Top 110 HVAC

Interview Questions &

Answers

for Freshers
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Basic HVAC Concepts

1. What is HVAC and how does it work?

HVAC stands for Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning. It works by controlling the
indoor climate through heating, cooling, and ventilating the air. This system ensures
thermal comfort and good indoor air quality.
2. What are the main types of HVAC systems?
The main types include split systems, hybrid systems, duct-free systems, and packaged
systems. Each is suited for different building types and climates. Split systems are most
common in residential setups.
3. What is the role of a compressor in an HVAC system?
The compressor increases the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant gas. It moves
the refrigerant through the system and is crucial for the refrigeration cycle. Without it,
heat transfer can't occur.
4. Can you explain what a heat pump does?
A heat pump moves heat from one place to another using mechanical energy. It can both
heat and cool a building depending on the season. It’s more energy-efficient than
traditional systems.
5. What is a thermostat used for?
A thermostat regulates the temperature by turning the HVAC system on or off. It
maintains the desired temperature set by the user. Programmable thermostats help
improve energy efficiency.
6. Define BTU in HVAC systems.
BTU stands for British Thermal Unit, which measures thermal energy. It indicates how
much heat an HVAC system can add or remove per hour. More BTUs mean more heating
or cooling capacity.
7. What is meant by SEER rating?
SEER stands for Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio. It measures the cooling efficiency of
an air conditioner or heat pump. A higher SEER indicates better energy efficiency.
8. What is the difference between HVAC and AC?
HVAC includes heating, ventilation, and air conditioning, while AC refers only to
cooling. HVAC is a broader term encompassing the full system for indoor climate
control. AC is one component of HVAC.
9. What is ventilation in HVAC?
Ventilation is the process of exchanging or replacing indoor air with fresh outdoor air. It
helps remove odors, moisture, and indoor pollutants. It’s essential for maintaining indoor
air quality.
10. Why is refrigerant used in HVAC systems?
Refrigerant is a chemical that absorbs and releases heat to cool or heat air. It circulates
through the HVAC system during the refrigeration cycle. Proper refrigerant levels are
crucial for system efficiency.
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HVAC Components and Functions

11. Name major components of an HVAC system.

Key components include the compressor, condenser, evaporator coil, air handler,
thermostat, and ductwork. Each plays a specific role in the heating and cooling process.
Proper functioning of all parts is essential.
12. What does the air handler do?
The air handler distributes conditioned air through the duct system. It contains the
blower, filters, and sometimes heating or cooling elements. It works closely with the
HVAC system to regulate airflow.
13. Explain the role of the evaporator coil.
The evaporator coil absorbs heat from indoor air using refrigerant. It’s located inside the
air handler or attached to the furnace. Cool air is then circulated throughout the building.
14. What is the purpose of ductwork?
Ductwork distributes heated or cooled air to various rooms in a building. It ensures even
temperature distribution. Poor duct design can cause inefficiency and uneven comfort
levels.
15. What does the condenser unit do?
The condenser releases absorbed heat from the refrigerant to the outside air. It’s located
in the outdoor unit. It plays a key role in the cooling cycle.
16. What is an expansion valve?
The expansion valve controls the flow of refrigerant into the evaporator coil. It reduces
the pressure of the refrigerant, allowing it to evaporate and absorb heat. It balances the
refrigeration cycle.
17. How do filters affect HVAC performance?
Filters trap dust, allergens, and other particles from the air. Clean filters improve air
 quality and system efficiency. Dirty filters can cause airflow problems and system
damage.
18. What is the function of a blower fan?
The blower fan pushes air over the evaporator coil and into the ductwork. It helps
circulate conditioned air throughout the building. It’s a key part of the air handler.
19. Why is proper insulation important in HVAC?
Insulation helps maintain the temperature of air as it travels through ducts. It reduces
energy loss and improves system efficiency. It also prevents condensation issues.
20. How does zoning in HVAC work?
Zoning allows different areas of a building to be heated or cooled independently. It uses
multiple thermostats and dampers in the ductwork. This improves comfort and energy
efficiency.
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Maintenance & Troubleshooting

