Important list of Formula

Real Number
➢ HCF (a,b) =1 , Then a and b are co-primes.
➢ Product of primes Theorem of Arithmetic, Composite Number = Product of Primes

➢ HCF and LCM by prime factorization method:

HCF = Product of the smallest power of each common factor in the numbers
LCM = Product of the greatest power of each prime factor involved in the number

➢ Important Formula HCF (a,b) × LCM (a,b) =a× b

Quadratic Polynomial
Quadratic Polynomial is given by 𝑷(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄, 𝒂 ≠ 𝟎
If α and β are the roots of a quadratic polynomial 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄, then,

𝒃
➢ Sum of Zeros = 𝜶 + 𝜷 = −
𝒂
𝒄
➢ Product of Zeros = 𝜶𝜷 =
𝒂

➢ (α + β)3 = α3 + β3 + 3αβ(α + β)

➢ (α + β)2 = α2 + β2+ 2αβ

➢ (α - β)2 = (α + β)2 -4αβ

➢ Quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are 𝛼, 𝛽 is given by

𝑷(𝒙) = 𝐤(𝒙𝟐 − (𝜶 + 𝜷)𝒙 + 𝜶𝜷), k≠0
➢ For Quadratic equation Replace P(x)=0
i.e. Quadratic Equation is given by 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎
➢ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒂𝒄 = (𝒙 + 𝒂)(𝒙 + 𝒃)

➢ Sridharacharya Formula:

−𝒃±√𝒃𝟐 −𝟒𝒂𝒄 −𝒃±√𝑫

𝒙= or 𝒙 = where 𝑫 = 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄
𝟐𝒂 𝟐𝒂
Nature of Roots
D is perfect
𝑫>𝟎 square number Root are rational and distinct.
D is not perfect
square number Roots are irrational and distinct.
𝑫=𝟎 Roots are real and equal.
𝑫<𝟎 No real roots exists.
 Linear Equations in Two Variables
General equation of linear equations in two variables.

𝒂𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒃𝟏 𝒚 + 𝒄𝟏 = 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒚 + 𝒄𝟐 = 𝟎
Types of Solution Conditions Graphical Representation

Unique Solution 𝑎1 𝑏1 Y
(Consistent and ≠
𝑎2 𝑏2
Independent)

Infinite Number of 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 Y
Solutions (Consistent = =
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
and Dependent)

No Solution 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 Y
(Inconsistent and = ≠
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
Independent)

Linear Equations are solved by two methods.

❖ Substitution Method (Solve one of the equations for either x or y and put it in other equation.)
❖ Elimination Method (Coefficient of any one variable are made same to eliminate.)
❖ Cross Multiplication Method
 CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY
1 The abscissa and ordinate of a given point are the distances of the point from 𝒚-axis and 𝒙-
axis respectively.
2 The coordinates of any point on 𝒙-axis are of the form (𝒙, 𝟎).
3 The coordinates of any point on 𝒚-axis are of the form (𝟎, 𝒚).
4 The distance between points 𝑷(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) and 𝑸(𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ) is given by 𝑷𝑸 = √(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐
5 Distance of a point 𝑷(𝒙, 𝒚) from the origin 𝑶(𝟎, 𝟎) is given by 𝑶𝑷 = √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 .
6 The distances of the point 𝑷(𝒙, 𝒚) from 𝑥 and 𝑦 axes are ∣ 𝒚| and ∣ 𝒙| respectively.
7 The coordinates of the point which divides the join of points 𝑷(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) and 𝑸(𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ) internally in
the ratio 𝒎: 𝒏 are
𝒎𝒙𝟐 + 𝒏𝒙𝟏 𝒎𝒚𝟐 + 𝒏𝒚𝟏
( , )
𝒎+𝒏 𝒎+𝒏

