WRITING PART 1

CÁC CẤU TRÚC VIẾT LẠI CÂU

*Cấu trúc bắt buộc: - Present Perfect – Past simple
- Comparisons
- Conditionals
*Cấu trúc tuỳ chọn: - Make suggestions (Let’s …/ What about…/ Shall…?)
- Make an Apology (sorry/ apologise)
- Because/ So
- Take/ spend
- enough/ too
- So do I/ Neither do I

CẤU TRÚC 1: TAKE/ SPEND/ LAST → làm gì mất bao nhiêu thời gian

It + take (chia theo thời) + O + time + TO V………: It takes me two hours to do homework everyday.
= S (people) + spend (chia theo thời) + time + V-ing…: I spend two hours doing homework everyday.
= S (sự việc/ hoạt động) + last (chia theo thời) + time..: Doing homeowork often lasts two hours.

1. They spent two hours watching the film.

The film ……………for two hours.
It took them two hours ……………the film.
2. It takes me about two hours to travel from London to York by train.
I spend about two hours ……………from London to York by train.
3. It is a forty-minute bus journey to her office.
The bus journey to her office……………forty minutes.
4. They spent two hours watching the film.
It took them two hours ……………the film.
5. She spent two hours doing her homework.
It ……………two hours to do her homework.

CẤU TRÚC 2: SUGGESTIONS: đưa ra lời đề xuất

- Why don’t we + V (nguyên thể) ……? → Why don’t we go shopping this weekend?
- Shall we + V (nguyên thể) ……….? → Shall we go shopping this weekend?
- How/ What about + V_ing ……….? → How/ What about going shopping this weekend?
- Let’s + V (nguyên thể) ………….. → Let’s go shopping this weekend.

1. What about playing the game now?

Shall…………………the game now?
2. My parents suggested going out for a meal.
My parents said, “Why……………go out for a meal?”
3. Let’s go to the pub tonight.
How about…………………………?
4. How about renting a car for our journey?
Let’s……………for our journey.
5. Maria suggested going to see the monkeys.
Maria said, “Why don’t we……………the monkeys?”
6. What about playing computer games now?
Shall……………computer games now?
7. My parents suggested going out for a meal.
My parents said, “Why…………… out for a meal?”
8. Peter said, “Why don’t we go to the booking office now?”
Peter said, “How……………to the booking office now?”
9. “Let’s buy a second-hand car, Ben.” suggested Frieda
“Why …………… a second-hand car, Ben?” suggested Frieda.
CẤU TRÚC 3: MAKE AN APOLOGY→ cách nói lời xin lỗi
be sorry for …………….. I was sorry for coming late.
= apologise to sb for ……. = I apologized for coming late.
Ví dụ: “I am sorry I didn’t go to class yesterday.”, said her.
= She apologized for NOT going to class yesterday.
1. “I am sorry I forgot to water the flowers,” said he.
He apologized for ……………the flowers.
2. I am sorry that I didn’t hand in my homework on time.
I apologized …………….in my homework on time.
3. They apologized to us for not telling us the truth.
They were …………..not telling us the truth.
4. I couldn’t go to your party and now I say sorry to you.
I apologized to you……………to you party.
5. Our boss apologized for cancelling our training program.
Our boss …………..cancelling our training program.
CẤU TRÚC 4: BECAUSE/ SO → diễn đạt lý do-kết quả

because (vì) + mệnh đề chỉ lý do

so (vì thế/ vì vậy) + mệnh đề nêu kết quả
1. The journey wasn’t boring for Jessica thanks to a good book.
Jessica didn’t find the journey boring……………she had a good book.
2. Maria sometimes takes a taxi although it is expensive.
Maria doesn’t often take a taxi……………it is expensive.
3. It was so hot that we wore sun hats.
We wore sun hats…………… it was very hot.
4. This morning, I went to class late because of the rain.
This morning, it was rainy, ………..I went to class late.
5. I often leave home very early in the morning. Therefore, I don’t have traffic jams.
I don’t have traffic jams, …………..often leave home very early in the morning.

CẤU TRÚC 5: COMPARISONS (BẮT BUỘC)

So sánh nhất/ hơn --> so sánh không bằng
(+) ...AS + ADJ/ ADV+ AS
(-) NOT + AS/ SO + ADJ/ADV + AS

* less than : kém hơn/ không bằng

1. Camping is cheaper than staying in a hotel.
Camping costs … …………..than staying in a hotel.
2. City schools are usually larger than schools in the country.
Schools in the country are not as …………city schools.
3. The phone was Max’s favourite present.
Max likes his phone … ………….any of his other presents.
4. My parents prefer jazz to classical music.
My parents think jazz is … ……than classical music.
5. The Colombian coffee cost less than the Kenyan coffee.
The Colombian coffee wasn’t … …………….as the Kenyan coffee.
6. No other football stadium in Madrid is as big as Santiago Bernabeu.
Santiago Bernabeu is ………………………… any other football stadium in Madrid.
7. Folerance is not as crowded in winter as it is in summer.
Folerance is……………crowded in winter than in summer.
8. The car was cheaper than Ben had expected.
The car was……………expensive as Ben had expected.
9. Large cars use more petrol than small cars.
Small cars don’t use as……………large cars.
10. I thought the journey was going to be really terrible.
The journey wasn’t as……………I’d expected.
11. The phone was Max’s favourite present.
Max likes his phone…………… any of his other presents.
12. My friends prefer jazz to classical music.
My friends think jazz……………than classical music.
13. Dave had more toys than Jane.
Jane didn’t have as ……………Dave.
14. Theatre tickets are more expensive than last year.
Last year, theatre tickets……………than they are now.