21. How often should HVAC filters be changed?

Filters should be replaced every 1–3 months depending on usage and environment.
Regular replacement helps maintain air quality and system efficiency. Neglecting filter
changes can damage the unit.
22. What are signs of a failing HVAC system?
Common signs include uneven heating/cooling, strange noises, rising energy bills, and
frequent cycling. These indicate the system needs repair or maintenance. Early diagnosis
helps avoid major damage.
23. What is preventive HVAC maintenance?
Preventive maintenance includes routine checks and minor fixes to avoid major failures.
It includes cleaning coils, replacing filters, checking refrigerant, and inspecting wiring. It
extends equipment life and improves efficiency.
24. How do you clean HVAC coils?
Coils should be cleaned using a soft brush or coil cleaner. Dirty coils reduce heat transfer
efficiency and strain the system. Cleaning them is part of routine maintenance.
25. What should you check when an HVAC unit stops working?
Check the thermostat settings, circuit breakers, filters, and refrigerant levels. These are
common causes of system failure. Further inspection may require a technician.
26. How do you test HVAC electrical components?
Use a multimeter to check voltage, resistance, and continuity of components like
capacitors, contactors, and motors. Electrical testing ensures components function
properly. Always follow safety precautions.
27. What is short cycling in HVAC?
Short cycling is when the HVAC system turns on and off frequently. It can be caused by
 incorrect sizing, dirty filters, or thermostat issues. It reduces efficiency and wears out
components.
28. Why is airflow testing important?
Airflow testing identifies duct leaks, obstructions, and imbalances. Proper airflow ensures
efficient heating/cooling and system longevity. Technicians use tools like anemometers
and manometers.
29. What is a refrigerant leak and how is it detected?
A refrigerant leak is a loss of refrigerant due to damaged lines or joints. It’s detected
using electronic leak detectors, UV dye, or soap bubbles. Leaks must be repaired
immediately.
30. How do you reset a tripped HVAC system?
Turn off the thermostat, flip the HVAC breaker off for 30 seconds, then back on. Wait a
few minutes before restarting the thermostat. Always address the underlying cause if
tripping repeats.
 Category 4: Safety and Regulations

31. Why is it important to follow HVAC safety protocols?

HVAC systems involve electrical, refrigerant, and mechanical risks. Following safety
protocols prevents injuries, equipment damage, and code violations. Safety is critical in
all HVAC work.
32. What personal protective equipment (PPE) is required in HVAC?
Common PPE includes gloves, goggles, steel-toe boots, and insulated tools. Respirators
may be needed in confined or dusty spaces. Wearing PPE reduces accident risks.
33. What is the EPA 608 Certification?
It’s a U.S. certification for handling refrigerants. Technicians must pass EPA-approved
tests to earn it. It's legally required for servicing refrigerant-containing HVAC equipment.
34. What steps are taken to ensure refrigerant recovery?
Use certified recovery equipment and follow EPA guidelines. Avoid releasing refrigerant
into the atmosphere. Proper recovery is part of environmental compliance.
35. What is lockout/tagout in HVAC?
Lockout/tagout (LOTO) is a safety procedure to prevent accidental equipment startup
during maintenance. It involves locking the power source and tagging it with warnings. It
protects workers from electrocution or injury.
36. What is the importance of grounding in HVAC systems?
Grounding prevents electrical shocks and protects equipment from surges. All metallic
parts and circuits must be properly grounded. It’s a critical safety measure.
37. Why is pressure testing performed in HVAC systems?
Pressure testing checks for leaks and ensures system integrity. It’s done before charging
refrigerant or starting the system. Proper testing helps prevent failures.
38. How are fire hazards reduced in HVAC installations?
Use fire-rated ductwork, maintain clearance from combustibles, and follow code
requirements. Proper insulation and sealing are essential. Fire dampers may also be
required in some setups.
39. What are common HVAC codes and standards?
Examples include ASHRAE standards, EPA regulations, and local building codes. These
 govern system design, safety, and energy efficiency. Technicians must stay up to date
with code changes.
40. How do you handle refrigerants safely?
Wear protective gear, avoid open flames, and store cylinders upright. Use recovery
machines for disposal. Follow all EPA and OSHA guidelines strictly.
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Air Handling Units (AHU) and Ducting

41. What is an Air Handling Unit (AHU)?

An AHU is a central unit that conditions and circulates air as part of an HVAC system. It
typically contains components like fans, filters, heating/cooling coils, and dampers.
AHUs are essential for maintaining indoor air quality and thermal comfort in large
buildings.

