Foreign policy From

2018 to 2022.The pti

government contribution
Towards major powers.

Contents
Chapter one
• Introduction
• Overview
• Background and development of
Foreign policy
Chapter two
PTI government foreign policy
Objectives
• vision of the pti government
under Imran khan.
• Foreign policy priorities and
• Strategies
Pakistan's relations with major
Power under PTI government.

Pakistan-China relations
• Strengthening of CPEC
(China Pakistan economic corridor)
• Economic, military, strategic
Cooperation
Pakistan-Us relations
 • Evolution of US- Pakistan relations
Post 2018
• PTI 's role in balancing ties with US'
including Afghanistan
Pakistan-Russia relations
• Growing diplomatic and military ties
• Energy and defense cooperation
Pakistan-India relations
• Pulwama, KashmirKashmir issue,
and diplomatic tensions
• PTI's stance on peace and conflict
Management
Pakistan- relations with the Middle East
• Relations with Saudi Arabia , UAE, Iran
• Balancing interests in Gulf region.
Pakistan relations with European Union
• Trade, investment, and diplomatic
engagements
Chapter three
Pakistan's role in Regional
And Global Organizations
• Participation in the United Nations, OIC
• PTI's diplomatic efforts in international
Forums
Foreign policy challenges and
critics
• Domestic contraints on foreign policy
 • Criticism of PTI's foreign policy approach
Impact of PTI's Government
foreign policy (2018_2022)
• Economic, security,and diplomatic
Outcomes
• Long term implications for Pakistan's
Foreign Relations
Chapter four
Conclusion
• Summary of achievements and challenges.

References
Bibliography

• Books
• Research articles
• Newspapers
• Encyclopedia

Foreign policy
Foreign Policy can be defined as :
"Relations between sovereign states.It is reflection of demestic politics and an interraction
among sovereign states.It indicates the principles and preferences on which a country qant to
establish relations with another country."
Introduction
No country today can think of a life independent of other nations.Every country has to develope
relations with other countries so as to meets its requirements in economical,industrial and
technological fields.It is thus necessary for every country to formulate a sound foreign
policy.Pakistan is an important third world country in its developmental stage.It also has
formulated her foreign policy keeping in mind its geoghraphy ,politics and economics.

Foreign policy is essential in shaping a nation’s interactions with the international community,
influencing its economic, security, and diplomatic interests. Since its creation in 1947, Pakistan
has encountered distinct geopolitical challenges that have greatly influenced its foreign policy
choices. Situated at the junction of South Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle East, Pakistan’s
strategic location has positioned it as a key player in both regional and global affairs.

Pakistan’s foreign policy has been marked by the need to balance its relationships with major
powers, such as the United States, China, and Russia, while managing complex regional
dynamics with neighboring countries, particularly India and Afghanistan. Over time, Pakistan’s
foreign relations have undergone significant shifts—from initial alignment with the Western
bloc during the Cold War, to a more diversified approach that seeks strategic partnerships with
China, maintains ties with the U.S., and engages with Russia and the Middle East.

This introduction to Pakistan’s foreign policy highlights the fundamental principles that have
guided its external relations, focusing on key areas such as security concerns, economic
diplomacy, and its role in global organizations. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of
understanding the domestic and international factors that influence Pakistan’s foreign policy,
especially in light of recent global and regional developments.

---
Overview

Endorsing the universally admitted standards of

mutual relations among states — namely, honor for
each state’s jurisdiction and territorial unity, no
interference in states’ internal matters, no
aggression, and peaceful conflict resolution — is the
main purpose of the foreign policy of Pakistan.
Hence, Pakistan always intended to build affability
and friendly ties with other states.

The foreign policy of Pakistan is mainly dedicated to

maintaining stability and achieving peace through
international cooperation. To state the difficulties of
the 21st century and take advantage of the facilities
and opportunities provided by the process of
globalization, economic diplomacy has played a vital
role in it. Through the foreign policy, the main
motive is to present the modern form of nation, a
balanced society for Pakistanis. In terms of
international relations, the Foreign Policy of
Pakistan’s aim is to uplift the principles of no
aggression, no interference in state internal matters,
honor for every state’s jurisdiction and territorial
unity, and peaceful conflict resolution. As a result,
Pakistan always intended to build affability and
friendly ties with other states. in states’ internal
matters, no aggression, and peaceful conflict
resolution — is the main purpose of the foreign
policy of Pakistan.
PAKISTAN'S FOREIGN POLICY IN LIGHT OF
QUAID-E-AZAM'S WORDS
Quaid-e-Azam noted the following on August 15, 1947:

“Our objective should be peace within and peace without. We want to live peacefully and
maintain cordial and friendly relations with our immediate neighbors and with (the) world at
large. We have no aggressive designs against anyone. We stand by the United Nations Charter
and will gladly make our contribution to the peace and prosperity of the world.”

The father of the nation,Quaid-e-Azam defined Foreign Policy towards other

countries of the world in 1948,as follows:
" Our Foreign Policy is one of friendliness and good-will towards all the nations of
the world.We do not cherish aggressive designs against any country or nation.We
believe in the policy of honesty and fair play in national and international dealings
and are prepared to make our outmost contribution to the promotion of peace
and prosperity among the nations of the world.Pakistan will never be found
lacking in extending its material and moral support to the oppressed and
suppressed of the United Nations Charter."

BASIC GOALS OF PAKISTAN'S FOREIGN POLICY

The goals of foreign policy might be summed up as follows in light of the founding fathers’
ideas, the constitution, and the spirits of the Pakistani people:

1. Pakistan’s progress to a dynamic, democratic, liberal, and moderate Islamic nation.

2. Forming mutually beneficial relationships with all countries, but especially with nations that
are powerful and close neighbors.
3. Maintaining national security and safeguarding strategic interests, especially those
concerning Kashmir.
4. Enhancing economic ties and commercial relations with the international community.
5. Protecting the interests of Pakistanis living abroad.
6. Safeguarding the most efficient use of national resources for both regional and global
cooperation.
GUIDING PRINCPLES OF PAKISTAN'S FPREIGN
POLICY
Following are the principles of Pakistan's Policy:
1.Protection of freedom and soveregnity
Pakistan values its independence and
sovereignty, ensuring no country can harm its
freedom. This principle is central to Pakistan's
foreign policy.

