C.

W FINAL TERM emotional rather than a rational response to the information

that is presented.
GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURES
● PROPAGANDA is a set of strategies designed to persuade
● Global Media Cultures explores the relationship between someone to believe in a idea, support a cause, or buy a
the media, culture and globalization. The course product. It is designed to manipulate or influence people.
approaches past and current challenges concerning
international communication and explores and ● PROPAGANDA OFTENS EXAGERRATE THE
problematizes the power of media representation. TRUTH, CONTAIN HIDDEN MESSAGES

● Global media culture defines the way we interact and ● What’s now regarded as the most famous poster in the
communicate with an entity or body of things in a way world, the I Want You poster first appeared on the cover of
that facilitates a process of building connections through Leslie’s Weekly on July 6, 1916 (as the United States was
those processes. For example, media - it can be used to entering World War I) with the title, ‘What Are You Doing
create stories to support an idea. for Preparedness?’ The poster showed Uncle Sam
pointing directly at the viewer, compelling them to action.
Global IDEAS AND COMMUNICATION - is meaningful
exchange of ideas and thoughts through verbal and nor verbal ● This poster was created by British illustrator Savile
means which prevails across international borders and its is Lumley and was used in World War I to compel men with
responsible for globalization. Global communication is the families to enlist. The aim of the poster was to strike at
ability to provide and access information across different their pride, persuading them that in the future their
ethnicity through speaking, listening, reading and writing. children would judge them not for their decision to
support their family back home, but for their wartime
Public sphere is an social life where individuals can come contribution.
together to freely discuss and identify societal problems, and
through that discussion influence political action. ● This simple poster from the Second World War sent the
clear message to the civilians of the Allied Powers that
● INDIVIDUALS CAN COME TOGETHER TO FREELY Hitler’s Germany had means of listening into their
DISCUSS SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND FORM PUBLIC communications.
OPINIONS.
● Another incredibly popular poster worldwide was created
● IN MODERN SENSE, PUBLIC SPHERE IS A by J. Howard Miller in 1943. Originally, it was created for
REGULATORY INSTITUTION AGAINST THE STATE Westinghouse Electric and used strictly internally to boost
AUTHORITY. the morale of women who already worked at the
● A portion of the public sphere comes into being in every company, rather than to recruit women to come to work.
conversation in which private individuals assemble to The poster was rediscovered in the early 80s and used to
form a public body promote feminism, and is often mistaken for Rosie the
Riveter.
● Today newspapers and magazines, radio and television are
the media of the public sphere. The PROPAGANDA MODEL is a theory advanced by
Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky which argues
● It was originally coined by German Philosopher systemic biases in the mass media and seeks to explain them
JURGEN HABERMAS who defined "the public sphere in terms of structural economic causes.
as a virtual or imaginary community which does not
necessarily exist in any identifiable space".  The model tries to understand how the population is
manipulated, and how the social, economic, political
● A concept that originates with the German social thinker, attitudes are fashioned in the minds of people through
Jürgen Habermas, that refers to communications and propaganda.
relationships that are separate from the state, marketplace,
and family structures. It serves to strengthen democratic 1. FINANCIAL OWNERSHIP - The major media
institutions by serving as a space for deliberation organizations are in the hands of a few elites. The
regarding the means and ends of government and politics. information presented to the public will be varying as
per the interests of these organizations. It is common
● The ideology of the public sphere theory is that the around the world that the medias in the hands of
government's laws and policies should be steered by the government being puppets.
public sphere and that the only legitimate governments
are those that listen to the public sphere. Example: Corporate organization who owns media never
publishes the financial details, which may endanger them.
● The Idea of public sphere is that government laws must be
enacted or with the guide of public sphere. During 18 TH 2. The advertisements play the major role of funding in mass
CENTURY BEFORE YOU CAN IMPLEMNENT LAW media. So it is common that the media filters the news, in
YOU NEED TO CONSIDER THE PUBLIC OPINIONS favor of their advertisement providers.
OR THE STATE AUTHORITY. Example: A corporate organization may threaten the media
● Habermas also defined public sphere as a" society saying that they will withdraw advertising contract if the
engaged in critical public debate. “ media publishes any news which damage the reputation of the
organization.
● the formation of public opinion, all citizens have access
AND IT MUST implies freedom from economic and 3. Even the biggest media organizations cannot afford to
political control, and the debate over the general rules have reporters and camera persons where ever the news
government relations. breaks. There will be some sources for news and the
media is supposed to protect these sources and in the
Propaganda is information that is not objective and used same time there will be some powerful sources which
primarily to influence and further and agenda, often by tend to change the policies of media.
presenting facts selectively to encourage particular synthesis
or perception, or using loaded language to produce an
Example: The spokesperson of a prime minister or president is to be done which may guide the press and the people to
considered as a powerful source of news. For making sure of a support and cooperate.
proper flow of news the organizations keeps the sources
delighted by fine-tuning the news. ● In this theory, the audience usually couls establish
propaganda thru the one and unified thinking since it is
4. Flaks refer to the negative responses to the statement or only the government voice that is being heard alone.
programme published or broadcasted.

Example: Most of the media never publishes news projecting

negative image of religious leaders without strong evidence.
Because it may harm the reputation of media organization
among the public.

5. As far as the American corporations and elite groups are

concerned the communism was an ultimate evil because it
took their wealth and power from them, it threatened their
superior positions and high class. So the elites who are the
owners of media adopted a policy to bring censorship to
the articles and news which talks about the good side of
communism. The American elite even feared the word
communal. This is the fifth filter in propaganda model
suggested by Herman and Chomsky.

Example: The news which says about the communal living of

workers was never allowed to publish in America. Because Soviet Communist Model
they were afraid of a revolt by the workers if such articles and
news are disseminated. ● This model began in the late 19 th century and was used
by the former Soviet Union, now modern Russia, after the
EPISTEMIC MERIT MODEL Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 when the car was
overthrown.
● Propaganda involves the intention to persuade.
● The ruling power or the government continued to control
● Propaganda is sent on behalf of a sociopolitical
the press but instead of working for the personal interests
institution, organization, or a cause.
of rulers, it serves the interests of the working class but
● The recipient of propaganda is a socially significant under the guidance of the party in power.
group of people.
● There is no democracy and freedom as there is still
● Propaganda is epistemically defective. censorship and the press supports the government.