42. What is the difference between an AHU and a FCU?

AHUs are larger, centralized units that handle higher air volumes and are often connected
to duct systems. Fan Coil Units (FCUs) are smaller, localized systems that use a fan and
coil to condition air in a single space. AHUs usually have more complex components
including filters, humidifiers, and dampers.

43. What is a duct in HVAC systems?

A duct is a conduit or passage used to deliver and remove air in HVAC systems. Ducts
are made of sheet metal or flexible plastic and are essential for maintaining consistent air
distribution. Properly sized and insulated ducts improve efficiency and indoor comfort.

44. What is duct static pressure?

Duct static pressure is the resistance the air encounters as it moves through the duct
system. It is measured in inches of water column (in. w.c.) and affects the fan
performance. High static pressure can indicate blockages, undersized ducts, or dirty
filters.

45. What is the purpose of dampers in ductwork?

Dampers regulate airflow in ducts and can be manual or automatic. They are used for
balancing air across zones or for isolating parts of the system. Motorized dampers are
often integrated into zoning systems for energy efficiency.

46. What is duct insulation and why is it important?

Duct insulation minimizes heat loss or gain as air travels through the duct system. It
improves energy efficiency and helps maintain consistent indoor temperatures. It also
prevents condensation and reduces noise transmission.

47. What is the function of a return air duct?

Return air ducts carry air back to the HVAC unit to be reconditioned. They help maintain
pressure balance and efficient air circulation in the system. Without proper return airflow,
HVAC systems can become inefficient or noisy.

48. How is duct leakage tested?

Duct leakage is tested using methods like the duct blower test or pressure pan testing.
These tests measure the amount of air escaping from the duct system. Sealing leaks with
mastic or tape helps improve energy efficiency.
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Filters and Indoor Air Quality

49. What is a HEPA filter?

HEPA stands for High-Efficiency Particulate Air filter, which removes at least 99.97% of
airborne particles 0.3 microns in size. They are commonly used in cleanrooms, hospitals,
and sensitive environments. HEPA filters are not typically used in standard HVAC
systems due to high resistance.

50. What is a MERV rating?

MERV (Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value) rates filter efficiency on a scale from 1 to
16. Higher MERV values capture smaller particles but can also restrict airflow. Choosing
the right MERV depends on the application and HVAC system design.

51. How often should HVAC filters be replaced?

Filters should typically be replaced every 1–3 months, depending on usage, filter type,
and air quality. Clogged filters reduce system efficiency and can damage components.
Regular replacement ensures good airflow and indoor air quality.

52. What is the impact of poor indoor air quality?

Poor indoor air quality can cause health issues like headaches, fatigue, allergies, and
respiratory problems. It also reduces productivity and comfort. HVAC systems must be
properly maintained to ensure adequate ventilation and filtration.

53. What types of air filters are used in HVAC?

Common types include fiberglass, pleated, electrostatic, and HEPA filters. Each type
offers different levels of filtration and airflow resistance. The choice depends on air
quality needs and system compatibility.
54. What is air balancing?
Air balancing is the process of adjusting the airflow through ducts to ensure even
distribution in all areas. It helps eliminate hot or cold spots in buildings. This is achieved
by adjusting dampers and checking airflow rates.

Ventilation Systems

55. What is mechanical ventilation?

Mechanical ventilation uses fans or blowers to introduce fresh air and exhaust stale air. It
ensures controlled and consistent ventilation in spaces with limited natural airflow.
Examples include exhaust fans, HRVs, and ERVs.

56. What is an HRV (Heat Recovery Ventilator)?

An HRV exchanges stale indoor air with fresh outdoor air while recovering heat from the
exhaust air. It reduces heating and cooling loads and improves energy efficiency. HRVs
are ideal for cold climates.

57. What is an ERV (Energy Recovery Ventilator)?

An ERV is similar to an HRV but also transfers humidity between incoming and
outgoing air. It helps maintain indoor humidity levels and comfort. ERVs are more
suitable for humid or mixed climates.