.
2.Cordial Relations with Muslim Countries
Pakistan seeks friendly relations with Muslim countries and advocates
for their rights, opposing Israel, India, and the former USSR in Palestine,
Kashmir, and Afghanistan.
3.Non Interference in Internal Affairs of Other
ountries
Pakistan aims for friendly relations with
neighboring countries, respecting sovereignty
and avoiding interference or force.
4.Implementation of U.N Charter
Pakistan's policy is to act upon UN Charter and to support all moves by
the UN to implwmwnt it.Pakistan has been the member of UN since the
year of its birth.
5.Promotion of World Peace
Pakistan promotes peace and has no aggressive
intentions. It believes international disputes should
be resolved through negotiations, not conflict.

6.NON-ALIGNMENT
Pakistan practices non-alignment, avoiding
major power blocs, and joined the Non-Aligned
Movement (NAM) in 1979, ending ties with
SEATO and CENTO.
7.Support for Self-Determination and
Condemnation of Racial discrimination
Pakistan strongly supports self-determination, especially for Kashmir,
and bases its foreign policy on Islamic ideology, cultural heritage, and
promoting peace and justice globally.

PRIMARY ASPECTS OF PAKISTAN’S MODERN

FOREIGN POLICY
The main factors influencing Pakistan’s contemporary foreign policy are
its ideological base, its geopolitical and geo-economics objectives, and
its efforts to increase its diplomatic sphere of influence.
Ideology
Pakistan's foreign policy now prioritizes national
security and economic interests over Islamic
ideology, adapting to global changes while still
recognizing its Muslim identity as a welfare state.

Geographically-Based Economic Goals

Economic diplomacy is important for Pakistan's foreign
policy. Dr. Moeed Yusuf said it will help improve relations
with the U.S. by focusing on economic ties instead of just
security issues.

INTERNAL FACTORS
FOREIGN POLICY OF AFFECTING
PAKISTAN
Pakistan’s
shaped by foreign
internal policy
issues islike
social,
factors political,
that and economic
influence its
diplomatic
strategies. relationships and

Government Structure
Pakistan’s foreign policy is shaped by its government
structure, including the Prime Minister, President,
Cabinet, and Parliament, influencing key decisions.
National Interests
Pakistan's
on its foreign
interests, policy focuses
including safety,
trade, and good ties with
neighbors.
Economic Factors
Pakistan’s foreign policy focuses on trade and
investment, relying on help from the IMF, China,
and the World Bank.
Political Aspects
Pakistan’s politics affect its foreign policy, with
instability causing changes and inconsistency in
decisions.
Leadership and Personality
Pakistan's foreign policy is shaped by its
leaders. Their beliefs influence decisions,
and leadership changes can shift policy
direction.

EXTERNAL
AFFECTING FACTORS
FOREIGN POLICY
OF PAKISTAN
The following are some important external variables
that affect Pakistan’s foreign policy:
Regional Security Dynamics:South Asia's regional
security dynamics heavily impact Pakistan’s foreign
policy. Border conflicts, security challenges, and
power struggles shape its relations with neighbors
like Afghanistan, Iran, and India.

International Organizations and Globalization:

Pakistan’s foreign policy is shaped by its role in
international groups like the United Nations (UN), the
Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), and the
Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). Being part of
these groups influences its decisions on issues like
Kashmir, fighting terrorism, and regional cooperation.
Economic Interests:Pakistan's foreign policy is shaped by
economic interests. It aims to build financial partnerships
and attract investments, especially from countries like
China and Saudi Arabia, to boost trade and development.

Background and development of foreign

policy of Pakistan
Pakistan's foreign policy has evolved through various phases,
shaped by its historical circumstances, geopolitical
environment, and strategic interests. Since its inception in 1947,
the country’s foreign policy has been driven by a mix of security
concerns, regional dynamics, ideological factors, and economic
necessities. These aspects have combined to determine
Pakistan’s alliances, partnerships, and diplomatic priorities over
the decades.

Immediate Post-Independence Years

(1947–1950s)
After gaining independence in 1947,
Pakistan faced challenges, especially over
Kashmir with India. Initially, Pakistan
wanted to stay neutral but later sought
outside help due to concerns about India's
power and the Kashmir issue. In the 1950s,
Pakistan formed ties with the U.S. for
security reasons, joining defense pacts
SEATO and CENTO. This brought military aid
but worsened relations with the Soviet
Union, China, and India.
Transition and Realignment (1960s–1970s)

In the 1960s, Pakistan changed its foreign policy after the U.S. stopped
sending arms following the 1965 war with India. Pakistan then built
closer ties with China. After losing East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) in
1971, Pakistan focused on stronger ties with China and Muslim
countries. Pakistan also helped improve U.S.-China relations, boosting
its global importance.

Pakistan’s Role During the Afghan Conflict

(1980s)
The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 changed Pakistan’s
foreign policy. Pakistan became an important ally for the U.S. in
fighting against the Soviets. Under General Zia-ul-Haq, Pakistan
helped the Afghan fighters by coordinating support from the
U.S., Saudi Arabia, and others. This conflict brought many
Afghan refugees to Pakistan and led to the rise of militant
groups, creating security challenges. It also strengthened
Pakistan's ties with Saudi Arabia.

Post-Cold War Era and the Challenges of

the 1990s
After the Cold War, Pakistan faced new
problems as the U.S. became the main
power in the world. In the 1990s, relations
with the U.S. worsened because of concerns
about Pakistan's nuclear weapons, leading
to U.S. sanctions. Pakistan also faced
economic troubles and political instability.
Relations with India remained tense,
highlighted by conflicts like the Kargil war in
1999. During this time, Pakistan supported
the Taliban in Afghanistan to gain influence.

Post-9/11 Period and the War on Terror

(2000s)
After the September 11, 2001 attacks,
Pakistan changed its foreign policy. Under
pressure from the U.S., President Pervez
Musharraf made Pakistan a key ally in the
War on Terror in Afghanistan. This
cooperation brought military and economic
aid but also complicated Pakistan's
situation. While helping the U.S. against al-
Qaeda and the Taliban, relations were often
tense. The U.S. accused Pakistan of
supporting some militants and not doing
enough against Taliban groups, leading to
public anger over U.S. drone strikes in
Pakistan.