● The epistemic merit model is a method for ● It promotes communism and strives to achieve goals set
understanding propaganda conceived by Sheryl Tuttle by the communist party. Media is owned by the
Ross representatives of the communist state. It works best in a
● To appropriately discuss propaganda, Ross argues that closed society where information is tightly controlled by
one must consider a threefold communication model: the government.
that of Sender-Message-Receiver. "That is... propaganda
● In the modern world, Cuba remained under this model
involve... the one who is persuading (Sender) doing so
where media is state- controlled and owned.
intentionally, target for such persuasion (Receiver) and
means of reaching that target (Message)." ● The Soviet – Communist Media Theory controls the
media which is similar to the Authoritarian Media Theory
NORMATIVE THEORIES OF COMMUNICATION
but promotes equality.
Authoritarian Theory
● It is the interests of the people that are given attention and
● This originated from the philosophy of Plato in Ancient focus but also gives consideration to the authority of the
Greece adapted by European Monarchs in the medieval government.
period exercising full control over the press.
● In this theory, the government may somehow control the
● Authoritarian Media Theory basically suppresses press communication process but does not totally suppress press
freedom as not to encourage the people to think and act freedom.
negatively of the government.
● The state simply filters the news and information
● All forms of media or communication are regulated by a disseminated to complement the interest of the audience.
governing elite group that regulates the communication
process between the media and the audience.

● The theory that places all forms of communication under

the control of governing elites or authorities. Under this
theory , the intellect of a common is greatly undermined.
Criticism on ruling elites is not tolerated. Many steps are
taken to curb the freedom of press like licensing,
censorships, approval of content prior to publication and
punishments etc.

● Although this media theory could help resolve issues

since it is the state or the government that “dictates” what
Libertarian Theory Democratic Participant Theory

● The concept of this model started in the new world, in the ● DPT exercises press freedom and lets the target audience
United States, when Englishmen escaped from the participate or gets involved in news and information by
tyranny of the monarchy to establish a free world and expressing their own personal viewpoints.
liberal thinking.
● A normative theory advocating media support for cultural
● This model is opposed to both Authoritarian and Soviet- pluralism at a grassroots level
communist theories and promotes freedom and
democracy.

● The press or media is given liberty or freedom to create

public awareness.

● Libertarian theory opposes authoritarian theory,

which requires all forms of communication to submit
to governing elites.

● On the other extreme, there is libertarian theory, which

considers that people are rational and have the right to all
angles of an issue to decide between truth and falsehood.
The government cannot interfere in matters of press.

● Any negative news and information are considered

opportunity to guide the people to know the good. Development Communication Media
● But, the press, unrestrained, exceeded their limits by ● The main idea behind this model is media will play a role
ignoring decency and privacy and exaggerating its for development of people in a nation or to help the target
information. population.
● Yellow journalism flourished due to competition in ● It focuses on issues disseminated by the media considered
private owned media. as a guide in the development if a country wherein the
target audience participates and gets involved.

● A normative theory calling for government and media to

work in partnership to ensure that media assist in the
planned beneficial development of the country

● Describing systems in which government and media work

in concert to ensure that the media aid the planned,
beneficial development of a given nation

Social Responsibility Theory

● SRT gives media the right to be owned and operated by a

private entity.

● It is not governed by a media censorship because the press

is guided by a set of ethics.

● Sensationalized news and information can be questioned

even if there is media freedom

● Press has a right to criticize the government and other

institutions but it also has a responsibility to preserve
democracy by properly informing the public. The press is
not free to do as it wills, it is obligated to respond to Agenda-setting Media
society’s needs. he government may involve itself in
● This model gave rise to the power of global and
media operations by issuing regulations (e.g. Pemra), if
international news agencies to set their own agenda,
public interest is not being adequately addressed.
apart from rulers, ruling powers, and governments.

● The press makes sure that significant events reach the

knowledge of the people.
  WESTERN LANGUAGES – European languages
are language of business, education and politics.

 RELIGION – CHRISTIANITY enforced to

different countries where there is blend between
Christianity and indigenous religions.

AMERICANIZATION

● Millions of immigrants came to the United States at

the turn of the 20th century. In an attempt to integrate
these newcomers, the Americanization Movement
was introduced. The goals of this movement were “to
change the unskilled inefficient immigrant into the
skilled worker and efficient citizen” and to show
them “the spirit of America, the knowledge of
America, and the love of America.”

● What does ''Americanization'' refer to?

Americanization that occurs in other countries is
perceived as a subtype of cultural globalization.
Gate Keeping Media Internally, though, it is seen as an effect of
immigration and assimilation of immigrants. The
● This theory shows the power and influence of traditional
definition of Americanization in the context of these
and mainstream media in every day lives of people.
internal processes is ''the process through which
● Media selects and decides which information is important newcomers to the United States begin to assimilate to
and relevant for the people. the societal norms and cultural expectations of so-
called mainstream American culture.‘’

● McDonald's is widely seen as a symbol of

Americanization in many countries. Americanization
is the influence of American culture and business on
other countries outside the United States of America,
including their media, cuisine, business practices,
popular culture, technology or political techniques.

ENCULTURATION, ACCULTURATION AND

ASSIMILATION IN GLOBALIZATION

ENCULTURATION

● Enculturation refer to the process of learning our own

(native) culture, whereas, acculturation is the process
of learning and adopting host cultural norms, values
GLOBAL CULTURE, WESTERNIZATION AND and beliefs.
AMERICANIZATION
● Learning native cultural norms and values of a
MODERNIZATION - Modernization which is normally particular society are essential for an individual, to
related to the words CHANGE, PROGRESS, AND function in a society.
DEVELOPMENT, refers to process of adapting something to
the present needs or habits. In a way, one who opts to ● The base word of acculturation is 'culture'. What is
modernization is one that is practical and flexible culture? Simply stated, culture means a way of living
and a way of life. Culture means that there are certain
 According to sociology, modernization means the parallel ways and reasons in which individuals and group of
development of economic, political and cultural processes people speak, conduct themselves, celebrate holidays,
which contributes to a better society. and express their belief systems. As you can imagine,
 modernization, in sociology, the transformation from a there is a tremendous diversity of cultures around the
traditional, rural, agrarian society to a secular, urban, world.
industrial society.
● To conclude, culture is the total way of life shared by
WESTERNIZATION - Westernization refers to the process members of the society.
whereby societies adopt or imbibe the Western culture in areas
such a industry, law, politics, economics, and other fields. ● Some of these cultures include American, Hispanic,
Asian, and European cultures.
 IT IS AN ADAPTATION OF WESTERN
CULTURE FROM ONE COUNTRY TO ● Enculturation refers to the process through which we
ANOTHER. WESTERN COLONIALISM. The learn about the culture we live in. Through
adaptation or influence of western (European) enculturation, we learn what behaviors, values,
culture among societies across the globe in areas language, and morals are acceptable in our society.
such as life-style priorities, education, values, ● We learn by observing other members of our society,
economics, architecture, clothing, politics, including our parents, friends, teachers, and mentors.
entertainment, etc Enculturation provides a means for us to become
 WESTER MEDICINE – replaces indigenous healing functional members of our society.
methods.
ACCULTURATION
● On the other hand, adopting foreign culture or other
cultural norms and values is known as acculturation.