58. Why is fresh air intake important in HVAC?

Fresh air intake dilutes indoor pollutants and maintains oxygen levels. It enhances indoor
air quality and complies with ventilation codes. Lack of fresh air can cause discomfort
and health issues.

59. What is a ventilation rate?

Ventilation rate refers to the amount of outdoor air supplied to a space per unit time,
typically measured in CFM (cubic feet per minute). Proper ventilation rates are essential
for occupant health and comfort. ASHRAE standards provide guidelines based on space
usage.
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Thermostats and Controls

60. What is a thermostat in an HVAC system?

A thermostat is a control device that regulates the HVAC system by sensing room
temperature. It sends signals to turn heating or cooling systems on or off to maintain
desired setpoints. Programmable and smart thermostats offer enhanced control and
efficiency.

61. What is a smart thermostat?

Smart thermostats connect to Wi-Fi and allow remote temperature control via
smartphones or automation. They learn user preferences and optimize HVAC operation.
Many models offer energy usage reports and voice assistant integration.

62. What is the difference between a single-stage and multi-stage thermostat?

A single-stage thermostat controls systems that operate at full capacity only. A multi-
stage thermostat can control systems with multiple heating or cooling levels, improving
comfort and efficiency. Multi-stage systems are better for variable weather conditions.

63. What is zoning in HVAC systems?

Zoning divides a building into areas with independent temperature control using separate
thermostats and dampers. It improves comfort and reduces energy use by conditioning
only occupied spaces. Zoning systems are often used in multi-story homes or commercial
buildings.
 Troubleshooting and Maintenance

64. What causes HVAC systems to short cycle?

Short cycling occurs when the system turns on and off too frequently without completing
a full cycle. Causes include oversized units, dirty filters, low refrigerant, or faulty
thermostats. It reduces efficiency and increases wear on components.

65. What are signs of low refrigerant in an HVAC system?

Common signs include reduced cooling, hissing sounds, ice buildup on coils, and longer
run times. Low refrigerant can result from leaks or improper charging. It requires
professional repair and recharging.

66. Why does an HVAC system freeze up?

Freezing can be caused by restricted airflow (dirty filters), low refrigerant, or
malfunctioning fans. Ice formation on coils reduces heat exchange and cooling
performance. Timely maintenance can prevent freeze-ups.

67. What is preventive maintenance in HVAC?

Preventive maintenance includes routine inspections, cleaning, and servicing of HVAC
components to ensure optimal performance. It extends equipment life, prevents
breakdowns, and improves efficiency. Common tasks include filter replacement, coil
cleaning, and checking refrigerant levels.

68. How is refrigerant leak detected?

Leak detection methods include visual inspection, electronic leak detectors, soap bubble
tests, and UV dye. Accurate detection helps avoid environmental damage and system
inefficiency. Licensed technicians must handle refrigerants due to EPA regulations.

69. What is the importance of cleaning HVAC coils?

Clean coils ensure proper heat exchange and system efficiency. Dirty coils reduce
cooling capacity, increase energy use, and can lead to system failure. Regular cleaning is
part of standard HVAC maintenance.
 70. Why is airflow measurement important in HVAC systems?
Proper airflow ensures comfort, energy efficiency, and prevents equipment stress.
Measurement tools like anemometers or flow hoods help verify design specifications.
Imbalanced airflow can lead to hot/cold spots and higher utility bills.

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Refrigeration Cycle

71. What are the four main components of a refrigeration cycle?

The four components are the compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator.
Each has a role in compressing, condensing, expanding, and evaporating the refrigerant.
Together, they enable heat transfer and cooling.

72. What is the function of a compressor in the refrigeration cycle?

The compressor compresses low-pressure refrigerant gas into high-pressure, high-
temperature gas. This allows the refrigerant to release heat in the condenser. It is the heart
of the refrigeration cycle.

73. How does the condenser work in an HVAC system?

The condenser removes heat from the refrigerant, causing it to condense from a gas to a
liquid. This process typically occurs in the outdoor unit. The heat is rejected to the
surrounding air or water.

74. What is the purpose of an expansion valve?

The expansion valve reduces the pressure of the liquid refrigerant. This causes it to cool
rapidly before entering the evaporator. It controls the flow rate to maintain proper
cooling.