Recent Foreign Policy Trends (2010s–Present)

In the last ten years, Pakistan has tried to
change its foreign policy to have more
independence and stability in the region. A
major focus is its strong partnership with China,
especially through the China-Pakistan Economic
Corridor (CPEC), which helps build roads and
energy projects. Pakistan also wants better
relations with Russia and Central Asian
countries. While ties with India are still tense,
Pakistan encourages talks to resolve issues.
Relations with the U.S. are complicated,
involving both cooperation and disagreements.
PTI government
objective foreign policy
The Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), led by
Imran Khan, took power in 2018, and its
foreign policy aimed to improve the
economy, promote peace in the region, and
manage relations with big countries. Here is
a simpler explanation of the main goals of
PTI’s foreign policy:
1. Economic Diplomacy (Focus
on Economy)
- Economic Recovery and Investment:
PTI's main focus was to fix Pakistan’s
struggling economy. The country was facing
problems like high debt, inflation, and trade
deficits. To solve this, PTI worked on
attracting investment from friendly
countries like China, Saudi Arabia, and the
UAE. The government wanted to make it
easier for businesses to operate and sought
loans to help stabilize the economy.
- China-Pakistan Economic Corridor
(CPEC): CPEC, a major project with China,
was a key part of PTI’s plans. The
government wanted to expand CPEC
beyond infrastructure and focus on areas
like industrial cooperation and technology
transfer.
- IMF and Global Financial Institutions-
PTI sought help from the International
Monetary Fund (IMF) to get a bailout
package for the economy. They worked with
international financial institutions like the
World Bank to stabilize Pakistan’s financial
position.
2:Regional Peace and Stability
 - Afghanistan Peace Process: PTI played
an important role in bringing peace to
Afghanistan. Imran Khan’s government
helped facilitate peace talks between the
United States and the Taliban, pushing for a
peaceful solution to the conflict.
- India-Pakistan Relations: Relations
with India were tense, especially after India
revoked Article 370, which gave special
status to Jammu & Kashmir. PTI condemned
India’s actions and raised the issue on global
platforms, asking for international support
for Kashmir.
- Relations with Iran and Gulf
States: .PTI sought friendly ties with Iran
and Saudi Arabia, enhancing cooperation on
trade and border security while balancing
relations with both.

3. Balanced Relations with

Global Powers
- US-Pakistan Relations: PTI aimed to
keep good relations with the United States,
despite differences. The government
worked with the US on security, trade, and
counter-terrorism but also criticized some
past US actions, such as drone strikes.
- China: Pakistan’s relationship with China
remained strong under PTI, especially with
projects like CPEC. The two countries also
cooperated in defense and trade.
- Russia: PTI aimed to improve relations
with Russia, seeking cooperation in areas
like defense and energy.
- European Union and the UK: PTI
worked to strengthen ties with the
European Union (EU) and the UK. Pakistan
benefited from a trade agreement with the
EU (GSP+), and PTI worked to enhance trade
with the UK after Brexit.
4. Islamic
Engagement Solidarity and OIC
- PTI engaged with the OIC, addressing
Islamophobia and the Kashmir conflict while
advocating for humanitarian aid to
persecuted Muslims like the Rohingya.

5. Counter-terrorism and
Security
- PTI continued Pakistan’s efforts to
combat terrorism and improve its image
globally. The government worked to comply
with international laws to stop money
laundering and terror financing, helping
Pakistan get off the Financial Action Task
Force (FATF) "grey list."
6. Environmental Diplomacy
PTI advanced environmental diplomacy
with the "Billion Tree Tsunami" project,
aiming to combat climate change and gain
international support for green initiatives.
7. Public Diplomacy and Soft
Power
- PTI worked to improve Pakistan’s global
image by promoting its culture, tourism,
and history. The government also reached
out to the Pakistani.
Vision of PTI under
government
Imran Khan
Under Imran Khan, PTI aimed for a
stable,
through economically
regional strong
peace, Pakistan
strong relations,
Islamic unity, and global advocacy.

Economic Diplomacy
Imran Khan's
Pakistan's government
foreign policy toshifted
prioritize
economic
investment growth, trade,
through and
projects like
CPEC,
China,while enhancing ties with
UAE. Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and the

Peaceful Regional Relations

PTI promoted
supporting regional
dialogue in peace,
Afghanistan
and advocating especially
determination, for Kashmir's self-
after India's
2019 actions.

BalancedForeignRelations
PTI
withaimed for balanced
the U.S. and China,relationships
while
strengthening
countries andonties
the with Muslim
EUsingle
to avoid over-
dependence any nation.
Islamic Solidarity
Imran Khan placed a strong emphasis
on unity among Muslim countries. He
used
of platforms
Islamic like
Cooperation the Organization
(OIC) to speak
out
and against
support issues like
for Muslim Islamophobia
causeswas for
around
Pakistan the world.
to Muslims PTI’s vision
play a leadership
supporting globally. role in
•Global
Power Advocacy and Soft
The PTI
enhance government
Pakistan's aimed
image to
as a while
peaceful,
promoting culturally rich
environmental country
initiatives
like the "Billion Tree Tsunami."
•Security
Counter-terrorism and
PTI focused
collaborating on combating
with terrorism,
international
groups
global like FATF
reputation to enhance Pakistan’s
and meet anti-
terrorism standards.

Strengthening
• Pakistani Diaspora the
Imran
as a Khan
key partsaw
of overseas
his foreign Pakistanis
policy
strategy.
influence PTI
andaimed to use their
financialglobal
support to
strengthen
presence, Pakistan’s
attract investment, and
increase remittances.

Foreign policy priorities

strategies of PTI and
From 2018 to 2022, the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) government under Prime
Minister Imran Khan focused on several key foreign policy priorities and strategies:

Strengthening Relations with China

The PTI government prioritized the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)
aiming for timely completion and expansion into industrial and social sectors,
viewing China as a strategic partner in economic and defense matters.

