Test Bank for Managerial Economics Theory

Applications and Cases 8th Edition W Bruce Allen

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Chapter 1: Introduction

Test Bank for Managerial Economics Theory Ap-

plications and Cases 8th Edition W Bruce Allen
full chapter at: https://testbankbell.com/product/test-bank-for-
managerial-economics-theory-applications-and-cases-8th-edition-
w-bruce-allen/
MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Managerial economics uses to help managers solve problems.

a. formal models
b. prescribed behavior
c. quantitative methods
d. microeconomic theory
e. all of the above
ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: 2 TOP: Introduction
MSC: Factual

2. Managerial economics draws upon all of the following EXCEPT:

a. finance.
b. microeconomics.
c. accounting.
d. marketing.
e. sociology.
ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: 2 TOP: Introduction
MSC: Factual

3. The economic theory of the firm assumes that the primary objective of a firm’s owner or owners is to:
a. behave in a socially conscientious manner.
b. maximize the firm’s profit.
c. maximize the firm’s total sales.
d. maximize the value of the firm.
e. All of these are primary objectives.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 3 TOP: The Theory of the Firm
MSC: Factual

4. In managerial economics, managers are assumed to maximize:

a. current profits.
b. their take-home pay.
c. their employees’ welfare.
d. the value of their firm.
e. social welfare.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 3 TOP: The Theory of the Firm
MSC: Factual

5. Owner-supplied labor is a cost that is usually:

 a. included in both accounting costs and economic costs.
b. included in accounting costs but not in economic costs.
c. included in economic costs but not in accounting costs.
d. not included in either accounting costs or economic costs.
e. ignored because it is impossible to place a value on it.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 5 TOP: Profit
MSC: Factual

6. What is the relationship between economic and accounting profit?

a. Economic profit is equal to accounting profit.
b. Economic profit is greater than accounting profit.
c. Economic profit is less than accounting profit.
d. Economic profit may be equal to or less than accounting profit.
e. Economic profit may be equal to or greater than accounting profit.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 5 TOP: Profit
MSC: Factual

7. The difference between accounting and economic profit is:

a. caused by confusion over tax laws.
b. the value of owned resources in their next best alternative use.
c. the result of superior training received by accountants.
d. proportionately very small for owner-managed firms.
e. a decreasing function of interest rates.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 5 TOP: Profit
MSC: Factual

8. Managers make decisions that contribute to the profitability of a firm by:

a. exploiting market efficiencies.
b. taking on risks.
c. engaging in illegal behavior.
d. maximizing sales.
e. manipulating the share price of the firm’s stock.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 5 TOP: Profit
MSC: Factual

9. Economic profits may result from:

a. innovation.
b. risk taking.
c. exploiting market inefficiencies.
d. all of the above.
e. a and b
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 6 TOP: Profit
MSC: Factual

10. Which of the following would a manager NOT use to create market inefficiencies?
a. Establishing a brand name.
b. Sophisticated pricing strategies.
c. Diversification efforts.
 d. Output decisions.
e. Building market entry barriers.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 6 TOP: Profit
MSC: Factual

11. Managers may make decisions that are not consistent with the goals of stockholders. This is referred to
as the problem.
a. principal–agent
b. economic disincentive
c. incentive–compromise
d. efficiency–inefficiency
e. equilibrium
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 7
TOP: Managerial Interests and the Principal–Agent Problem MSC: Factual

12. Managers may choose to pursue goals other than maximization of a firm’s value. This is referred to as
the problem.
a. slacker–shirking
b. neuropathy
c. generation X
d. principal–agent
e. none of the above
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 7
TOP: Managerial Interests and the Principal–Agent Problem MSC: Factual

13. The principal–agent problem refers to:

a. the threat from foreign competition.
b. the need to manage inventory more effectively.
c. double-entry bookkeeping.
d. the potential costs of separation of ownership and control.
e. the time value of money.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 7
TOP: Managerial Interests and the Principal–Agent Problem MSC: Factual

14. As a result of historically high gasoline prices in 2008, traffic volume in the United States (measured in
terms of billions of miles driven per month) declined significantly. These changes were caused by a
of gasoline and .
a. surplus; a decrease in the quantity demanded of gasoline
b. surplus; a decrease in the demand for gasoline
c. shortage; a decrease in the quantity demanded of gasoline
d. shortage; a decrease in the demand for gasoline
e. shortage; an increase in the demand for gasoline
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 7 TOP: Demand and Supply
MSC: Applied

15. The market supply curve shows the quantity of a good or service that , holding other possible
influences constant.
a. households would sell at various prices
 b. households would buy at various outputs
c. firms would sell at various prices
d. firms would buy at various prices
e. households would buy at various prices
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 13 TOP: Demand and Supply
MSC: Factual

16. The market demand curve shows the quantity of a good or service that:
a. households would sell at various prices.
b. households would buy at various outputs.
c. firms would sell at various prices.
d. firms would buy at various prices.
e. households would buy at various prices.
ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: 13 TOP: Demand and Supply
MSC: Factual

17. The price of computers has fallen, while the quantity purchased has remained constant. This implies that
the demand for computers has:
a. decreased, while the supply of computers has increased.
b. increased.
c. decreased, while the supply of computers has decreased.
d. increased, while the supply of computers has increased.
e. become more volatile.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 13 TOP: Demand and Supply
MSC: Applied

18. J. D. Power, the big management consulting firm, extols the reliability of Dell computers; this causes
the:
a. demand for Dell computers to increase.
b. supply of Dell computers to increase.
c. quantity supplied of Dell computers to increase.
d. quantity supplied of Dell computers to decrease.
e. demand and supply of Dell computers to remain unchanged.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 13 TOP: Demand and Supply
MSC: Applied