CẤU TRÚC 6: Present Perfect – Past simple

Present Perfect : hiện tại hoàn thành: diễn tả hành động xảy ra/ bắt đầu trong quá khứ nhưng còn
liên quan/ kéo dài đến hiện tại
S + have/has + V(2) + ……….
• Từ nhận biết: for/ since/ just/ already/ not…yet/ never/ ever/ up to now/ the first
(second/ last) time
Ví dụ:
1. I have never seen this film before.
= It is the first time I have seen this film.
2. This is the most beautiful picture I have ever seen.
= I have never seen a more beautiful picture than this one.

Past Simple: diễn tả hành động đã xảy ra và đã kết thúc trong quá khứ
S + V (past form) +………..
• Từ nhận biết: yesterday, last ….., ….ago, in + time (quá khứ), when + S + V (quá khứ)

Ví dụ:
1. I began teaching English at this university in 2007.
= I have taught English at this university since 2007.
2. He started doing homework an hour ago.
= He has done homework for an hour.
3. They have played games since 11a.m.
= They started playing games in 11 a.m.
4. The last time I did the shopping was 2 days ago.
= I haven’t done the shopping for 2 days.
5. It is 5 years since I last went to Hochiminh city.
= I haven’t been to Hochiminh city for 5 years.

1. I started learning English 10 years ago.

I … ………….English for 10 years.
2. They began playing games at 7 p.m.
They … ……….. games since 7 p.m.
3. My family has been living in this house since I was at high school.
My family … ………..in this house when I was at high school.

4. Max has never had his own phone before.

This is … …………..that Max has had his own phone.
5. He has not been to this stadium before.
It is… ………….. he has been to this stadium.
6. It is 2 years since I last met her.
I … …………her for 2 years.
7. I started living here two months ago.
I … ……………………… here for two months.
8. This is the first time I’ve lived in a city.
I’ve… …………in a city before.
9. The last time I sent an email to her was 3 months ago.
I …… ……… an email to her for 3 months.
10. This is the first time that Max has had his own phone.
Max… ………his own phone before.
11. Dave has never seen the film before.
This is the … …………Dave has seen the film.
12. My sister has used my laptop for nearly 3 hours.
My sister ……………my laptop nearly 3 hours ago.
13. This is the first novel by Joan Brady that she has read.
She…………… a novel by Joan Brady before.

CẤU TRÚC 7: Conditionals

Type 1: câu điều kiện có thực, có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai
If + S + V(hiện tại đơn)…., S + will/ can/ may + V (nguyên thể)
Type 2: câu điều kiện không có thực, không thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai
If + S + V(quá khứ đơn)…., S + would/ could/ might + V (nguyên thể)

Unless = If ….not (nếu không)

1. You can’t play Jotto unless there are at least two players.
You can only play Jotto ……………there are at least two players.
2. If I finish my homework, I can go out at the weekend.
I can’t go out at the weekend ………………finish my homework.
3. If it doesn’t rain, we’ll go camping.
We’ll go camping ……………it rains.
4. If she doesn’t come, I’ll make a phone call to her.
Unless she……………, I’ll make a phone call to her.
5. We’ll be disappointed if we can’t book a good view for dinner tonight.
We’ll be disappointed ……………we can book a good view for dinner tonight.
6. If you don’t get A level degree, you won’t get a scholarship to study abroad.
……………you get A level degree, you won’t get a scholarship to study abroad.
7. We can only find out solutions if we work together.
We can’t find out solutions……………we work together.
8. You can’t play Jotto unless there are at least two players.
You can only play Jotto……………there are at least two players.
9. If I finish my homework, I can go out at the weekend.
I can’t go out at the weekend ……………finish my homework.
10. . If it doesn’t stop raining, we can’t have a good crop this year.
……………it stops raining, we can’t have a good crop this year.
11. They won’t be able to go camping unless it stops snowing.
If it…………… snowing, they won’t be able to go camping.
12. Our teacher won’t give us marks unless we submit our essays on time.
If we ………………………our essays on time, our teacher won’t give us marks.

CẤU TRÚC 8: SO/TOO/ NEITHER : → thể hiện sự đồng quan điểm (cũng vậy)
SO/ TOO: → đồng quan điểm khẳng định (cũng vậy)
………, and so + trợ động từ + S.
……….., and S + trợ động từ , too
Ví dụ: I like films and SO DOES MY SISTER
I like films and MY SISTER DOES, TOO
NEITHER: → đồng quan điểm phủ định (cũng không)
…………, neither + trợ động từ + S
Ví dụ: I don’t like films and NEITHER DOES MY SISTER.

1. I enjoy the game, and my parents enjoy it, too.

I enjoy the game and ……………my parents.
2. Max likes playing games on his phone, and all his friends do, too.
Max likes playing games on his phone, and …………….all his friends
3. I enjoy the games, and my parents enjoy it, too.
I enjoy the game and …………… my parents.
4. They don’t like coffee, and I don’t like coffee either.
They don’t like coffee, and ……………I.

CẤU TRÚC 9: ENOUGH TO V: ĐỦ LÀM GÌ/

TOO…..TO V: QUÁ ……(KHÔNG THỂ) LÀM GÌ

Adj + enough + (for sb) + to V : He is good enough to do this job.

Enough + N + (for sb) + to V : He has enough money to buy this car.
Too + adj/ adv + (for sb) + to V: He is too late to see the film

1. Ben couldn’t afford to buy a new car.

Ben didn’t …………… money to buy a new car.
2. My bedroom is too small for all books.
My bedroom is not……………for all my books.
3. Yesterday she didn’t get up early enough to catch the bus.
Yesterday she got up …………… to catch the bus.
4. This juice was so cold that he couldn’t drink it.
This juice was not …………..for him to drink.
This juice was ……………for him to drink.
5. These kids are too young to take part in the activities.
These kids are ……………to take part in the activities.