Shift to Geoeconomics
PTI emphasized a transition from a military-centric foreign policy to a
geoeconomic approach, focusing on enhancing trade and economic ties,
particularly with regional countries, to foster development and reduce
dependence on external aid.

Relations with Muslim-majority Countries

Imran Khan sought to strengthen ties with Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and Malaysia,
aiming to create a unified Islamic bloc to address issues like Islamophobia.
However, this approach sometimes strained relations with Saudi Arabia and the
UAE.

Engagement with the United States and Afghanistan

The PTI government played a crucial role in the Afghan peace process facilitating
talks between the Taliban and the U.S. Relations with the U.S. were cautious,
particularly after the U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan.

India and Kashmir

Relations with India deteriorated following India’s revocation of Jammu and
Kashmir’s special status in August 2019. Pakistan launched a diplomatic campaign
to highlight human rights violations but faced ongoing tensions despite calls for
dialogue.

Global Advocacy
The PTI government actively promoted awareness of Islamophobia on global
platforms, particularly at the UN while also exploring ties with Russia for defense
and energy cooperation.
Pakistan's relation with major power under PTI government
During the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) government under Prime Minister Imran Khan from
2018 to 2022, Pakistan's relations with major powers were characterized by a strategic
balancing act, focusing on economic ties, geopolitical concerns, and regional stability.
Pakistan-China Relations
During the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) government, which was in power from August 2018
until April 2022, relations between Pakistan and China remained strong and strategic. Some of
them are following.

Strengthening of CPEC
Under the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) government, the China-Pakistan
Economic Corridor (CPEC) was significantly strengthened through various
initiatives. Key developments included prioritizing infrastructure projects such as
the completion of roads, railways, and Gwadar Port to improve connectivity and
facilitate trade.
Infrastructure development
The government also focused on energy projects to tackle Pakistan's energy crisis,
initiating and continuing several power generation projects, including coal, solar,
and hydropower plants, to boost electricity supply.
Industrial zones
In promoting industrial zones, special economic zones (SEZs) were established
along CPEC routes, particularly in Rashakai and Dhabeji, to attract investment and
create jobs while supporting local industries.
Bilateral engagement
Bilateral engagement was a priority, with high-level meetings between Pakistani
and Chinese officials emphasizing transparency and efficiency in CPEC projects to
build investor confidence.
Social development
The government aimed to incorporate social development initiatives into CPEC,
focusing on health, education, and vocational training for local communities.
Security measures
Enhanced security measures were implemented to protect CPEC projects and
personnel in vulnerable regions.
Economic, military, strategic cooperation with China
under pti government

Under the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) government, Pakistan's cooperation with

China in economic, military, and strategic areas was significantly strengthened.
Key areas of collaboration included:

1. Economic Cooperation:
- CPEC: The PTI government continued to expand the China-Pakistan Economic
Corridor (CPEC), focusing on infrastructure, energy, and special economic zones
(SEZs). Projects aimed to boost Pakistan's connectivity, trade, and energy supply,
while fostering industrial development through SEZs like Rashakai.
- Bilateral Trade: Pakistan worked to reduce its trade deficit with China by
promoting exports and gaining greater access to Chinese markets, particularly in
agriculture and textiles.
- Financial Assistance: China provided Pakistan with financial assistance,
including loans, to stabilize its economy and improve foreign exchange reserves
during challenging times.

2. Military Cooperation:
- Defense Procurement: Pakistan continued to procure advanced military
equipment from China, including fighter jets, naval vessels, and missile systems,
which strengthened its defense capabilities.
- Joint Exercises: The two countries conducted regular military drills,
enhancing operational coordination, particularly in air and naval operations.
- Defense Technology: China supported Pakistan in defense technology transfer
and helped develop local defense industries, such as joint production of the JF-17
Thunder fighter jet.
3.Strategic cooperation
- Geopolitical Alignment:Pakistan and China maintained close political ties,
with China supporting Pakistan on key issues like Kashmir, and both nations
shared a common strategic interest in countering regional rivalries.
- Regional Security: Both countries collaborated on maintaining regional
security, particularly in Afghanistan, and worked on counterterrorism efforts to
ensure stability in the region, especially along the CPEC routes.
- Diplomatic Support: China consistently supported Pakistan in international
forums, including at the United Nations, on matters related to security and
territorial integrity.
Fense Technology: China supported Pakistan in defense technology transfer and
helped develop local defense industries, such as joint production of the JF-17
Thunder fighter jet.

Pakistan-US Relations
During PTI's government from 2018 to 2022, Pakistan-U.S. relations were cautious
yet cooperative, focusing on diplomacy, Afghanistan, and strengthening ties with
China and regional nations.
Evolution of US-Pakistan relations post 2018
. Under Prime Minister Imran Khan, the PTI government shifted
Pakistan's focus from security to diplomacy, influenced by the U.S.
withdrawal from Afghanistan and closer ties with China.

1.Supporting the U.S. Withdrawal from Afghanistan:

Pakistan helped in talks between the U.S. and the Taliban, leading to a
peace agreement in 2020. When the U.S. left Afghanistan in 2021, and
the Taliban took control, new challenges came up, especially with
terrorism and security in the region.

2. From Security to Diplomacy:

Imran Khan’s government wanted to shift the relationship with the
U.S. from focusing mostly on security to working together on diplomacy
and the economy. Pakistan aimed for regional peace and economic
growth.

3. Counterterrorism and FATF Pressure:

The U.S. kept pushing Pakistan to do more in fighting terrorism.
Pakistan was also on the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) grey list,
which required stronger controls on terrorist funding.
4. Economic Relations:
Economic ties between the U.S. and Pakistan were limited. The U.S.
gave aid for areas like education and health, while Pakistan worked on
economic reforms and sought support from international financial
institutions.

5. Geopolitical Changes:
Pakistan’s closer relationship with China, especially through the China-
Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), caused tension with the U.S., which
was also growing closer to India.

6. Public Opinion and Anti-Americanism:

Imran Khan often spoke about making Pakistan more independent
from the U.S. After he was removed from power in 2022, his claims of a
U.S.-backed conspiracy increased anti-American feelings among his
supporters.