19. ConAgra has introduced a lean mixture of cereal and ground beef that is indistinguishable from ground
beef but has about the same amount of fat as chicken. As a result, the:
a. demand for chicken increases.
b. demand for ground beef decreases.
c. demand for chicken decreases.
d. demand for cereal decreases.
e. supply of chicken increases.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 13 TOP: Demand and Supply
MSC: Applied

20. In the following figure, there will be an excess supply at any price:
 a. above Pb.
b. below Pb.
c. other than Pb.
d. below Pa.
e. above Pc.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 15 TOP: Equilibrium Price
MSC: Applied

21. In the accompanying figure, the equilibrium price and quantity are:

a. Pa and Qa.
b. Pb and Qb.
c. Pc and Qc.
d. Pa and Qc.
e. Pc and Qa.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 15 TOP: Equilibrium Price
MSC: Applied

22. In the following figure, there will be an excess demand at any price:
 a. below Pa.
b. below Pb.
c. other than Pb.
d. above Pb.
e. above Pc.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 15 TOP: Equilibrium Price
MSC: Applied

23. California imposes strict new regulations on the blending of gasoline that increase production costs. As
a result, the:
a. demand for gasoline will increase.
b. demand for gasoline will decrease.
c. supply of gasoline will increase.
d. supply of gasoline will decrease.
e. demand for and supply of gasoline will not change.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 17 TOP: Demand and Supply
MSC: Applied

24. Which of the following would be likely to reduce the demand for residential housing?
a. High prices for residential housing units.
b. High mortgage interest rates.
c. High prices for lumber and other construction materials.
d. Low unemployment rates.
e. Low prices for residential housing units.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 17 TOP: Demand and Supply
MSC: Applied
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And still he blew a louder blast,
And gave a louder cheer;
“Come, Gelert, why art thou the last
Llewelyn’s horn to hear?
“Oh where does faithful Gelert roam?
The flower of all his race;
So true, so brave: a lamb at home;
A lion in the chase.”
’Twas only at Llewelyn’s board
The faithful Gelert fed;
He watch’d, he serv’d, he cheer’d his lord,
And centinel’d his bed.
In sooth, he was a peerless hound,
The gift of royal John: [166]
But now no Gelert could be found,
And all the chase rode on.
And, now, as over rocks and dells
The gallant chidings rise,
All Snowdon’s craggy chaos yells
With many mingled cries.
That day Llewelyn little loved
The chase of hart or hare,
And scant and small the booty proved,
For Gelert was not there.
Unpleased, Llewelyn homeward hied:
When near the royal seat,
His truant Gelert he espied,
Bounding his lord to greet.
But when he gain’d his castle door,
Aghast the chieftain stood:
The hound was smear’d with gouts of gore,
His lips and fangs ran blood!
Llewelyn gazed with wild surprise,
Unused such looks to meet;
His favourite check’d his joyful guise,
And crouch’d, and lick’d his feet.
Onward in haste Llewelyn past,
And on went Gelert too:
And still, where’er his eyes he cast,
Fresh blood-gouts shock’d his view!
O’erturn’d his infant’s bed he found,
The blood-stain’d covert rent:
And all around the walls and ground,
With recent blood besprent.
He call’d his child; no voice replied;
He search’d with terror wild;
Blood, blood, he found on every side,
But nowhere found the child!
“Hell-hound, by thee my child’s devour’d!”
The frantic father cried:
And to the hilt the vengeful sword,
He plunged in Gelert’s side.
His suppliant, as to earth he fell,
No pity could impart;
But still his Gelert’s dying yell
Past heavy o’er his heart.
Aroused by Gelert’s dying yell,
Some slumberer waken’d nigh:
What words the parent’s joy can tell,
To hear his infant cry!
Conceal’d between a mingled heap,
His hurried search had miss’d;
All glowing from his rosy sleep,
His cherub boy he kiss’d!
 Nor scratch had he, nor harm, nor dread,
But the same couch beneath
Lay a great wolf, all torn, and dead,
Tremendous still in death!
Ah! what was then Llewelyn’s pain!
For now the truth was clear;
The gallant hound the wolf had slain,
To save Llewelyn’s heir.
Vain, vain was all Llewelyn’s woe;
“Best of thy kind, adieu!
The frantic deed which laid thee low,
This heart shall ever rue!”
And now a gallant tomb they raise,
With costly sculpture deckt;
And marbles storied with his praise
Poor Gelert’s bones protect.
Here never could the spearman pass,
Or forester unmoved;
Here oft the tear-besprinkled grass
Llewelyn’s sorrow proved.
And here he hung his horn and spear,
And oft, as evening fell,
In fancy’s piercing sounds would hear
Poor Gelert’s dying yell!
And till great Snowdon’s rocks grow old,
And cease the storm to brave,
The consecrated spot shall hold
The name of Gelert’s grave.