8 The coordinates of the mid-point of the line segment joining the points 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and 𝑄(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
𝒙𝟏 +𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟏 +𝒚𝟐
are ( , ).
𝟐 𝟐
9 Point 𝑷(𝒙, 𝒚) divides the line segment joining points 𝑨(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) and 𝑩(𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ) in the ratio
(𝒙𝟏 − 𝒙): (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 ) or (𝒚𝟏 − 𝒚): (𝒚 − 𝒚𝟐 ).
10 (i) The 𝒙-axis divides the line segment joining points 𝑨(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) and 𝑩(𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ) in the ratio
−𝒚𝟏 : 𝒚𝟐 .
(ii) The 𝑦-axis divides the line segment joining points 𝑨(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) and 𝑩(𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ) in the ratio
−𝒙𝟏 : 𝒙𝟐 .
11 If point 𝑷(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) lies on the line segment joining the points 𝑨(𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ) and 𝑩(𝒙𝟑 , 𝒚𝟑 ) i.e. points
𝒙 −𝒙 𝒚 −𝒚
𝑃, 𝐴, 𝐵 are collinear, then 𝟏 𝟐 = 𝟏 𝟐 .
𝒙𝟏 −𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟏 −𝒚𝟑

12 If 𝑫(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ), 𝑬(𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ), 𝑭(𝒙𝟑 , 𝒚𝟑 ) are the coordinates of the midpoints of sides 𝐵𝐶, 𝐶𝐴 and 𝐴𝐵
respectively of △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶. Then, the coordinates of its vertices are
𝑨(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚𝟑 − 𝒚𝟏 ), 𝑩(𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟑 + 𝒚𝟏 − 𝒚𝟐 ),

and 𝑪(𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟑 , 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟑 )

13. If 𝑨(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ), 𝑩(𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ), 𝑪(𝒙𝟑 , 𝒚𝟑 ) are three vertices in order of a parallelogram 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷, then the

coordinates of its fourth vertex 𝑫 are (𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒚𝟑 − 𝒚𝟐 ).

14. The coordinates of the centroid of triangle formed by the points 𝑨(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ), 𝑩(𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ), 𝑪(𝒙𝟑 , 𝒚𝟑 )

𝒙𝟏 +𝒙𝟐 +𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟏 +𝒚𝟐 +𝒚𝟑

are ( , ).
𝟑 𝟑

15. If 𝑨(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ), 𝑩(𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ), 𝑪(𝒙𝟑 , 𝒚𝟑 ) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑫(𝒙𝟒 , 𝒚𝟒 ) are vertices taken in order of a parallelogram

/rhombus/rectangle/square, then 𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟑 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟒 and 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒚𝟑 = 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚𝟒

 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
1 A sequence is an arrangement of numbers or objects in a definite order following some rule.
2 A sequence 𝒂𝟏 , 𝒂𝟐 , 𝒂𝟑 , … , 𝒂𝒏 , … is called an arithmetic progression, if there exists 𝑎 constant 𝑑 such
that 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒂𝟏 = 𝒅, 𝒂𝟑 − 𝒂𝟐 = 𝒅, 𝒂𝟒 − 𝒂𝟑 = 𝒅, … , 𝒂𝒏+𝟏 − 𝒂𝒏 = 𝒅 and so on.
The constant ' 𝒅 ' is called the common difference.
3 𝒂𝟏 , 𝒂𝟐 , 𝒂𝟑 , … , 𝒂𝒏 , ….. is an AP with common difference ' 𝑨 ' if and only if 𝒂𝒏 = 𝑨𝒏 + 𝑩.
4 The 𝒏th term 𝒂𝒏 of an A.P. with first term ' 𝒂 ' and common difference ' 𝒅 ' is given by
𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅

5 Let there be an A.P. with first term ' 𝒂 ' and common difference 𝒅. If there are 𝒎 terms in the A.P.
then
𝒏th term from the end = (𝒎 − 𝒏 + 𝟏)th term from the beginning = 𝒂 + (𝒎 − 𝒏)𝒅 or
𝒏th term from the end = 𝒍 − (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅, where 𝒍 denotes the last term
6 Various terms is an A.P. can be chosen in the following manner.
Number of terms Terms Common difference