PTI’s Role in Balancing Ties with the U.S., Including

Afghanistan:

Under Prime Minister Imran Khan (2018–2022), the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) government worked to keep a
good relationship with the U.S. while dealing with important regional issues, especially the situation in Afghanistan.
PTI’s foreign policy aimed to maintain strong ties with the U.S., handle regional challenges, and protect Pakistan’s
interests after the U.S. left Afghanistan.

1. Facilitating U.S.-Taliban Peace Talks

Pakistan played an important role in the peace talks between the U.S. and the Taliban, which resulted in the 2020
Doha Agreement. By supporting these talks, PTI helped position Pakistan as a mediator, improving its diplomatic
relationship with the U.S. This role required balancing the needs of the U.S., the Afghan government, and the
Taliban.
2. Supporting the U.S. Withdrawal from Afghanistan:

The PTI government supported the U.S. decision to leave Afghanistan but was worried about possible instability in
the region. Pakistan wanted to stop violence from affecting its borders and provided help during the withdrawal
while warning about the potential rise in terrorism.

3. Balancing Relations with China and the U.S.:

PTI’s foreign policy aimed to balance the growing relationship with China, particularly through the China-Pakistan
Economic Corridor (CPEC), and its ties with the U.S. This balance was important for Pakistan’s security and
economic growth.

4. Managing Counterterrorism Concerns:

Facing pressure from the U.S. and the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), PTI worked to address concerns about
terrorism while also managing security problems within Pakistan.

5. Navigating U.S.-Pakistan Economic Ties:

Economic ties were not very strong, as Pakistan focused on getting support from international organizations like
the IMF while still engaging with the U.S. on trade and development issues.

Pakistan-Russia Relations
Under Imran Khan’s PTI government, Pakistan and Russia improved
their relationship by strengthening diplomatic, economic, and military
ties.

Growing diplomatic and diplomatic ties

During the PTI (Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf) government under Imran Khan (2018–
2022), Pakistan worked to build stronger diplomatic and military ties with Russia.
This was a change in Pakistan’s foreign policy, as it aimed to develop relationships
with more countries, not just relying on the West, especially the United States.
Key points about Pakistan-Russia ties under the PTI government:

1. Diplomatic Talks
- High-Level Meetings: The PTI government focused on increasing discussions
with Russia. There were several high-level visits and talks between officials from
both countries, including direct conversations between Imran Khan and Russian
President Vladimir Putin. These meetings covered important topics like trade,
energy, and regional security.
- Cooperation on Regional Issues: Pakistan and Russia worked together on
regional challenges, especially regarding Afghanistan. They aimed to help keep
peace in the region after the U.S. left Afghanistan, and they worked together in
different international meetings.

2. Military Cooperation
- Joint Military Exercises: Pakistan and Russia held several military exercises
together, like the annual "Druzhba" (Friendship) drills. These exercises helped
both armies improve their counter-terrorism skills and learn from each other.
- Defense Equipment: Pakistan showed interest in buying Russian military
equipment, such as helicopters and air defense systems, which reflected growing
defense relations between the two countries.

Energy and defense cooperation

During the PTI government under Imran Khan (2018–2022), Pakistan aimed
to build new international partnerships, especially with Russia, focusing on
energy and defense. This move was to reduce Pakistan's dependence on
Western countries, especially the United States.

Energy Cooperation.
The Pakistan Stream Gas Pipeline project aimed to improve energy supply,
with Russia providing technical support and discussing oil and gas
exploration.
Defense Cooperation
Pakistan and Russia enhanced defense ties through joint military exercises
 like "Druzhba" and discussed purchasing Russian military equipment,
showing interest in diversifying suppliers beyond the U.S. and China.

Pakistan-India Relations
During the PTI (Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf) government led by Imran Khan from
2018 to 2022, the relationship between Pakistan and India was complicated and
often tense. This situation was influenced by a long history of conflict, border
disputes, and important political events in both countries.

Pulwama Attack, Kashmir Issue, and Tensions Between India

and Pakistan Under PTI Government (2018–2022)

During the PTI government led by Imran Khan from 2018 to 2022, India-
Pakistan relations were greatly affected by important events like the
Pulwama attack, ongoing problems in Kashmir, and rising diplomatic
conflicts.

1. Pulwama Attack (February 2019)

On February 14, 2019, a suicide bomber killed 40 Indian soldiers in
Pulwama, Jammu and Kashmir. This attack was linked to a militant
group in Pakistan called Jaish-e-Mohammed. In response, India carried
out airstrikes on supposed militant camps in Balakot, Pakistan, on
February 26, which increased tensions. The next day, Pakistan shot
down an Indian fighter jet and captured its pilot, who was later
released. These events raised nationalist feelings in India and led to
more international attention on Pakistan’s support for militant groups.

2. Kashmir Issue
The conflict over Kashmir was a major issue. In August 2019, India
canceled the special status of Jammu and Kashmir by removing Article
370, which upset Pakistan. The PTI government reacted by lowering
diplomatic relations, stopping trade, and bringing up the Kashmir issue
in international meetings, asking for global help. Pakistani leaders
pointed out human rights concerns, while India insisted that Kashmir
was an internal matter.
3. Diplomatic Tensions
Relations between the two countries worsened, with both sides using
strong language against each other. Pakistan tried to gain international
support, while India aimed to isolate Pakistan diplomatically. There was
less communication between the two countries, with official talks
stopped and more violence along the Line of Control (LoC).

During the PTI government under Imran Khan from 2018 to

2022, the approach to managing peace and conflict between
India and Pakistan included both talks and a strong focus on
national safety.
PTI stance on peace and conflict management
During the PTI government under Imran Khan from 2018 to
2022, the approach to managing peace and conflict between
India and Pakistan included both talks and a strong focus on
national safety.
1. Talking About Peace
Imran Khan and PTI always said that talking was the best way to
solve problems between India and Pakistan, especially the
Kashmir issue. Khan believed that peaceful discussions were key
to long-lasting peace.

2. Importance of Kashmir
The PTI government saw the Kashmir issue as very important in
the conflict with India. After India changed the status of Jammu
and Kashmir in August 2019, PTI raised the issue internationally,
asking for help to protect human rights in the area.