Since the author’s first visit, much has been added to the picturesque
scenery of Beddgelert, through the liberal and patriotic spirit of Thomas
Jones of Bryntirion, Esq. the worthy proprietor of this romantic vale. A
most excellent inn has been erected, and no expense spared in
rendering the accommodations for the tourist and the traveller the most
attractive, as well as the most comfortable. It is worthy of remark, that
this spot was selected by the monks as favourable to the desponding
gloom of popish superstition. The parish church, which is situated
within a few hundred yards of this inn, was formerly a part of a priory
of Augustine monks, founded by Anion, Bishop of Bangor, in the
thirteenth century; and supposed by some to be the oldest religious
house in Wales. Part of the cloisters still remain. The monastery was
destroyed by fire during the reign of Edward the First. The present
appearance of the vale is, however, calculated to produce sensations of
a very different description, and presents objects the most alluring to
the lovers of mountain scenery. The tourist, whether he be a poet, a
philosopher, or an antiquary, will here find abundant sources of
recreation to detain him for some days. Within the distance of an
hour’s walk from the inn, are situated

THE VALE OF NANHWYNAN,

beautifully diversified by thriving plantations and elegant villas. In this
vale stands Dinas Emrys, or the Castle of Ambrosius, to which Vortigern
is said to have fled for refuge, after having called in the Saxons; by
which he for some time avoided the odium and persecution of his
countrymen.

THE PASS OF DRWSYCOED,

commanding a most splendid view of the lakes of Nantlle, including the
floating island, mentioned by Camden, the sea being also visible at a
distance. Here King Edward is said to have encamped his army in his
last expedition into Wales, when he completed the subjugation of the
country.
Beddgelert is now a thoroughfare, with a good road from Caernarvon to
Dolgelly, Welsh Pool, Shrewsbury, Bishop’s Castle, Ludlow, and
Worcester; it is therefore a most convenient station from whence to
make excursions to some of the most interesting scenery in North
Wales, among the first of which is the ascent of the mighty and once
wood-covered Snowdon.
How often has the idea of this stupendous mountain filled my heart
with enthusiastic rapture! Every time I cast my eyes on that solemn,
that majestic vision, it is not without the most powerful emotion; it
excites that tender melancholy, which exalts rather than depresses the
mind! How delightful to bid adieu to all the cares and occupations of
the world, for the reflection of those scenes of sublimity and grandeur,
which form such a contrast to the transientness of sublunary
greatness! With what anxiety have we watched the setting sun,
loitering just below the horizon, and illuminating the highest summit of
Snowdon with a golden tinge; and we still watch the passing clouds of
night, fearing lest the morning should prove unfavourable for our Alpine
excursion!

SNOWDON.
We engaged the miner [170] as our conductor over the mountain, who
entertained us much with displaying, in strong colours, the tricks and
impositions of his brother guides. [171]
At half-past twelve we started from our inn, determined to see the sun
rise from its highest summit. The night was now very dark, and we
could just discover that the top of Snowdon was entirely enveloped in a
thick impenetrable mist: this unpropitious omen staggered our
resolutions; and we for some time hesitated respecting our farther
progress; but our guide assuring us that his comfortable cottage was
not far distant, we again plucked up resolution; and, quitting the high
way about two miles on the Caernarvon road, we turned to the right,
through a boggy, unpleasant land, and in danger of losing our shoes
every step we took. This soon brought us to the comfortable cot, the
filth and dirtiness of which can better be imagined than described; a
worm-eaten bed, two small stools, and table fixed to the wall,
composed the whole of his furniture; two fighting-cocks were perched
on a beam, which Thomas seemed to pride himself in the possession
of: the smoke of the fire ascended through a small hole in the roof of
this comfortable mansion, the door of which did not appear proof
against the “churlish chiding of the winter blast.”
Such, indeed, was the situation of this Cambrian mountaineer: and,
though, in our own opinion, misery, poverty, and dirt personified,
seemed to be the real inhabitants of this cottage, yet there was
something prepossessing in his character; for, frequently, with the
greatest vehemence imaginable, and in the true style of an anchorite,
he declared, that, “though he boasted not riches, yet he boasted of
independence; and though he possessed not wealth, yet he possessed
the home of happiness, an honest breast.”
The morning appearing to wear a more favourable aspect, we again
sallied forth; the bogs, however, still rendered it extremely unpleasant.
But this inconvenience was only temporary; we soon came to a part of
the mountain entirely composed of loose stones and fragments of rock,
which affording only a very treacherous footing, you are liable to
perpetual falls. The mountain now became much steeper, the path less
rocky, and our mountaineer, the higher we proceeded, more induced to
exhibit feats of his agility, by occasionally running down a short
precipice, and then, by a loud shout of vociferation, shewing us the
obedience of the sheep, who instantaneously flocked around him at the
sound of his voice: it is singular, the caution implanted in this animal, by
instinct, for the mutual protection of each other; from the liberty they
enjoy, they seldom congregate in one flock, but are generally
discovered grazing in parties from six to a dozen, one of which is
regularly appointed centinel, to watch the motions of their inveterate
enemies (foxes and birds of prey), which infest this mountain. A wider
expanse of the hemisphere disclosed itself, and every object below us
gradually diminished as we ascended. The freshness of the mountain
whetted our appetites; and our conductor, with very little persuasion,
soon influenced us to open our little basket of provisions. The sun, the
“rich-hair’d youth of morn,” was just peeping from his bed; and having
refreshed ourselves, with eager impatience, we again climbed the
rugged precipice; for we had still a considerable height to ascend. We
now passed several steep declivities by a narrow path not more than
three yards wide, with a dreadful perpendicular on each side, the sight
of which almost turned us giddy. As we were passing this hazardous
path, a thick mist enveloped us, and an impenetrable abyss appeared
on both sides; the effect, indeed, can scarcely be conceived; our
footing, to us, puisne mountaineers, seemed very insecure; and a total
destruction would have been the consequence of one false step. The
air grew intensely cold, and, by our guide’s recommendation, we a
second time produced our pistol of rum, diluted with milk; but this
cordial must be used with caution, as a very small quantity of strong
liquor affects the head, owing to the rarefaction of the air. On our
reaching the summit, all our difficulties were forgotten, and our
imaginary complaints overborne with exclamations of wonder, surprise,
and admiration. The light, thin, misty cloud, which had for some time
enveloped us, as if by enchantment, suddenly dispersed; the whole
ocean appeared illuminated by a fiery substance, and all the subject
hills below us, for they resembled mole-hills, were gradually tinged by
the rich glow of the sun; whose orb becoming at length distinctly
visible, displayed the whole island of Anglesea so distinctly, that we
descried, as in a map, its flat and uncultivated plains, bounded by the
rich and inexhaustible Parys mountains, in the vicinity of Holyhead. The
point on which we were standing did not exceed a square of five yards,
and we sickened almost at the sight of the steep precipices which
environed us; round it is a small parapet, formed by the customary
tribute of all strangers, who visit this summit, and to which we likewise
contributed, by placing a large stone on its top; this parapet, indeed,
sheltered us from the chilly cold, and protected us from the piercing
wind, to which this height must naturally be exposed.
We remained in this situation for a considerable time, and endeavoured,
without success, to enumerate the several lakes, forests, woods, and
counties, which were exposed to us in one view; but lost and
confounded with the innumerable objects worthy of admiration, and
regardless of the chilling cold, we took a distinct survey of the Isle of
Man, together with a faint prospect of the Highlands in Ireland, which
appeared just visibly skirting the distant horizon; but another object
soon engrossed all our attention:

“The wide, the unbounded prospect lay before us;

But shadows, clouds, and darkness, rest upon it:”
For we unexpectedly observed long billows of vapour tossing about,
half way down the mountain, totally excluding the country below, and
occasionally dispersing, and partially revealing, its features; while
above, the azure expanse of the heavens remained unobscured by the
thinnest mist. This, however, was of no long continuance: a thick cloud
presently wet us through; and the point on which we were standing
could alone be distinguished. As there appeared little or no chance of
the clouds dispersing, we soon commenced our descent. Respecting
this Alpine excursion, suffice it to say, that though our expectations
were raised exceedingly high, it infinitely surpassed all conception, and
baffled all description; for no colour of language can paint the grandeur
of the rising sun, observed from this eminence, or describe the lakes,
woods, and forests, which are extended before you; for description,
though it enumerates their names, yet it cannot draw the elegance of
outline, cannot give the effect of precipices, or delineate the minute
features, which reward the actual observer, at every new choice of his
position; and, by changing their colour and form in his gradual ascent,
till at last every object dwindles into atoms: in short, this interesting
excursion, which comprehends every thing that is awful, grand, and
sublime, producing the most pleasing sensations, has left traces in the
memory which the imagination will ever hold dear.
The view from the summit of Snowdon is thus described by the author
of the Beauties, Harmonies, and Sublimities of Nature.

“After climbing over masses of crags and rocks, we ascended the

peak of Snowdon, the height of which is 3571 feet above the level
of the Irish Sea. Arrived at its summit, a scene presented itself,
magnificent beyond the powers of language! Indeed, language is
indigent and impotent, when it would presume to sketch scenes,
on which the Great Eternal has placed his matchless finger with
delight. Faint are thy broad and deep delineations, immortal
Salvator Rosa! Powerless and feeble are your inspirations, Genius
of Thomson, Virgil, and Lucretius!
“From this point are seen more than five-and-twenty lakes. Seated
on one of the crags, it was long before the eye, unaccustomed to
measure such elevations, could accommodate itself to scenes so
admirable:—the whole appearing as if there had been a war of the
elements; and as if we were the only inhabitants of the globe
permitted to contemplate the ruins of the world. Rocks and
mountains, which, when observed from below, bear all the
evidences of sublimity, when viewed from the summit of Snowdon,
are blended with others as dark, as rugged, and as elevated as
themselves; the whole resembling the swellings of an agitated
ocean.
“The extent of this prospect appears almost unlimited. The four
kingdoms are seen at once: Wales, England, Scotland, and Ireland!
forming the finest panorama the empire can boast. The circle
begins with the mountains of Cumberland and Westmoreland;
those of Ingleborough and Penygent, in the county of York, and
the hills of Lancashire forefollow: then are observed the counties of
Chester, Flint, Denbigh, and a portion of Montgomeryshire. Nearly
the whole of Merioneth succeeds; and drawing a line with the eye
along the diameter of the circle, we take in the regions, stretching
from the triple crown of Cader Idris to the sterile crags of
Carnedds-David, and Llewelyn. Snowdon, rising in the centre,
appears as if he could touch the south with his right hand, and the
north with his left. ‘Surely,’ thought Colonna, ‘Cæsar sat upon
these crags, when he formed the daring conception of governing
the world!’
“From Cader Idris, the eye, pursuing the orbit of the bold
geographical outline, glances over the bay of Cardigan, and
reposes for a while on the summit of the Rivel. After observing the
indented shores of Caernarvonshire, it travels over a long line of
ocean, till, in the extremity of the horizon, the blue mountains of
Wicklow terminate the perspective. Those mountains gradually
sink along the coast, till they are lost to the eye; which, ranging
along the expanse, at length, as weary of the journey, reposes on
the Island of Man, and the distant mountains of Scotland. The
intermediate space is occupied by the sides and summits of
mountains, hollow crags, masses of rocks, the towers of
Caernarvon, the fields of Anglesea, with woods, lakes, and glens,
scattered in magnificent confusion. A scene like this commands
 our feelings to echo, as it were, in unison to its grandeur and
sublimity: the thrill of astonishment and the transport of admiration
seem to contend for the mastery; and nerves are touched that
never thrilled before. We seem as if our former existence were
annihilated; and as if a new epoch were commenced. Another
world opens upon us; and an unlimited orbit appears to display
itself, as a theatre for our ambition.”