● In this new technological era people can interact with

other people living thousands mile away from them. MAJOR RELIGIONS

● Due to social interaction through technology and with

mass media people learn new values

● Language and immersion can be some of the most

important parts of the acculturation process. In fact,
social theorist John Schumann proposed that
language is the largest factor in successfully
acculturating.

● The process by which an individuals or group adopts

the practice and values of one culture of origin.

● Typically used in reference to a minority culture

adopting elements of a majority culture
1. CHRISTIANITY
● However it’s also a two way process, since the  Christian Philosophy began as a Jewish Sect in
majority culture also adopts elements of the minority Jerusalem proclaiming Jesus of Nazareth as the
culture Messiah.
 God is the creator of all things.
ASSIMILATION
 Jesus is the Messiah.
● When two different cultures becomes similar then we  Christ is the son of God.
can say that assimilation occurs.  Human being is a sinner who requires redemption
 Holy Trinity includes God the Father, God the Son, and
● Assimilation is the process in which native culture go the Holy Spirit
through complete change and adopt all the elements  Christ came down to Earth to redeem mankind, the soul
of host culture is immortal
● In assimilation process the minority culture get  Christianity Christianity was heavily influenced by
completely absorbed into dominant majority culture Judaism. Some of the major beliefs of Christianity are:
● Fitting of new culture into your existing culture. A. Monotheism - There is one god who is all
powerful and all knowing.
● Assimilation is most often discussed in terms of
minority immigrant groups coming to adopt the B. Jesus Christ died for the sins of humankind.
culture of the majority and thus becoming like them
in terms of values, ideology, behavior, and practices. C. Salvation comes from faith in God.
This process can be forced or spontaneous and can be
2. Christianity Christians believe the Old and New
rapid or gradual.
Testaments of the Bible are holy books. The first four books
GLOBAL RELIGION of the New Testament were written by followers of Jesus.

● Pioneer sociologist Émile Durkheim described it 3. Some branches of Christianity are: Roman Catholicism,
with the ethereal statement that it consists of “things Protestantism, and Eastern Orthodox.
that surpass the limits of our knowledge” (1915).
HINDUISM
● - He went on to elaborate: Religion is “a unified
 It is the major religion in India.
system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred
 Hinduism is the world’s oldest religion, according to
things, that is to say set apart and forbidden, beliefs
many scholars.
and practices which unite into one single moral
 Hinduism is the third-largest religion behind
community, called a church, all those who adhere to
Christianity and Islam.
them” (1915).
 Originated in the Indus River Valley in what is now
● Religion is a belief in a supernatural power or powers modern-day northwest India and Pakistan.
that are regarded as the creators and maintainers of  It is a polytheistic religion that originated in South Asia,
the universe present day India.
 Hinduism Atman is the spirit or soul of a person, which
● Types of Religions Monotheistic religions believe in most Hindus believe, is eternal.
one god. Polytheistic religions believe in many gods.
Animistic or traditional religions often believe that  Hindus believe in a divine power that can manifest as
different aspects of nature have divine powers. different entities. Three main incarnations—Brahma,
Vishnu, and Shiva—are sometimes compared to the
● Some people associate religion with places of manifestations of the divine in the Christian Trinity.
worship (a synagogue or church), others with a
practice (confession or meditation), and still others  BRAHMA THE CREATOR, VISHNU THE
with a concept that guides their daily lives (like PRESERVER, SHIVA THE DESTROYER
dharma or sin).
1. VEDAS - contain hymns and rituals from ancient
● All of these people can agree that religion is a system India and are mostly written in Sanskrit. Hindus have
of beliefs, values, and practices concerning what a several holy books called Vedas, Upanishads, and the
person holds sacred or considers to be spiritually epics the Mahabharata and Ramayana.
significant.
 2. DHARMA - believe in a set of principles in which  Allah is viewed as the creator of the universe and the
refer to one’s duty in the world that corresponds with source of all good and all evil.
“right” actions  Everything that happens is Allah's will.
3. KARMA - the notion that spiritual ramifications of  Allah, Arabic Allāh (“God”), the one and only God in
one’s actions are balanced cyclically in this life or a Islam
future life (reincarnation).
 Hindus believe in reincarnation and karma. A person
dies, then lives again, until they finally reach moksha
(REINCARNATION).
 Hindus believe that the goal of life is to realize that
your atman is the same as Brahman and thereby reach
moksha, or liberation.