3. Peace Efforts During Tensions

Even when tensions were high, like after the Pulwama attack,
Imran Khan took steps to promote peace. He released an Indian
pilot as a gesture of goodwill to help calm things down and
encourage talks.
 4. Focus on National Safety
While supporting peace, the PTI also stressed the need for
national security. After the Pulwama attack, Khan made it clear
that Pakistan would respond strongly to any threats, showing
the difficulty of managing conflict.

5. Economic Cooperation for Peace

Imran Khan also suggested that working together economically
could help create peace. He believed that better trade between
India and Pakistan could lead to benefits for both countries and
reduce hostility, although major economic cooperation was
limited due to ongoing issues.
Pakistan relation with the Middle east

Under the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) government, led by

Prime Minister Imran Khan from 2018 to 2022, Pakistan's
relations with the Middle East were marked by both challenges
and opportunities. The PTI focused on balancing economic,
political, and security interests with key states, particularly
Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Iran.
Relations with Saudi Arabia
Relations with Saudi Arabia were characterized by substantial
economic support, including a $6 billion assistance package in
2018 to stabilize Pakistan’s economy. However, tensions
emerged due to Pakistan’s neutrality in the Yemen conflict and
its independent stance on Kashmir, leading to diplomatic strains
with Saudi leadership.
Relations with UAE
With the UAE, Pakistan benefited from strong economic
cooperation, receiving a $3 billion loan in 2019. The PTI
government maintained cordial diplomatic ties, emphasizing
trade and investment while relying on Pakistani expatriates in
the UAE for significant remittances.
Relations with Iran
In its dealings with Iran, Pakistan sought to balance relations
amid the regional rivalry between Tehran and Riyadh. Efforts
included enhancing border security and trade while avoiding
alignment with either side in the Saudi-Iran conflict.

Balancing interests in Gulf region

During the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) government, led by

Prime Minister Imran Khan from 2018 to 2022, Pakistan
strategically balanced its interests in the Gulf region by
navigating complex relationships with key states, particularly
Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Iran.
Economic interests
Economic interests were central to this approach. The PTI
government heavily relied on financial support from Gulf
countries, securing a $6 billion assistance package from Saudi
Arabia in 2018 and a $3 billion loan from the UAE in 2019, both
vital for stabilizing Pakistan’s economy. Additionally, the
government aimed to enhance trade relations and attract
investments in sectors like construction and energy, while
benefiting from remittances sent by Pakistani expatriates.
Diplomatic maneuvering
Diplomatically, the PTI maintained a neutral stance in regional
conflicts, especially the Yemen war, to foster good relations with
both Saudi Arabia and Iran. Pakistan also sought to leverage its
position within the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) to
advocate for Muslim solidarity on issues such as Kashmir and
Palestine, although it faced challenges in gaining consistent
support from key Gulf players.
Security considerations
Security considerations included prioritizing counter-terrorism
cooperation and balancing relations between Iran and Saudi
Arabia. Furthermore, the PTI government emphasized cultural
and religious ties with Gulf countries, reinforcing Pakistan’s
identity as an Islamic nation through educational and cultural
exchanges to strengthen shared values.
Pakistan relations with European Union
The relationship between Pakistan and the European Union
(EU) changed a lot during the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI)
government from 2018 to 2022. The PTI wanted to improve ties
by boosting trade and keeping GSP Plus status while also
focusing on security in the region. However, there were
challenges, such as concerns about human rights and
governance, which affected their relations in a wider context.
Trade, Investment, and Diplomatic Engagements
From 2018 to 2022, the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI)
government prioritized strengthening its relationship with the
European Union (EU) through trade, investment, and diplomatic
efforts.
Trade Relations
The PTI aimed to enhance trade with the EU, a key trading
partner. The Generalized Scheme of Preferences (GSP) Plus
status allowed Pakistani goods, especially textiles, to enter the
EU market with reduced tariffs. The government organized
trade missions and initiatives to increase exports and diversify
products.

Investment Opportunities
The PTI actively sought European investment in energy,
infrastructure, and technology. To attract investors, the
government introduced reforms and incentives to create a
favorable investment climate, focusing on renewable energy
projects and public-private partnerships as vital for economic
growth.

Diplomatic Engagements
Diplomatic ties with the EU strengthened through high-level
meetings and discussions on shared interests, including trade
and security. Pakistan’s role in regional stability, especially
regarding Afghanistan, was crucial, with the EU looking for
Pakistan's support in peace efforts.
Challenges and Criticisms
Despite these initiatives, challenges remained. The EU raised
concerns about human rights and governance in Pakistan,
which occasionally strained relations. The PTI government faced
pressure to address these issues while striving to maintain
strong ties with the EU.
Pakistan's role in regional and global organizations
Under the PTI government (2018-2022), Pakistan focused
on strengthening its role in regional and global organizations.
The government aimed to boost trade, fight terrorism, and
promote peace, especially with Afghanistan and India. It also
highlighted issues like Kashmir and climate change in global
forums like the UN and WTO.

Participation in United Nations and OIC

During the PTI government (2018-2022), Pakistan actively
participated in both the United Nations (UN) and the
Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), focusing on issues at
home and abroad.
United Nations
At the UN, Pakistan worked to raise awareness about the
Kashmir issue, supporting the right to self-determination for
Kashmiris. The PTI government also focused on peacekeeping,
climate change, and sustainable development. Pakistani troops
continued to serve in UN peacekeeping missions, and the
government supported international efforts to address climate
change, highlighting Pakistan’s vulnerability to it.
Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC):
In the OIC, Pakistan took a leadership role in addressing issues
in the Muslim world, especially the struggles of Muslims in
Kashmir and Palestine. The PTI government worked to unite OIC
member states and advocated against Islamophobia. Pakistan
actively participated in OIC meetings and summits, calling for
collective action to address political and humanitarian crises
affecting Muslim communities globally.
Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and the South Asian
Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
Pakistan also took part in regional groups like the Shanghai
Cooperation Organization (SCO) and the South Asian
Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), focusing on
security and trade, especially regarding peace in Afghanistan
and better trade with neighboring countries.
Foreign policy challenges and critics :
The PTI government, led by Imran Khan since August 2018,
dealt with major foreign policy problems due to global tensions
and economic issues. Important issues included relationships
with India and Afghanistan, as well as interactions with other
countries.