The first two miles of our descent we by no means found difficult, but
wishing to take a minute survey of the picturesque Pass of Llanberris,
we changed the route generally prescribed to strangers, and descended
a rugged and almost perpendicular path, in opposition to the proposals
of our guide, who strenuously endeavoured to dissuade us from the
attempt; alleging the difficulty of the steep, and relating a melancholy
story of a gentleman, who many years back had broken his leg. This
had no effect: we determined to proceed; and the vale of Llanberris
amply rewarded us for the trouble.
Mr. Williams, of Llandegai, in his observations on the Snowdon
mountains (which, from his having been a resident on the spot, may be
considered as entitled to the greatest credit,) makes the following
remarks on the probable derivation of their names, and the customs
and manners of their inhabitants.
“It would be endless to point out the absurd conjectures and
misrepresentations of those who have of late years undertaken to
describe this country. Some give manifestly wrong interpretations of
the names of places, and others, either ignorantly or maliciously, have
as it were caricatured its inhabitants. Travellers from England, often
from want of candour, and always from defect of necessary knowledge,
impose upon the world unfavourable as well as false accounts of their
fellow-subjects in Wales; yet the candour of the Welsh is such, that
they readily ascribe such misrepresentations to an ignorance of their
language, and a misconception of the honest, though perhaps warm
temper of those that speak it. And it may be, travellers are too apt to
abuse the Welsh, because they cannot or will not speak English. Their
ignorance ought not to incur disgust: their reluctance proceeds not
from stubbornness, but from diffidence, and the fear of ridicule.
 “NATIVES OF ERYRI.

“The inhabitants of the British mountains are so humane and

hospitable, that a stranger may travel amongst them without incurring
any expense for diet or lodging. Their fare an Englishman may call
coarse; however, they commonly in farm-houses have three sorts of
bread, namely, wheat, barley, and oatmeal; but the oatmeal they chiefly
use; this, with milk, butter, cheese, and potatoes, is their chief summer
food. They have also plenty of excellent trout, which they eat in its
season. And for the winter they have dry salted beef, mutton, and
smoked rock venison, which they call Côch ar Wyden, i.e. The Red upon
the Withe, being hung by a withe, made of a willow or hazel twig.
They very seldom brew ale, except in some of the principal farm-
houses: having no corn of their own growing, they think it a
superfluous expense to throw away money for malt and hops, when
milk, or butter-milk mixed with water, quenches the thirst as well.
“They are hardy and very active; but they have not the perseverance
and resolution which are necessary for laborious or continued
undertakings, being, from their infancy, accustomed only to ramble over
the hills after their cattle. In summer they go barefoot, but seldom
barelegged, as has been lately asserted by a traveller. They are shrewd
and crafty in their bargains, and jocular in their conversation; very
sober, and great economists; though a late tourist has given them a
different character. Their greetings, when they meet any one of their
acquaintance, may to some appear tedious and disagreeable: their
common mode of salutation is ‘How is thy heart? how the good wife at
home, the children, and the rest of the family?’ and that often
repeated. When they meet at a public-house, they will drink each
other’s health, or the health of him to whom the mug goes at every
round. They are remarkably honest.
“Their courtships, marriages, &c. differ in nothing from what is
practised on these occasions among the lowlanders or other Welsh
people; but as there are some distinct and local customs in use in North
Wales, not adopted in other parts of Great Britain, I shall, by way of
novelty, relate a few of them:—When Cupid lets fly his shaft at a
youthful heart, the wounded swain seeks for an opportunity to have a
private conversation with the object of his passion, which is usually
obtained at a fair, or at some other public meeting; where he, if bold
enough, accosts her, and treats her with wine and cakes. But he that is
too bashful will employ a friend to break the ice for him, and disclose
the sentiments of his heart: the fair one, however, disdains proxies of
this kind, and he that is bold, forward, and facetious, has a greater
chance of prevailing, especially if he has courage enough to steal a few
kisses: she will then probably engage to accept of his nocturnal visit the
next Saturday night. When the happy hour arrives, neither the
darkness of the night, the badness of the weather, nor the distance of
the place, will discourage him, so as to abandon his engagement.
When he reaches the spot, he conceals himself in some out-building, till
the family go to rest. His fair friend alone knows of and awaits his
coming. After admittance into the house a little chat takes place at the
fire-side, and then, if every thing is friendly, they agree to throw
themselves on a bed, if there is an empty one in the house; when
Strephon takes off his shoes and coat, and Phillis only her shoes; and
covering themselves with a blanket or two, they chat there till the
morning dawn, and then the lover steals away as privately as he came.
And this is the bundling or courting in bed, [181] for which the Welsh are
so much bantered by strangers.
“This courtship often lasts for years, ere the swain can prevail upon his
mistress to accept of his hand. Now and then a pregnancy precedes
marriage, but very seldom, or never, before a mutual promise of
entering into the marriage state is made. When a matrimonial contract
is thus entered into, the parents and friends of each party are apprised
of it, and an invitation to the wedding takes place; where, at the
appointed wedding-day, every guest that dines drops his shilling,
besides payment for what he drinks. The company very often amounts
to two or three hundred, and sometimes more. This donation is
intended to assist the young couple to buy bed-clothes, and other
articles necessary to begin the world. Nor does the friendly bounty
stop here: when the woman is brought to bed, the neighbours meet at
the christening, out of free good-will, without invitation, where they
drop their money; usually a shilling to the woman in the straw, sixpence
to the midwife, and sixpence to the cook; more or less, according to the
ability and generosity of the giver.