BUDDHISM

 Buddhism is a faith that was founded by Siddhartha

Gautama (“the Buddha”) in India. 1. Repeat a creed about Allah and Muhammad
 Its practice has historically been most prominent in (Shahada)
East and Southeast Asia, but its influence is growing
in the West. 2. Recite certain prayers in Arabic five times a day
 With about 470 million followers, scholars consider (Salat)
Buddhism one of the major world religions.
3. Give to the needy (Zakat)
 Buddhism is related to Hinduism and shares many of
the same basic beliefs. The relationship between 4. One month each year, fast from food, drink, sex and
Buddhism and Hinduism is similar to the relationship smoking from sunrise to sunset; (Sawm)
between Christianity and Judaism.
 Followers of Buddhism don’t acknowledge a 5. Pilgrimage once in one's lifetime to worship at a
supreme god or deity. They instead focus on shrine in Mecca. At death -- based on one's
achieving enlightenment—a state of inner peace and faithfulness to these duties -- a Muslim hopes to enter
wisdom. Paradise. If not, they will be eternally punished in
 - When followers reach this spiritual echelon, they’re hell. (Hajj)
said to have experienced NIRVANA - Buddhists
 Islam teaches that there is one supreme deity, who is
believe that human life is a cycle of suffering and
worshiped through good deeds and disciplined
rebirth, but that if one achieves a state of
religious rituals.
enlightenment (nirvana), it is possible to escape
 After death a person is rewarded or punished
this cycle forever.
according to their religious devotion.
 The religion’s founder, Buddha, is considered an
 Muslims believe that giving up one’s life for Allah is
extraordinary man, but not a god. The word Buddha
a sure way of entering Paradise.
means “enlightened.”
 The path to enlightenment is attained by utilizing CONFUCIANISM
morality, meditation and wisdom.
 Buddhists often meditate because they believe it  Confucianism was the official religion of China from
helps awaken truth. 200 B.C.E. until it was officially abolished when
communist leadership discouraged religious practice in
The emotional and physical benefits of meditation can 1949.
include:  - The religion was developed by KUNG FU-TZU
(Confucius).
 Gaining a new perspective on stressful situations.
 Confucianism is concerned mainly with social
 Building skills to manage your stress.
organization. It emphasizes respect for elders and
 Increasing self-awareness.
education.
 Focusing on the present.
 CONFUCIUS - An extraordinary teacher, his lessons
 Reducing negative emotions.
were about self-discipline, respect for authority and
 Increasing imagination and creativity.
tradition, and jen (the kind treatment of every person)
 Increasing patience and tolerance.
and all of his lessons were collected in his book called
 Buddhists embrace the concepts of KARMA (the law the Analects
of cause and effect) and REINCARNATION (the  Some religious scholars consider Confucianism more of
continuous cycle of rebirth). a social system than a religion because it focuses on
sharing wisdom about moral practices but doesn’t
 - Followers of Buddhism can worship in temples or involve any type of specific worship; nor does it have
in their own homes. formal objects.
 Kung Fu-Tzu developed his own model of religious
 KARMA - In the Buddhist tradition, karma refers
morality to help guide society (Smith 1991).
to action driven by intention (cetanā) which leads
 In fact, its teachings were developed in context of
to future consequences.
problems of social anarchy and a near-complete
 SAMSARA OR REINCARNATION - a suffering- deterioration of social cohesion.
laden cycle of life, death, and rebirth, without
beginning or end.
TAOISM
ISLAM
 In Taoism, the purpose of life is inner peace and harmony.
 Muslims believe there is the one almighty God, named
Tao is usually translated as “way” or “path.”
Allah, who is infinitely superior to and transcendent from
 The founder of the religion is a man named Laozi.
humankind.
 Taoist beliefs emphasize the virtues of compassion and graphy meaning to ‘draw’ or ‘write’ about them.
moderation. (World of 7 billion, 2019)
 Their book is Tao Te Ching which is a collection of
Laozi’s teachings. • Demography is the science that deals with the study
 The Tao is called the Great Mother Empty yet of
inexhaustible, It gives birth to infinite worlds. It is always • population (quantitatively).
present within you. You can use it any way you want.
 The ying-yang symbol and the concept of polar forces are • is the statistical analysis and description of
central Taoist ideas (Smith 1991). population aggregates with reference to the
 Some scholars have compared this Chinese tradition to its distribution, vital statistics, age, sex and related
Confucian counterpart by saying that “whereas factors.
Confucianism is concerned with day-to-day rules of
conduct, Taoism is concerned with a more spiritual level • The study of human population dynamics. It
of being” (Feng and English 1972). encompasses the study of the size, structure and
 The yin, the dark swirl, is associated with shadows, distribution of populations, and how populations
femininity, and the trough of a wave; the yang, the change over time due to births, deaths, migration, and
light swirl, represents brightness, passion and growth aging.

Globalization and Religious Pluralism DEMOGRAPHERS - are the people who gather data
about the size, distribution, composition and change in
 Globalization brings a culture of pluralism, meaning population in order to describe them (Petersen)
religions “with overlapping but distinctive ethics and
interests” interact with one another. • Why it is important to study demography?
 - Essentially, the world’s leading religious traditions teach • - Demographic analysis is a powerful tool that can
values such as human dignity, equality, freedom, peace, explain a number of sociological phenomena. It can
and solidarity. guide policy makers in meeting the needs of various
Religions, Conflict and Violence sectors.

 Violence- is a very broad concept that is difficult to POPULATION

define since it is used on both human and non-human • The whole number of inhabitants occupying an area
objects. (such as a country or the world) and continually
 Furthermore, the term can denote a wide variety of being modified by increases (births and
experiences such as blood shedding, physical harm, immigrations) and losses (deaths and emigrations).
forcing against personal freedom, passionate conduct or (Teitelbaum, 2021)
language, or emotions such as fury and passion.
 Religious violence is a term that covers phenomena where • 7.9 billion people (Worldometers, 2022)
religion is either the subject or the object of violent
• is the number of persons occupying a certain
behavior.
 It includes violence against religious institutions, people, geographic area, drawing substance from their
objects, or events. habitat, and interacting from one another.
 Religious violence does not exclusively refer to acts THREE COMPONENTS OF DEMOGRAPHY &
which are committed by religious groups, instead, POPULATION
includes acts which are committed against religious
groups FERTILITY

DEMOGRAPHY AND POPULATION  G.T. Trewartha viewed that, “Fertility refers to

the number of children a woman has actually born.”
• October 31, 2011- In the Philippines, Danica May  The fertility rate of a society is a measure noting the
Camacho was born, she was awarded as the 7  number of children born.
billionth baby.  Fertility number < Fecundity number
 Sociologists measure fertility using the crude
• 7 billion people is the number of population of
birthrate
humans that our planet contains.
 (the number of live births per 1,000 people per year).
• UN Chief Ban Ki-moon- more concern should be  BIRTHS
given to billions of people who go to bed hungry  Refers to the number of actual children born to a
than those few who enjoy life of luxury woman or group of women