1. Political Instability: Frequent leadership changes and power

struggles affected consistent foreign policy decisions.
2. Economic Challenges: Economic instability, including inflation,
debt, and reliance on institutions like the IMF, limited foreign policy
ambitions.
3. Civil-Military Relations: Military dominance often shaped
foreign policy, sometimes overriding civilian decisionsdecisions.
4. Public Opinion and Nationalism: Nationalist sentiments and
anti-Western attitudes restricted engagement with certain countries,
especially the U.S.
5. Institutional Constraints: Inefficiencies in the Foreign Office led to
fragmented and inconsistent foreign policy implementation.
6. Regional Tensions: Conflicts with India and Afghanistan limited
diplomatic flexibility and promoted a defensive foreign policy stance.
7. Religious and Ideological Influences: Islamic ideology
constrained diplomatic relations, particularly with Western countries.
8. Social Issues: Internal security concerns, such as terrorism and
extremism, reduced focus on foreign engagements.
9. Media Influence: Media pressure influenced foreign policy to align
with public sentiment, sometimes against strategic interests.
10. Human Rights Concerns: Human rights issues impacted
Pakistan's relations with countries prioritizing these matters in
diplomacy.
Criticism of PTI's foreign policy approach:
1. Inconsistent Relations with Major Powers: PTI's inconsistent handling of
relations with global players, especially the U.S. and China, created diplomatic
uncertainty.
2. Handling of Regional Tensions: PTI’s weak response to tensions with India
and Afghanistan allowed adversaries to dominate regional narratives.
3. Overreliance on China: Heavy dependence on China through CPEC limited
engagement with other global powers and affected Pakistan’s diplomatic
flexibility.
4. Economic Diplomacy Shortcomings: PTI failed to attract significant
foreign investment and remained overly reliant on the IMF, reflecting economic
vulnerabilities.
5. Weak Public Diplomacy: Poor messaging on key issues like human rights
and regional conflicts weakened Pakistan’s global image.
6. Civil-Military Imbalance: The military's dominance in foreign policy
overshadowed civilian efforts, restricting the PTI government's diplomatic
initiatives.
Impact of PTI's foreign policy

The foreign policy of the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) government, led

by Prime Minister Imran Khan, created a mix of results for Pakistan's
international reputation and local issues. While the government tried to
improve relationships and focus on economic partnerships, there were
several important outcomes that had a big impact.
Economic Outcomes
1. Focus on Economic Diplomacy: The PTI government aimed to attract
foreign investment and enhance trade, notably with China through
CPEC.
2. Reliance on International Financial Institutions: Continued
dependence on IMF loans highlighted economic vulnerabilities and
limited reform capacity.
3. Trade Relationships: Struggles to secure foreign investment
beyond China restricted economic growth and resilience.
Security Outcomes
1. Regional Stability Concerns: Challenges with India and
Afghanistan, particularly regarding Kashmir and the Taliban, raised
security concerns.
2. Internal Security Challenges: Ongoing issues like terrorism were
prioritized less than foreign relations, impacting stability.
3. Civil-Military Dynamics: Military influence limited the government’s
ability to integrate diplomatic and security strategies.
Diplomatic Outcomes
1. Relations with Major Powers: Mixed results with major powers;
strengthened ties with China but strained relations with the U.S. over
key issues.
2. Public Diplomacy Issues: Inconsistent messaging hurt Pakistan’s
international image and engagement.
3. Engagement with Regional Countries: Criticism of the handling
of relations with neighbors, particularly India, limited effective dialogue
and cooperation.
Long term implications for Pakistan foreign relations
Here’s a simplified version of the content for your thesis:

---

To explore the long-term effects of Pakistan's foreign relations

during the PTI (Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf) government, here are
some key areas to focus on. You can look at how the
government influenced Pakistan’s diplomacy, international
partnerships, and global position.

### 1. Pakistan-US Relations

**Changes in Partnership:** Under Imran Khan, relations with

the U.S. have been unstable. At first, Pakistan was distanced
because of its close ties with China and concerns about
extremism. However, Imran Khan’s role in the U.S.-Taliban
peace talks helped improve relations. You can explore how
these changes might affect U.S. aid, military cooperation, and
future alliances.

**Impact on Counterterrorism:** Since Pakistan has worked

with the U.S. on counterterrorism, look at how PTI’s policies on
Afghanistan, the Taliban, and the U.S. could influence future
cooperation on security and intelligence sharing.

### 2. China-Pakistan Relations

**Economic Dependence via CPEC:** The China-Pakistan

Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a key part of PTI’s foreign policy. PTI
worked on deepening economic ties with China. You can
examine if this dependence limits Pakistan’s flexibility in foreign
policy and what that means for long-term relations with China.

**Balancing Relations:** The close relationship with China may

affect Pakistan’s ties with the U.S. and other Western countries.
You could evaluate how this relationship might shape Pakistan’s
foreign policy in the future.

### 3. Pakistan-India Relations

**Increased Tensions Over Kashmir:** During PTI’s rule,

tensions with India worsened, especially over the Kashmir
conflict. PTI took a firm stance against India’s actions. You can
discuss the long-term effects of this on peace, security, and the
risk of conflict between the two nuclear-armed countries.

**Diplomatic Challenges or Regional Cooperation:** You could

explore whether PTI’s diplomatic approach may lead to
Pakistan’s isolation in South Asia or if it could foster cooperation
through regional organizations like SAARC or SCO.

### 4. Middle East Relations

Balancing Saudi Arabia and Iran: PTI’s government tried to

maintain a neutral stance between Saudi Arabia and Iran, both
important regional powers. You can examine how this balancing
act could affect Pakistan’s role in the region in terms of security,
trade, and alliances.

Role in the OIC:PTI’s involvement in the Organization of

Islamic Cooperation (OIC), particularly on issues like Kashmir
and Islamophobia, could affect Pakistan’s future leadership role
within the Muslim world.