“MODE OF BURYING.

“When the parish bell announces the death of a person, it is

immediately inquired upon what day the funeral is to be; and on the
night preceding that day all the neighbours assemble at the house
where the corpse is, which they call Ty Corph, i.e. ‘the corpse’s house.’
The coffin, with the remains of the deceased, is then placed on the
stools, in an open part of the house, covered with black cloth, or, if the
deceased was unmarried, with a clean white sheet, with three candles
burning on it. Every person on entering the house falls devoutly on his
knees before the corpse, and repeats to himself the Lord’s Prayer, or
any other prayer that he chooses. Afterwards, if he is a smoker, a pipe
and tobacco are offered to him. This meeting is called Gwylnos, and in
some places Pydreua. The first word means Vigil; the other is, no
doubt, a corrupt word from Paderau, or Padereuau, that is, Paters, or
Paternosters. When the assembly is full, the parish clerk reads the
common service appointed for the burial of the dead: at the conclusion
of which psalms, hymns, and other godly songs are sung; and since
Methodism is become so universal, some one stands up and delivers an
oration on the melancholy subject, and then the company drop away by
degrees. On the following day the interment takes place, between two
and four o’clock in the afternoon, when all the neighbours assemble
again. It is not uncommon to see on such occasions an assembly of
three or four hundred people, or even more. These persons are all
treated with warm spiced ale, cakes, pipes, and tobacco; and a dinner
is given to all those that come from far: I mean, that such an
entertainment is given at the funerals of respectable farmers. [183a]
They then proceed to the church; and at the end of that part of the
burial service, which is usually read in the church, before the corpse is
taken from the church, every one of the congregation presents the
officiating minister with a piece of money; the deceased’s next relations
usually drop a shilling each, others sixpence, and the poorer sort a
penny a-piece, laying it on the altar. This is called offering, and the
sum amounts sometimes to eight, ten, or more pounds at a burial. The
parish clerk has also his offering at the grave, which amounts
commonly to about one-fourth of what the clergyman received. After
the burial is over the company retire to the public-house, where every
one spends his sixpence for ale; [183b] then all ceremonies are over.”
Mr. W. then proceeds to explain the good and ill resulting from the
prevalence of Methodism, and those fanatics termed Ranters, &c. and
states, that “the mountain people preserve themselves, in a great
measure, a distinct race from the lowlanders: they but very seldom
come down to the lowlands for wives; nor will the lowlander often climb
up the craggy steeps, and bring down a mountain spouse to his cot.
Their occupations are different, and it requires that their mates should
be qualified for such different modes of living.
“I will not scruple to affirm, that these people have no strange blood in
their veins,—that they are the true offspring of the ancient Britons:
they, and their ancestors, from time immemorial, have inhabited the
same districts, and, in one degree or other, they are all relations.”
The vale of Llanberris is bounded by the steep precipices of Snowdon,
and two large lakes, communicating by a river. It was formerly a large
forest, but the woods are now entirely cut down. We here dismissed
our Cambrian mountaineer, and easily found our way to Dolbadern
(pronounced Dolbathern) Castle, situated between the two lakes, and
now reduced to one circular tower, thirty feet in diameter, with the
foundations of the exterior buildings completely in ruins. In this Owen
Gôch, brother to Llewellin, last prince, was confined in prison. This
tower appears to have been the keep or citadel, about ninety feet in
height, with a vaulted dungeon. At the extremity of the lower lake are
the remains of a British fortification, called Caer cwm y Glô; and about
half a mile from the castle, to the south, at the termination of a deep
glen, is a waterfall, called Caunant Mawr; it rushes over a ledge of rocks
upwards of twenty yards in height, falls some distance in an
uninterrupted sheet, and then dashes with a tremendous roar through
the impending fragments of the rock, till it reaches the more quiet level
of the vale. Returning to the lakes, you have a fine view of the ruins,
with the promontory on which they are situated; and that with greatly
heightened effect, if favoured by their reflection on the glassy surface
of the waters, to which you add the rocky heights on each side;
Llanberris church relieving the mountain scenery, and the roughest and
most rugged cliffs of Snowdon in the back-ground topping the whole,
which give together a grand and pleasing coup-d’œil.
In this vicinity are large slate quarries, the property of Thomas Asheton
Smith, Esq. and a rich vein of copper ore. These afford employ to great
numbers of industrious poor: to the men, in obtaining the ore and
slates, and the women and children in breaking, separating, and
preparing the different sorts for exportation, or for undergoing farther
preparatory processes to fit them for smelting. From hence a rugged
horse-path brought us to the Caernarvon turnpike-road, about six miles
distant; the high towers of the castle, the very crown and paragon of
the landscape, at last pointed out the situation of