75. What happens in the evaporator coil?

In the evaporator, the low-pressure liquid refrigerant absorbs heat from indoor air and
evaporates. This cools the air, which is then circulated through the space. The refrigerant
then returns to the compressor as a gas.

76. What is subcooling in refrigeration?

Subcooling is the process of cooling the refrigerant below its condensation temperature.
It ensures only liquid refrigerant enters the expansion valve. This improves system
efficiency and avoids flashing.

77. What is superheating in the HVAC cycle?

Superheating is when the refrigerant vapor is heated beyond its boiling point in the
evaporator. This ensures only vapor returns to the compressor. It protects the compressor
from liquid damage.

78. What is a refrigerant?

A refrigerant is a substance that absorbs and releases heat in the HVAC cycle. Common
refrigerants include R-22, R-134a, and R-410A. Environmental regulations are phasing
out some refrigerants due to ozone depletion.

79. Why is it important to prevent refrigerant leaks?

Refrigerant leaks reduce system efficiency and can damage the compressor. Some
refrigerants are also harmful to the environment. Leak detection and repair are crucial in
system maintenance.

80. What tools are used to measure refrigerant pressure?

HVAC technicians use manifold gauge sets to measure high and low side pressures.
Digital gauges are also becoming common. Accurate readings are essential for system
diagnosis.
 Controls, Sensors, and BMS

81. What is a Building Management System (BMS)?

A Building Management System is a computerized control system that manages and monitors
HVAC, lighting, fire systems, and security in buildings. It allows for centralized control and
automation of building functions. BMS helps improve energy efficiency, maintenance, and
occupant comfort.

82. What are HVAC control systems?

HVAC control systems regulate temperature, humidity, pressure, and airflow. They include
components like thermostats, sensors, controllers, and actuators. Modern systems use digital
controls and can be integrated into a BMS.

83. What is the function of a temperature sensor in HVAC?

Temperature sensors measure the ambient temperature and send signals to the controller or
thermostat. Based on the reading, the HVAC system adjusts heating or cooling. Accurate sensors
are crucial for energy-efficient operation.

84. What is a humidity sensor used for?

A humidity sensor detects moisture levels in the air and sends data to the HVAC system. It helps
maintain comfort and prevent issues like mold growth. In commercial setups, it also ensures
product and equipment protection.

85. What is a pressure switch in HVAC?

A pressure switch monitors pressure levels in HVAC components like compressors, ducts, or
refrigerant lines. It turns systems on or off based on pressure thresholds. It’s vital for safe
operation and system protection.

86. What is a VFD (Variable Frequency Drive)?

A VFD controls the speed of electric motors by adjusting the frequency and voltage supplied. In
HVAC, it’s used with fans and pumps to optimize energy use. VFDs reduce wear, save energy,
and enable precise control.

87. What is a thermostat setback?

Thermostat setback is the practice of reducing heating or cooling during unoccupied times to
save energy. It can be programmed in digital thermostats or BMS. Proper setback scheduling can
significantly reduce energy costs.

88. What is demand-controlled ventilation (DCV)?

DCV adjusts the amount of outdoor air based on occupancy or CO₂ levels. It reduces
unnecessary ventilation when rooms are unoccupied. DCV improves energy efficiency while
maintaining indoor air quality.
 Heat Pumps and Energy Systems

89. What is a heat pump?

A heat pump is a device that transfers heat from one place to another using refrigerant, working
for both heating and cooling. It’s energy-efficient because it moves heat instead of generating it.
Heat pumps are commonly used in residential HVAC systems.

90. What types of heat pumps exist?

Common types include air-source, ground-source (geothermal), and water-source heat pumps.
Air-source units are most common, while ground-source systems are more efficient but
expensive. Each has specific applications based on climate and building type.

91. How does a geothermal heat pump work?

A geothermal heat pump extracts heat from the ground in winter and rejects heat to the ground in
summer using a looped piping system. Ground temperatures are stable, which makes this system
very efficient. It has higher upfront costs but offers long-term savings.

92. What is the coefficient of performance (COP)?

COP is the ratio of heating or cooling output to the energy input. A higher COP means greater
efficiency. Heat pumps typically have COPs ranging from 2.5 to 4 or more.