• This is a story of 7 billion people who need enough MORTALITY

food, enough energy, good opportunities in jobs and
 Mortality is the quality or state of being mortal
education, rights and freedom
(destined to die).
• Its because of this fact that there is a need to study  The mortality rate is a
population. Change in population size constitutes measure of the number of people who die.
some of the important features of social transition and  The crude death rate is a number derived from the
change. Like the introduction of new forms of  number of deaths per 1,000 people per year.
technology, increase or decrease in population can  DEATHS
also be catalyst for social change.  It refers to the number of deaths in a given time or
place or the proportion of deaths in relation to a
DEMOGRAPHY population.
• term ‘demography’ is derived from the two Greek MIGRATION
words demos meaning ‘people’ or ‘population’ and
 Migration is the movement of people into and out of  Thomas Malthus (1766–1834) was an English
an area. clergyman who made dire predictions about earth’s
ability to sustain its growing population.
• Immigration is the movement  According to Malthusian theory, three factors would
of people into an area. control human population that exceeded the earth’s
• Emigration is the movement of people out of an area. carrying capacity, or how many people can live in a
given area considering the amount of available
• The spatial movement of a person or group of persons resources. Malthus identified these factors as war,
from one place to another, more or less for permanent famine, and disease.
residency. They moved for different reasons such as  The theory was proposed by Thomas Robert
economic, educational, religious, medical, social, Malthus.
political, work opportunities and technologies.  He believed that a balance between population
growth and food supply can be established through
• IMMIGRATION (INTERNATIONAL
preventive and positive checks.
MIGRATION) - when one enters a country or
 Binigyang diin ang mabilis na paglaki ng
destination
populasyon. Ang populasyon ay mabilis na lumaki
• EMIGRATION (INTERNAL MIGRATION) - kaysa sa supply ng pagkain na nagdudulot ng labis
when one leaves the country in order to move into na kagutuman sa isang bansa.
another.  Positive Checks: war, famine, and disease. He
termed them “positive checks” because they increase
mortality rates, thus keeping the population in check.
 Preventive checks,” which also control the
population but by reducing fertility rates; preventive
checks include birth control and celibacy.
 Malthus saw that people could produce only so
much food in a given year, yet the population was
increasing at an exponential rate.

THERE ARE THREE REASONS SOCIOLOGISTS

BELIEVE WE ARE CONTINUING TO EXPAND THE
POPULATION OF OUR PLANET.

• First, technological increases in food production have

increased both the amount and quality of calories we
can produce per person.

• Second, human ingenuity has developed new

medicine to curtail death from disease.

• Finally, the development and widespread use of

contraception and other forms of family planning
have decreased the speed at which our population
increases.

ZERO POPULATION GROWTH

 A neo-Malthusian researcher named Paul Ehrlich

brought Malthus’s predictions into the twentieth
century.
 However, according to Ehrlich, it is the environment,
 Population Growth- change in population size over not specifically the food supply, that will play a
time that takes into account the number of births and crucial role in the continued health of planet’s
deaths as well as immigration and emigration population (Ehrlich 1968).
numbers (Karr et al. 2015).  the maintenance of a population at a constant level
 Population Growth Rate/Change- is the percentage by limiting the number of live births to only what is
change in the size of the population in a year. needed to replace the existing population.
 Exponential Growth- is a pattern of data that  it is still considered a possible solution to global
shows greater increases with passing time, creating overpopulation.
the curve of an exponential function.  Ehrlich’s ideas suggest that the human population is
 Life Expectancy- average number of years moving rapidly toward complete environmental
that an infant born in a particular year in a particular collapse, as privileged people use up or pollute a
country can be expected to live, given the current number of environmental resources such as water
average life span and death rate in that country. and air.
 The increase of population that affects and intensify  He advocated for a goal of zero population growth
major local, natural and global issues like poverty, (ZPG), in which the number of people entering a
energy crisis, environmental degradation, population through birth or immigration is equal to
criminality, housing problems and inequality. the number of people leaving it via death or
 Life Expectancy -Is the average number of years a emigration. While support for this concept is mixed,
person can expect to live at the time of birth. it is still considered a possible solution to global
overpopulation.
DEMOGRAPHIC THEORIES
CORNUCOPIAN THEORY
MALTHUSIAN THEORY
 Cornucopian theory scoffs at the idea of humans
wiping themselves out; it asserts that human
ingenuity can resolve any environmental or social
issues that develop.
 A cornucopian is a futurist who believes that
continued progress and provision of material items
for mankind can be met by similarly continued
advances in technology.

DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION THEORY

 Demographic transition theory (Caldwell and

Caldwell 2006) suggests that future population
growth will develop along a predictable four-stage
model.
 Studies the relationship between economic
development and population growth.