CAERNARVON;
and having crossed a handsome modern stone bridge thrown over the
river Seiont, and built by “Harry Parry, the modern Inigo, A.D. 1791,” we
soon entered this ancient town, very much fatigued from our long
excursion.
The town of Caernarvon, beautifully situated and regularly built, is in
the form of a square, enclosed on three sides with thick stone walls;
and on the south side defended by the castle.
The towers are extremely elegant; but not being entwined with ivy, do
not wear that picturesque appearance which castles generally possess.
Over the principal entrance, which leads into an oblong court, is seated,
beneath a great tower, the statue of the founder, holding in his left
hand a dagger: this gateway was originally fortified with four
portcullises. At the west end the eagle tower, remarkably light and
beautiful, in a polygon form; three small hexagon turrets rising from the
middle, with eagles placed on their battlements; from thence it derives
its name. In a little dark room [186] in this tower, measuring eleven feet
by seven, was born King Edward II. April 25, 1284. The thickness of
the wall is about ten feet. To the top of the tower we reckoned one
hundred and fifty-eight steps; from whence an extensive view of the
adjacent country is seen to great advantage. On the south are three
octagonal towers, with small turrets, with similar ones on the north. All
these towers communicate with each other by a gallery, both on the
ground, middle, and upper floor, formed within the immense thickness
of the walls, in which are cut narrow slips, at convenient distances, for
the discharge of arrows.
This building, founded on a rock, is the work of King Edward I. the
conqueror of the principality; the form of it is a long irregular square,
enclosing an area of about two acres and a half. From the information
of the Sebright manuscript, Mr. Pennant says, that, by the united efforts
of the peasants, it was erected within the space of one year.
Having spent near three hours in surveying one of the noblest castles in
Wales, we walked round the environs of the town. The terrace [187]
round the castle wall, when in existence, was exceedingly pleasing,
being in front of the Menai, which is here upwards of a mile in breadth,
forming a safe harbour, and is generally crowded with vessels,
exhibiting a picture of national industry; whilst near it a commodious
quay presents an ever-bustling scene, from whence a considerable
quantity of slate, and likewise copper, from the Llanberris mine, is
shipped for different parts of the kingdom.
Caernarvon may certainly be considered as one of the handsomest and
largest towns in North Wales; and under the patronage of the Marquess
of Anglesea promises to become still more populous and extensive.
In Bangor-street is the Anglesea Arms hotel, a large and most
respectable inn; where, as well as the Goat, the charges are moderate
and the accommodations excellent.
Caernarvon is only a township and chapelry to Llanbeblic. Its market is
on a Saturday, which is well supplied and reasonable; and with the
spirited improvements made to the town and harbour, has been the
means of greatly increasing its population: according to the late returns
it contains 1008 houses, and 6000 inhabitants. The church, or rather
chapel, has been rebuilt by subscription. Service is performed here in
English, and at the mother church at Llanbeblic [188] in Welsh.
The port, although the Aber sand-banks, forming a dangerous bar, must
ever be a great drawback upon it, has not only been wonderfully
improved, but is in that progressive state of improvement by the
modern mode of throwing out piers, that vessels can now, of
considerable tonnage, lie alongside the quay, and discharge or take in
their cargoes in perfect safety; this bids fair, as may be seen by the
rapid increase of its population and tonnage, to make it a place of trade
and considerable resort: yet still it only ranks as a creek, and its
custom-house is made dependent on that of the haven of Beaumaris, to
the comptroller of which its officer is obliged to report: this must be a
considerable hindrance to its trade, particularly in matters out of the
customary routine. The county hall, which is near the castle, is a low
building, but sufficiently commodious within to hold with convenience
the great sessions. Caernarvon possessed such great favour with
Edward the First, as to have the first royal charter granted in Wales
given to it. It is by that constituted a free borough. It has one
alderman, one deputy mayor, two bailiffs, a town-clerk, two serjeants at
mace, and a mayor; who, for the time, is governor of the castle, and is
allowed 200l. per annum to keep it in repair. It jointly with Conway,
Nevin, Criccaeth, and Pwllheli, sends a member to parliament, for the
return of whom every inhabitant, resident or non-resident, who has
been admitted to the freedom of the place, possesses a vote.
It is allowed to have a prison for petty offences independent of the
sheriff. Its burgesses likewise were exempt throughout the kingdom
from tollage, lastage, passage, murage, pontage, and all other
impositions of whatever kind, with other privileges, too numerous to
insert.
The county prison is likewise near the castle. It was erected in the year
1794. The new market-house, containing the butchers’ shambles, &c.
is a well-contrived and convenient building, affording good storage for
corn and other articles left unsold.
The site of the ancient town of Segontium, which lies about half a mile
south of the present one, will be found worthy the attention of the
traveller; it was the only Roman station of note in this part of Cambria,
on which a long chain of minor forts and posts were dependent. It is
even maintained, and that by respectable authorities, that it was not
only the residence but burial-place of Constantius, father of Constantine
the Great; but most probably this arises from confusing Helena, the
daughter of Octavius, Duke of Cornwall, who was born at Segontium,
and married to Maximus, first cousin of Constantine, with Helena, his
mother, whom these authorities assert to have been the daughter of a
British king. A chapel, said to have been founded by Helen, and a well
which bears her name, are amongst the ruins still pointed out.
Since the numerous late improvements have been going forward at and
near Caernarvon, new and interesting lights have been thrown on the
ruins in its vicinity, which will form a rich treat to the antiquary.
Near the banks of the Seint, from which Segontium took its name, and
which runs from the lower lake of Llanberris, are the remains of a fort,
which appears to have been calculated to cover a landing-place from
the river at the time of high water: it is of an oblong shape, and
includes an area of about an acre; one of the walls which is now
standing is about seventy-four yards, and the other sixty-four yards
long, in height from ten to twelve feet, and nearly six feet in thickness.
The peculiar plan of the Roman masonry is here particularly discernible,
exhibiting alternate layers, the one regular, the other zig-zag; on these
their fluid mortar was poured, which insinuated itself into all the
interstices, and set so strong as to form the whole into one solid mass;
retaining its texture even to the present day, to such a degree, that the
bricks and stone in the Roman walls yield as easy as the cement.
English history has spoken so fully on this place, as connected with
Edward the First, on the title, which he, from his son being born in this
castle, so artfully claimed for him, and the future heirs apparent to the
British throne, as affording to the Welsh a prince of their own,
agreeable to their wishes, and the quiet annexation of the principality
to his dominions, which Edward by this means obtained, that it appears
superfluous to enlarge upon it in this work.
Several excursions may be made from Caernarvon, with great
satisfaction to the tourist; the principal of which is a visit to
 PLAS-NEWYDD,
the elegant seat of the Marquis of Anglesea, situated in the Isle of
Anglesea, and distant about six miles from Caernarvon. If the wind and
tide prove favourable, the picturesque scenery of the Menai will be
viewed to great advantage by hiring a boat at the quay. [191] But if this
most advisable plan should not be approved of, the walk to the Moel-y-
don ferry, about five miles on the Bangor road, will prove highly
gratifying. The Menai, whose banks are studded with gentlemen’s
seats, appearing scarcely visible between the rich foliage of the oak,
which luxuriates to the water’s brink, is filled with vessels, whose
shining sails, fluttering in the wind, attract and delight the observing
eye; whilst the voice of the sailors, exchanging some salute with the
passing vessel, is gently wafted on the breeze.
Crossing the ferry, we soon reached the ancient residence of the arch-
druid of Britain, where was formerly stationed the most celebrated of
the ancient British academies: from this circumstance many places in
this island still retain their original appellation, as Myfyrim, the place of
studies: Caer Idris, the city of astronomy; Cerrig Boudin, the
astronomer’s circle. The shore to the right soon brought us to the
plantations of Plâs-Newydd, consisting chiefly of the most venerable
oaks, and noblest ash in this part of the country:

—“Superior to the pow’r

Of all the warring winds of heaven they rise;
And from the stormy promontory tower,
And toss their giant arms amid the skies;
While each assailing blast increasing strength supplies.”
Beattie’s Minstrel.

Beneath their “broad brown branches” we discovered several

cromlechs, the monuments of Druidical superstition; several stones of
enormous size support two others placed horizontally over them. [192]
For what purpose these ancient relics were originally erected, it is not
for us puisne antiquarians to discuss; and with eager impatience we
hurried to visit the noble mansion, which has not yet received the
finishing stroke of the architect; sufficient, however, is accomplished to
form a conjecture of its intended splendour and magnificence. The
whole is built, stables included, in a Gothic castellated form, of a dark
slate-coloured stone: on entering the vestibule, we, for a short time,
imagined ourselves in the chapel, a mistake, though soon discovered,
to which every visitor is liable; the ceiling having Gothic arches, with a
gallery suitable to it, and several niches cut in the side walls: we were
next conducted through a long suite of apartments, the design of them
all equally convenient and elegant. The landscape from the Gothic
windows is both beautiful and sublime: a noble plantation of trees, the
growth of ages; the winding strait of the Menai, gay with vessels
passing and repassing: and, beyond this tranquil scene, the long range
of the Snowdon mountains shooting into the clouds, the various hues of
whose features appear as beautiful as their magnitude is sublime. The
house is protected from the encroachments of the sea by a strong
parapet embattled wall; in fine, this magnificent seat of the gallant
Marquis seems to possess many conveniences peculiar to its situation:
the warm and cold baths, constantly filled by the Menai, are
sequestered and commodious, and every part of the house is
abundantly supplied with water.
Since the last edition of this work was published, this splendid residence
has been finished in a style corresponding to the promises it held forth,
and now ranks amongst the first in the principality.
The park, though small, is well wooded, and laid out with taste; and the
woods extending along the bold cliffs of the Menai, with the parapeted
bastion wall, which supports the terrace at the bottom of the lawn,
cause this elegant edifice, with its turrets and gilded vanes, surrounded
by its venerable groves, to be viewed to great advantage from the
water or opposite shore. The front is composed of a centre nearly
semilunar, with two wings semioctagonal; these receive a bold and
happy finish from octagonal turrets rising from the basement of each
angle of the front and wings, several feet above the embattled parapet,
finishing in small spires surmounted by gilt vanes.
Behind the house are two of the largest cromlechs; the upper stone of
one is twelve feet seven inches long, twelve broad, and four thick,
supported by five upright ones; the other is close to the first, and is
only about five feet and a half square.
Not far from these is a carnedd, part of which is destroyed; within was
found a cell, about seven feet long and three wide, covered with two
flat stones. On the top of the stones were two semicircular holes, for
what purpose intended I leave to others to determine; some conceive
they were places of confinement, and these holes served as stocks, in
which to secure the victims of the Druidical sacrifices; but let us rather
hope not; for as the learned of those days here for a period found a
shelter, and as these woods

“Were tenanted by bards, who nightly thence,

Rob’d in their flowery vests of innocent white,
Issued with harps, that glitter to the moon,
Hymning immortal strains:”
Mason’s Caractacus.

we may as reasonably conceive that learning, poetry, music, and

religion, would soothe and soften the angry passions of the soul, as
that they would rouse to the horrid immolation of human sacrifices.
Being unavoidably prevented at this time from visiting the celebrated
Parys Mountain, the property of the Marquis of Anglesea and Colonel
Hughes, we again returned to the hotel at Caernarvon; purposing to
stay the following day (Sunday), with the intention of making a strict
enquiry into the religious sect, settled here, and in many parts of Wales,
called Jumpers. [195]
The account we had received from our landlord, we imagined, was
exaggerated; and this more strongly induced us to visit the chapel, that
we might be enabled, in future, to contradict this ridiculous report.
At six in the evening the congregation assembled; and, on our entrance
into the chapel, we observed, on the north side, from a sort of stage or
pulpit, erected on the occasion, a man, in appearance a common day-
labourer, holding forth to an ignorant and deluded multitude. Our
entrance at first seemed to excite a general dissatisfaction; and our
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