: Cs)

When will you come back? (Q-element: A :time)

Where are you going? ( Q-element: A:Place)

How did you do that ?(Q-element: A: process)

Why are you always complaining? (Q-element: A: reason)

How often do you visit New York? ( Q-element: A: Frequency)

How long have you been waiting? (Q-element: A : duration)

EX:

He wrote a letter yesterday. When did he write?

He wrote a letter yesterday. What did he write yesterday?

She has many books. How many books does she have?

She is leaving to Paris. Where is she leaving.

 Taq-question: in spoken, there is a form of question added to a statement, and

the rule has to be in the following
positive + negative? + positive
she gets money doesn’t she? yes, she does.

negative +positive? negative

we don’t smile do we? No, we don’t.
EX: Firas is at home, isn’t he? yes , he is
you don’t go to school, do you ? No, I don’t .
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