In Stage 1, birth, death, and infant mortality

rates are all high, while life expectancy is short.
 As countries begin to industrialize, they enter
Stage 2, where birthrates are higher while
infant mortality and the death rates drop
 Stage 3 occurs once a society is thoroughly
industrialized; birthrates decline, while life
expectancy continues to increase. Death rates
continue to decrease.
 Stage 4, we see the postindustrial era of a
society. Birth and death rates are low, people
are healthier and live longer, and society enters
a phase of population stability. Overall
population may even decline.
 The United Nations Population Fund (2008)
categorizes nations as high fertility, intermediate
fertility, or low fertility. The United Nations (UN)
anticipates the population growth will triple between
2011 and 2100 in high-fertility countries, which are
currently concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa. For
countries with intermediate fertility rates (the United
States, India, and Mexico all fall into this category),
growth is expected to be about 26 percent. And low-
fertility countries like China, Australia, and most of
Europe will actually see population declines of
approximately 20 percent.
 for entrepreneurial activity, and the need to manage
risk over long periods. This theory is a new economic
approach in explaining migration.
3. Migration System Theory - This theory is argued as
an outcome of collaboration of two countries where
the migration system is constituted by two or more
countries which exchange migrants with each other.
 In this system, it is necessary to examine both ends of
the flow and study the linkages (economic, cultural,
political, military, etc.) Between the places
concerned.
 While this is the most prevailing reason for
migration, this does not capture other reasons of
GLOBAL MIGRATION migration. As already mentioned, there are some
reasons of migrations which are not economic or
MIGRATION - pertains to the act or process of crossing income-related especially those who are driven away
the boundary of a political or administrative unit for from their place residence
certain minimum period (Boyle et; 1998 as quoted by  Migration systems are associated primarily with the
Dicolen, 2013). idea that once a critical number of migrants have
settled at the destination, migration becomes self-
● The process of a person or people travelling to a new
perpetuating because it creates the social and
place or country, Usually in order to find work and
economic structures – in particular the networks – to
live there temporarily or permanently
sustain the process
● It comes from the Latin word “Migratio” which 4. PUSH-PULL THEORY - it is propounded by
means physical movements by people from one area Ravenstein (1889).
to another, sometimes over long distances or in large  This theory states that some people move
groups because they are pushed out of their former
location (PUSH FACTORS), or because they
An individual who moves from one area or region to have been pulled or attracted to some places
another is called a MIGRANT. He/She is also known as elsewhere (PULL FACTOR)
emigrant from the point of view of the place of origin and  “Push and pull theory” is one of the most
an immigrant from the point of view of the place of important theories for studying floating
destination. population and immigrants.
MIGRATION CAN ALSO BE CLASSIFIED  The theory holds that the reasons for migration
ACCORDING TO CHOICE. and immigration are because people can improve
their living conditions through migration.
1. VOLUNTARY – if the migrant decides to move by  PUSH FACTORS - Push factors “push” people
his choice. away from their home and include things like
war. A push factor is a factor that motivates a
 Voluntary migration occurs when someone chooses person to migrate away from their country or
to leave home. Most voluntary migration, whether region of residence.
internal or external, is undertaken in search of better  PULL FACTORS - “pull” people to a new
economic opportunities or housing. home and include things like better
2. INVOLUNTARY (FORCED MIGRATION) opportunities. It is a motivating cause that
choice who is unable or unwillingly to return. attracts a person to migrate to another region or
country.
 refers to the forcibly induced movement of people,
for example, when migrants are forced to flee to
escape conflict or persecution or become trafficked. Examples of Push Factor
INTERNAL MIGRATION refers to a move from one area (a 1. SCARCITY OF JOB OPPORTUNITY
province, district or municipality) to another within one
country. 2. POOR MEDICAL CARE

INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION refers means crossing the 3. DEATH THREATS

frontiers which separates one of the world’s approximately
200 states from another. It is the movement of people across 4. POOR HOUSING
international borders for the purpose of settlement. 5. NATURAL DISASTERS
REASONS OF MIGRATION 6. FAMINE
1. Neo-Classical theory - migration is usually 7. LOSS OF WEALTH
associated with individual’s efforts to maximize their
income by moving from low-income to high wage 8. DISCRIMINATION
economies
Examples of Pull Factor
 is an economic theory that outlines how a
steady economic growth rate results from a 1. BETTER JOB OPPORTUNITIES
combination of three driving forces—labor, capital,
and technology. 2. IMPROVED LIVING CONDITIONS
2. Labor Migration Theory - It argues that migration
3. IMPROVED LIVING CONDITIONS
cannot simply be explained by income differences
between two countries, but also by factors such as 4. POLITICAL AND/OR RELIGIOUS FREEDOM,
chances of secure employment, availability of capital
 5. ATTRACTIVE CLIMATES their receiving country, and the ongoing set of contacts and
activities that they sustain across national borders
6. BETTER EDUCATION
4. REFUGEES AND ASYLUM SEEKERS - pertains to
Ravenstein further opened that pull factors were more any person who, “Owing to well-founded fear of being
important than the push factors because in most instances, persecuted for reason of race, religion, nationality,
people move in order to improve themselves in material membership of a particular social group or political
respects, but they would rather endure the conditions in their opinion, is outside the country of his nationality, and is
current residence unless attached by the above-mention pull unable or, owing to such fear, is outside the country of his
factors. Most of movement or migration has been considered nationality, and is unable or, owing to such fear, is
as an “implementing strategy” in order to attain the goal of unwilling to avail himself of the protection of the country;
migration. or who, not having a nationality and being outside the
TRENDS IN MIGRATION country of his former habitual residence as a result of
such events, is unable to, owing to such fear is unwilling
● Based on the statistics provided by the International to return to it.
Organization for Migration, Mobility of people is  REFUGEE - are people who have fled because of war,
increasing over time, either internal or international, violence, conflict or persecution and have crossed an
migration. international border to find safety in another country.
They often have had to flee with little more than the
● In 2009, an estimated 740 Million migration happen
clothes on their back, leaving behind homes, possessions,
without crossing national borders. In 2015, there are about
jobs and loved ones.
244 million people living in a country other than their
 The risks to their safety and life were so great that they
country of birth. These figures however remain a slim
felt they had no choice but to leave and seek safety
proportion of the world population, as these movements
outside their country because their own government
constitute only around 12% of the world population (9%
cannot or will not protect them from those dangers.
for internal migration and 3% for international migration)
Refugees have a right to international protection.
● In terms of international migration, the increase in  ASYLUM SEEKER - is a person who has left their
mobility is notable for the past 4 ½ decades. In 1970, country and is seeking protection from persecution and
international migrants were estimated at 84 Million while serious human rights violations in another country, but
in 1990 they increase at around 153 million people who hasn’t yet been legally recognized as a refugee and is
waiting to receive a decision on their asylum claim.
Statistics shows that the bulk of Migrants belong to the Seeking asylum is a human right. This means everyone
working population, i.e., those belong to the ages 15-64. Based should be allowed to enter another country to seek
on the estimates of the International Organization for asylum.
Migration, 72% of the international migrants belong to the
working population Consequences of Migration - It gives the migrant the chance
to work and enhance their skills and productivity, while giving
Special Types of Migrants them a sense of accomplishment and a sense of purpose. It
1. Irregular migrants - also known as undocumented or increases the living standards of the family and/or relatives.
illegal migrants, are those who enter a country, usually in • This increases productivity as well as increase trade
search of employment, without the necessary documents
and other relations between the nations.
and permits
 It can be defined as those who enter or remain in a • The likelihood of stress and/or disorganization of
country without the states proper authorization and daily life. It may also strain Familial bonds because of
otherwise considered ‘undocumented’, ‘overstayers’ or the distance between, even thou modern technology
infringing upon the terms outlined in one’s visa. lessened the strain there are some still there.
2. MIGRANT IN HUMAN TRAFFICKING - Trafficking
in Persons, also known as “Human Trafficking”, is • The Home country would have lessened pool of
defined as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, workforces while the country of destination gets an
harboring or receipt of persons, by means of threats, increase of work
force, coercion, abduction, deception, abuse of power, etc.
for the purpose of exploitation.
 MIGRANT SMUGGLING - is a crime that takes place
only across borders. It consists in assisting migrants to
enter or stay in a country illegally, for a financial or
material gain.
3. DIASPORA AND TRANSNATIONALISM -
DIASPORA refers to “people, and often their
descendants, from a specific country who are living
abroad” (IOM, 2018:20) It is used interchangeably with
transnational communities, where “migrants may
establish and maintain connections with people in their
home communities or migrants in other countries”.