93. What is a dual-fuel HVAC system?

A dual-fuel system combines a heat pump and a furnace. The heat pump operates in mild
weather, while the furnace kicks in during very cold conditions. This system provides efficiency
and reliability.
 HVAC Codes and Standards

94. What is ASHRAE?

ASHRAE stands for the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers. It sets industry standards and guidelines for HVAC design, ventilation, and indoor air
quality. ASHRAE standards are widely adopted globally.

95. What is ASHRAE 62.1?

ASHRAE 62.1 provides ventilation requirements for acceptable indoor air quality in commercial
buildings. It specifies minimum outdoor air rates and exhaust requirements. Compliance ensures
health and comfort for occupants.

96. What is ASHRAE 90.1?

ASHRAE 90.1 sets energy efficiency standards for buildings except low-rise residential ones. It
covers HVAC systems, lighting, insulation, and more. It’s a basis for many local building codes
and green certifications.

97. What is SMACNA?

SMACNA stands for Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' National Association. It
provides technical standards for ductwork fabrication, installation, and air system design.
SMACNA guidelines ensure safe and efficient HVAC installations.

98. What is the International Mechanical Code (IMC)?

The IMC regulates the design, installation, maintenance, and inspection of HVAC systems. It is
used by municipalities in the U.S. for code compliance. Following IMC ensures safety and
operational standards.

99. What is the difference between ASHRAE and ISO standards in HVAC?
ASHRAE standards are mainly used in North America and focus on HVAC-specific guidelines.
ISO standards are international and cover broader technical systems, including HVAC. Both aim
to improve quality, safety, and efficiency.

100. Why are HVAC codes and standards important?

Codes and standards ensure safety, energy efficiency, and comfort in building environments.
They promote uniformity and best practices across installations. Compliance also reduces
liability and improves performance.
 Energy Efficiency and Optimization

101. What is SEER in HVAC?

SEER stands for Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio and measures cooling efficiency over a
typical season. Higher SEER ratings indicate better efficiency. Modern systems often have SEER
ratings of 14 and above.

102. What is EER?

EER (Energy Efficiency Ratio) measures cooling output divided by energy input at a specific
temperature. Unlike SEER, it’s not seasonally averaged. It’s useful for evaluating performance in
consistent conditions.

103. How can HVAC energy consumption be reduced?

Energy use can be reduced by using programmable thermostats, regular maintenance, high-
efficiency systems, and duct sealing. Adding insulation and improving ventilation also help.
Smart controls and zoning further optimize usage.

104. What are energy recovery systems?

Energy recovery systems reuse waste heat from exhaust air to pre-condition incoming fresh air.
Examples include energy recovery ventilators (ERVs) and heat exchangers. They reduce
heating/cooling loads and energy bills.

105. What is thermal zoning?

Thermal zoning divides a building into areas with individual climate control. It improves comfort
and prevents over-conditioning of unoccupied spaces. Zoning reduces energy consumption and
enhances system lifespan.
 HVAC Safety and Regulations

106. Why is refrigerant handling regulated?

Refrigerants can harm the environment, especially ozone-depleting ones like CFCs and HCFCs.
Regulations require certification for handling and disposal. EPA 608 certification is mandatory
in the U.S.

107. What is the purpose of pressure relief valves?

Pressure relief valves prevent excessive pressure buildup in HVAC components like compressors
and boilers. They protect equipment from damage and ensure safety. These valves automatically
release pressure when limits are exceeded.

108. What is a lockout/tagout procedure?

Lockout/tagout is a safety procedure that ensures machines are properly shut off and not started
during maintenance. It involves locking switches and tagging systems under repair. It prevents
injuries and equipment damage.

109. Why is it important to follow manufacturer specifications in HVAC installations?

Manufacturer specs ensure the system operates safely, efficiently, and within warranty
conditions. Incorrect installation can void warranties and cause system failures. Following specs
ensures code compliance and reliability.

110. What PPE is required for HVAC technicians?

Common PPE includes gloves, safety glasses, hard hats, and steel-toe boots. For specific tasks,
technicians may need respirators or hearing protection. PPE ensures safety during electrical,
refrigerant, or mechanical work.