5. Pakistan’s Role in Afghanistan

Post-Taliban Relations: PTI played a key role in the peace
talks between the U.S. and the Taliban, which led to the U.S.
withdrawal from Afghanistan. You can analyze the long-term
impact of this on Pakistan’s involvement in Afghan politics,
border security, and refugee issues.

Regional Security and Influence: Afghanistan has been a

central focus for PTI’s foreign policy. You could explore how this
affects Pakistan’s influence in Central Asia and relations with its
neighbors.

6. Economic Diplomacy and Trade

Focus on Economic Diplomacy: PTI emphasized trade,
investment, and remittances as part of its foreign policy. You
can explore whether this economic approach will lead to long-
term partnerships, particularly with countries like China,
Malaysia, and Gulf states.
Multilateral Engagement: PTI’s involvement with institutions
like the IMF, World Bank, and WTO can shape Pakistan’s role in
global economic decisions and trade in the future.
7. Diplomatic Soft Power
Islamophobia and Global Image: Imran Khan took a strong
stance against Islamophobia, particularly in the West. You can
analyze how this has impacted Pakistan’s image abroad and its
relations with Western countries, especially in public diplomacy
and cultural exchange.
Conclusion
Summary of challenges and achievements
The PTI government, led by Imran Khan, wanted to improve
Pakistan's foreign relations by focusing on economic growth,
working with important countries like China and the U.S., and
solving regional problems. They aimed to make Pakistan's
economy stronger and build good relationships with
neighboring countries and the rest of the world.
I. Achievements of PTI’s Foreign Policy
1. Better Relations with China (CPEC)
Expanding CPEC Projects
The PTI government worked to improve the China-Pakistan
Economic Corridor (CPEC). While PTI had criticized CPEC in the
past, they changed their approach to focus on job creation,
farming, and development. As a result, China continued to
invest in Pakistan, helping with projects and providing financial
support.

2. Role in Afghan Peace Process

Helping US-Taliban Talks
Pakistan played an important role in bringing the Taliban and
the U.S. together for peace talks. This improved Pakistan’s
relations with the U.S., shifting from a previously tense
relationship to a more cooperative one.
Middle East diplomacy
Relations with Saudi Arabia and UAE
The PTI government secured financial help from Saudi Arabia
and the UAE, which helped Pakistan’s struggling economy.
However, there were later tensions because of Pakistan's
neutral stance on conflicts in the Middle East.

4. Global Climate Efforts

Environmental Recognition
Pakistan gained praise for its environmental projects like the
Billion Tree Tsunami. This made Pakistan recognized globally for
its positive actions in addressing climate change.
Challenges Faced by PTI’s Foreign Policy
1. Tensions with India
Kashmir and Military Conflicts
The situation in Kashmir worsened when India removed its
special status in 2019. Despite efforts from Pakistan to address
the issue internationally, tensions continued to rise, especially
after military incidents like the Pulwama attack.
2. Economic Challenges
Dependence on International Loans
Pakistan had to rely on loans from the IMF and other
institutions to keep its economy stable. This made it harder for
the PTI government to have an independent foreign policy
because the country was focused on managing its financial
problems.

3. Diplomatic Issues in the Middle East

Kuala Lumpur Summit Dispute
Pakistan decided not to attend a key summit in Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia, due to pressure from Saudi Arabia. This strained its
relations with Malaysia and Turkey and showed how difficult it
was for Pakistan to balance relationships with Middle Eastern
countries.

4. Difficult Relations with the U.S.

After U.S. Left Afghanistan
While Pakistan helped with the peace process in Afghanistan,
there were still issues with the U.S., especially related to
terrorism and Pakistan's placement on a global financial
watchlist.
The PTI government achieved success in building relations with
China and playing a key role in the Afghan peace process.
However, it faced big challenges, especially with India, the
economy, and diplomatic tensions in the Middle East. These
challenges highlighted the difficulties of managing Pakistan's
foreign relations during PTI’s time in power.
PTI's foreign policy doctrine
Imran Khan presented his vision for Pakistan's foreign policy
during the election campaign, emphasizing economic
diplomacy, peace, and a fair approach to international affairs.
He declared his commitment to settling long-standing disputes,
promoting economic collaboration, and pursuing an
autonomous foreign policy that protected Pakistan's interests as
a nation. People who were ready for change and a break from
conventional thinking found resonance with this concept.
Imran Khan aimed to address these issues by focusing on
workable solutions in his foreignpolicy platform during the
election campaign. He offered a glimpse into a vision that
sought to redefine Pakistan's place on the international scene
by emphasizing peace, dialogue, and economic cooperation
sharp contrast toconventionalmethods. For a populace ready to
break with previous traditions, the dedication to an
autonomous foreign policy free from excessive external
influence struck a chord .This vision had several challenges on
the way to realization. Strategic maneuvering was required to
achieve sustainable development due to economic limits that
were made worse by both domestic issues and the global
economic slump for the ongoing terrorism and its effects on
Pakistan's security environment highlighted the challenges of
striking a balance between national interests and regional
stability. Imran Khan highlighted this strategy as a crucial facet
of his foreign policy. In addition to promoting trade and
economic relations with other nations, the administration
aimed to draw in international investment. The relationship
between the United States and Pakistan
has been complicated, involving a number of important issues
including collaboration in the fight against terrorism, regional
stability, and the peace process in Afghanistan. With
sporadicrifts,ImranKhan'sadministration attempted to improve
relations with the United States. Pakistan's position in the peace
proces inAfghanistan remained vital. In addition to trying to
facilitate communication between the Afghan government and
the Taliban, Imran Khan's administration backed an Afghan-led
and Afghan-owned peace process (Akram, China continues to
be a key component of Pakistan's foreign policy. A key area of
collaboration between the two nations was the China-Pakistan
Economic Corridor (CPEC), a significant infrastructural
undertaking. Problem of Kashmir: Pakistan's foreign policy
continues to be heavily influenced by the long-standing
problem of Kashmir. Imran Khan pushed for international
assistance in resolving the Kashmir dispute while standing out
for the rights of the Kashmiri people. Pakistan has maintained
its longstanding and robust diplomatic relations with Saudi
Arabia and other Middle Eastern nations. Economic
collaboration and diplomatic relations.