DISAPORA - migrants or descendants of migrants, whose SOCIAL ISSUES AND PROBLEMS OF

identity and sense of belonging have been shaped by their URBANIZATION IN A GLOBAL WORLD
migration experience and background.” Now, generally used
to describe those who identify with a "homeland", but live Social problem - is any condition or behavior that has
outside of it. negative consequences for large numbers of people and that is
generally recognized as a condition or behavior that needs to
TRANSNATIONALISM - refers to the repeated movement be addressed
of immigrants and their families between their homeland and
Social Issue • After the initial stage of infection, HIV continues to
multiply but at very low levels.
• A social issue is a problem that influences many
citizens within a society. • More severe symptoms of HIV infection, such as
signs of opportunistic infections, generally don’t
• It is a common problem in present-day society and appear for many years.
one that many people strive to solve.
• Infection with HIV/AIDS leads to numerous bodily,
• It is often the consequence of factors extending mental and social issues that affect the individual and
beyond an individual's control. impacts on their families and communities at large.
• Social issues are the source of a conflicting opinion • The impact of the HIV treatment is further
on the grounds of what is perceived as morally aggravated by other factors such as worry about
correct or incorrect employment, sexuality, the prospects of relationships,
Four factors have been outlined that seem to characterize a and the social reactions of other community
social issue or problem members.

• The public must recognize the situation as a problem. • Another impact of HIV is the stigma and
discrimination against persons living with
• The situation is against the general values accepted HIV/AIDS.
by the society.
• Apart from having to endure treatment with severe
• A large segment of the population recognizes the side-effects, they constantly have to cope with
problem as a valid concern. rejection and social discrimination.
• The problem can be rectified or alleviated through the A person can reduce the risk of being infected with the
joint action of citizens and/or community resources. following guidelines
Common Social Problems and Issues in Globalization • Use condoms correctly every time you have sex
The World Health Organization has released a list of 10 threats • Limit your number of sexual partners
to global health in 2019
• Never share injection drug equipment.
• Air pollution and climate change
• HIV medicines, given to women with HIV during
• Non-communicable diseases pregnancy and childbirth and to their babies after
birth, reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission
• Threat of a global influenza pandemic
of HIV
• Fragile and vulnerable settings, such as regions
Sex and Gender Discrimination
affected by drought and conflict
Sex – based on biology; male and female only
• Antimicrobial resistance
Gender – is a social contract; LGBTTQQIAAP
• Ebola and high-threat pathogens
• L- Lesbian, a woman who is attracted to other
• Weak primary care
women (generally used in regards
• Vaccine hesitancy to cisgender women)

• Dengue • G- Gay. The Overall term for same-sex

attraction however specifically applies to a man
• HIV/AIDS attracted to another man.
HIV stands for HUMAN • B- Bisexual, an individual attracted to others of their
IMMUNODEFFICIENCY VIRUS is a virus that own sex and also to the opposite sex
attacks cells that help the body fight infection,
making a person more vulnerable to other infections • T- Transgender, an individual who identifies as the
and diseases. Without treatment, HIV can gradually opposite sex
destroy the immune system and advance to AIDS.
• T- Transexual, an individual who identifies as the
AIDS stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency opposite sex and has the procedure to change their
Syndrome. AIDS is the most advanced stage of HIV genitals
infection
• Q-Queer, self-affirming overall term for the
The spread of HIV from person to person is LGBTTQIAAP community. Derogatory in some
called HIV transmission. HIV is spread only in contexts.
certain body fluids from a person who has HIV. These
• Q- Questioning, an individual who is still figuring
body fluids include: (1) Blood, (2) Semen, (3) Pre-
out who they are attracted to and/or what gender they
seminal fluid,(4) Vaginal fluids,(5) Rectal fluids, and
identify as
(6) Breast milk.
• I- Intersex, an individual who has any combinations
• Within 2 to 4 weeks after infection with HIV, some
of either biological reproductive systems e.g. gonads,
people may have flu-like symptoms, such as fever,
chromosomes, genitals etc
chills, or rash.
• A- Asexual, someone who does not feel sexually
• The symptoms may last for a few days to several
attracted to anyone
weeks. During this earliest stage of HIV infection, the
virus multiplies rapidly.
 • A- Ally, generally a straight, cisgender person who  A – melting ice
supports the LGBTTQQIAAP community  B – forest loss
 C – Ocean Current Change
• P- Pansexual, sexually attracted to anyone of any  D – Permafrsot Pandemic
gender or sexual orientation  E – Ocean Heating
Gender-based discrimination intersects with other factors of  F – Weight of Rising Seas
discrimination, such as ethnicity, socioeconomic status,  G – Soils Overheating
disability, age, geographic location, gender identity and sexual  H – Water Vapor Increase
orientation, among others.  I – Albedo Effect
 J – Methane Release
Gender or sex discrimination occurs when a person is  K – Plankton Dying
subjected to different or unequal treatment ("discrimination")
in any number of situations, when that treatment is based on Possible Solutions for Climate Change
the person's gender. • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
• Sex discrimination - refers to discrimination based on the Change ( UNFCC) - International environmental treaty
biological differences between male and female. negotiated at the United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development (UNCED), informally
• Gender discrimination - refers to discrimination based on known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro from 3
social behavior such as nonconformance of gender roles to 14 June 1992."
including sexual orientation and gender identity
discrimination • It has no binding limits on greenhouse gas emissions for
individual countries.No enforcement mechanism.
Gender and sex discrimination can take place in many
different settings • The treaty provides a framework for negotiating specific
international treaties (called "protocols") that may set
• Workplace binding limits on greenhouse gases.
• Education • Kyoto Protocol - Is an international agreement that
• Household called for industrialized nations to reduce their
greenhouse gas emissions significantly.
Gender stereotype is a generalized view or preconception
about attributes or characteristics, or the roles that are or ought • "Kyoto" because it was adopted in Kyoto, Japan in 1997,
to be possessed by, or performed by women and men. when greenhouse gases were rapidly threatening our
climate.
• A gender stereotype is harmful when it limits
women’s and men’s capacity to develop their • Paris Agreement - “At COP 21 in Paris, on 12 December
personal abilities, pursue their professional careers 2015, Parties to the UNFCCC reached a landmark
and make choices about their lives. agreement to combat climate change and to accelerate and
intensify the actions and investments needed for a
Gender equality is a human right, but our world faces a sustainable low carbon future.”
persistent gap in access to opportunities and decision-making
power for women and men. GLOBAL CITIES

CLIMATE CHANGE Urbanization is define as the process of gradual shift from

agricultural society to the industrial society with a wide access
Weather state of the atmosphere at a particular place during a to information, government and other institutions, means of
short period of time. transportation, and other manifestations of a city or urban life.
• It involves such atmospheric phenomena as • Generally however, it means the process or rate of
temperature, humidity, precipitation (type and concentration or migration of a population in a
amount), air pressure, wind, and cloud cover. particular area.
Climate describes the average weather of a particular part of • According to the World Cities Report (2016), more
the world at different times of the year. than half of the world’s population today resides in
urban areas.
• Climate change is the long-term shift in average
weather patterns across the world. • Expectedly, this is the result of the continuing
industrialization, as more and more segment of the
What are the causes of climate change?
population migrates to urban areas for non-
• SOLAR VARIABILITY- The luminosity, or agricultural sources of living.
brightness, of the Sun has been increasing steadily
• Cities create wealth, generate employment and drive
since its formation.
human progress by harnessing the forces of
• HUMAN ACTIVITIES- Recognition of global agglomeration and industrialization.
climate change as an environmental issue has drawn
Indicators of Urbanization
attention to the climatic impact of human activities
• Continuing industrialization
• GREENHOUSE GASES- It is a gas that contributes
to the greenhouse effect by absorbing infrared • Expanded employment opportunity
radiation, e.g., carbon dioxide and
chlorofluorocarbons. When greenhouse gases such as • Access to information and communication
carbon dioxide build in the atmosphere, they act like technology
a blanket around the earth.
• Better infrastructure facilities
Effects of Climate Change
City Dwellers • Provision of adequate basic services and
infrastructures
• Cosmopolites –these are the students, intellectuals,
professionals, artists and entertainers. They have • Climate change
been drawn to the city because of its conveniences
and cultural benefits. • Increasing urban divide between the rich and the poor

• Singles – young unmarried people who come to the Global City

cities seeing jobs and entertainment. Businesses and • A global city or world city sometimes called Alpha
services such as singes bar, single apartment cities, are a concept which postulates that
complexes, high rise condominiums cater to their globalization can be broken down in terms of
needs. strategic geographic locales that see global processes
• Ethnic villagers – United by race ethnicity and social being created, facilitated and enacted.
class, these people live in a tightly knit • The terminology of "global city", as opposed to
neighborhoods that resemble villages in a small town. megacity, is thought to have been first coined by
Moving within close circle of family and friends, the Saskia Sassen in reference to London, New York and
ethnic villagers try to isolate themselves from what Tokyo in her 1991 work The Global City.
they view as the harmful effects of the city life.
It has been argued that global cities are those sharing the
• Deprived- They live in blighted neighborhoods more following characteristics:
of like an urban jungles than urban villages.
Consisting of the very poor, they represent the bottom • International, first-name familiarity; whereby a city is
of society in terms of income, education, social recognized without the need for a political
status, and work skills. subdivision.

• Trapped – they consist of people who could not • Active influence and participation in international
afford to move when their neighborhood is invaded events and world affairs.
by other migrant groups
• A fairly large population (the centre of a metropolitan
Development Of Cities area with a population of at least one million,
typically several million).
• “Why did cities form in the first place? There is
insufficient evidence to assert what conditions gave • A major international airport
rise to the first cities, but some theorists have
• An advanced transportation system that includes
speculated on what they consider pre-conditions and
several freeways and/or a large mass transit network
basic mechanisms that could explain the rise of cities.
offering multiple modes of transportation
• A good environment and strong social organization
• In the West, several international cultures and
are two necessities for the formation of a successful
communities (such as a Chinatown, a Little Italy, or
city.
other immigrant communities). In other parts of the
Process of Urbanization world, cities which attract large foreign businesses
and related expatriate communities; for example,
• Urbanization is the process of a population shift from Singapore, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Tokyo, and
rural areas to cities. During the last century, global Moscow.
populations have urbanized rapidly:
• International financial institutions, law firms,
• 13% of people lived in urban environments in the corporate headquarters (especially conglomerates),
year 1900 and stock exchanges (for example the London Stock
• 29% of people lived in urban environments in the Exchange, the New York Stock Exchange or the
year 1950 Tokyo Stock Exchange) that have influence over the
world economy.
• One projection suggests that, by 2030, the proportion
of people living in cities may reach 60% • An advanced communications infrastructure on
which modern trans-national corporations rely, such
• Another term for urbanization is “rural flight.” as fiberoptics, Wi-Fi networks, cellular phone
services, and other high-speed lines of
• Some cities have grown so large and have such communications
influence over a region that the term “city” is no
longer adequate to describe them. • World-renowned cultural institutions, such as
museums and universities.
• The term metropolis is used instead. This term refers
to a central city surrounded by smaller cities and • A lively cultural scene, including film festivals (for
suburbs. example the Toronto International Film Festival),
premieres, a thriving music or theatre scene (for
• Sociologists most often call it multi-culturalism or example, West End theatre and Broadway); an
cultural pluralism, which pertains to a situation where orchestra, an opera company, art galleries, and street
various ethnic groups converged in a mixed ethnic performers.
community area resulting to the existence of multi
cultural traditions, these are called Multicultural • Several powerful and influential media outlets with
cities. an international reach.

Challenges and Issues in Urbanization • A strong sporting community, including major sports
facilities, home teams in major league sports, and the
• Growth of Slums ability and historical experience to host international
sporting events
• To some, London, New York City, Paris, and Tokyo
have been traditionally considered the 'big four' world
cities – not coincidentally, they also serve as symbols
of global capitalism.