3 𝒂 − 𝒅, 𝒂, 𝒂 + 𝒅 d
4 𝒂 − 𝟑𝒅, 𝒂 − 𝒅, 𝒂 + 𝒅, 𝒂 + 𝟑𝒅 2d
5 𝒂 − 𝟐𝒅, 𝒂 − 𝒅, 𝒂, 𝒂 + 𝒅, 𝒂 + 𝟐𝒅 d
6 𝒂 − 𝟓𝒅, 𝒂 − 𝟑𝒅, 𝒂 + 𝒅, 𝒂 + 𝟑𝒅, 𝒂 + 𝟓𝒅 2d

7. The sum to 𝑛 terms of an A.P. with first term ' 𝑎 ' and common difference ' 𝑑 ' is given by
𝒏 𝒏
𝑺𝒏 = 𝟐 {𝟐𝒂 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅} 𝐨𝐫 𝑺𝒏 = 𝟐 {𝒂 + 𝒍}, where 𝒍 = last term = 𝒂 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅

𝑺𝒏 𝑨𝒏+𝑩 𝒂𝒏 𝑨(𝟐𝒏−𝟏)+𝑩
8. = 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 =
𝑺′𝒏 𝑪𝒏+𝑫 𝒂′𝒏 𝑪(𝟐𝒏−𝟏)+𝑫

9. 𝑰𝒇 𝑺𝒏 = 𝑨𝒏𝟐 + 𝑩𝒏, where 𝑨≠0 then common difference is 𝟐𝑨 and first term, a= A+B.
10. If 𝒂𝟏 , 𝒂𝟐 , 𝒂𝟑 , 𝒂𝟒 , … , 𝒂𝒏 , … is an AP with common difference ' 𝒅 ', then 𝒂𝒑 − 𝒂𝒒 = (𝒑 − 𝒒)𝒅.
𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)
11. 𝟏 + 𝟐 + 𝟑 + ⋯ + 𝒏 =
𝟐
12. 𝟏 + 𝟑 + 𝟓 + ⋯ + (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏) = 𝒏𝟐
(𝒏+𝟏)
13. 𝟐 + 𝟒 + 𝟔 + ⋯ + 𝟐𝒏 = 𝟐(𝟏 + 𝟐 + 𝟑 + ⋯ + 𝒏) = 𝟐𝒏 𝟐
= 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏).

14. In a finite AP the sum of the terms equidistant from the beginning and the end is always same and is
equal to the sum of its first and the last term.
15. If 𝑺𝒏 denotes the sum of 𝑛 terms of an AP with common difference 𝑑, then 𝒂𝒏 = 𝑺𝒏 − 𝑺𝒏−𝟏 and 𝒅 =
𝑺𝟐 − 𝟐𝑺𝟏
16. If 𝒑 × 𝒂𝒑 = 𝒒 × 𝒂𝒒 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒂𝒑+𝒒 = 𝟎
17. If 𝒂𝒑 = 𝒂𝒒 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒂𝒑+𝒒 = 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒏 = 𝒑 + 𝒒 − 𝒏.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
18. If 𝒂𝒑 = 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒒 = 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒂𝒑𝒒 = 𝟏, 𝑺𝒑𝒒 = (𝒑𝒒 + 𝟏)
𝒒 𝒑 𝟐

19. If 𝑺𝒑 = 𝒒 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑺𝒒 = 𝒑 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑺𝒑+𝒒 = −(𝒑 + 𝒒)

20. If 𝑺𝒑 = 𝑺𝒒 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑺𝒑+𝒒 = 𝟎
 Similar Triangles
Triangle is the three-sided polygon. The condition for the similarity of triangles is;
i) Corresponding angles of both the triangles are equal, and
ii) Corresponding sides of both the triangles are in proportion to each other.

In the given figure, two triangles ΔABC and ΔXYZ are similar only if,
i) ∠A = ∠X, ∠B = ∠Y and ∠C = ∠Z
ii) AB/XY = BC/YZ = AC/XZ (Similar triangles proportions)
Hence, if the above-mentioned conditions are satisfied, then we can say that ΔABC ~ ΔXYZ
1. Properties
1. Both have the same shape but sizes may be different
2. Each pair of corresponding angles are equal
3. The ratio of corresponding sides is the same
2. Criteria for Similar of Triangles:
AA (or AAA) or Angle-Angle Similarity
If any two angles of a triangle are equal to any two angles of another triangle, then the two triangles
are similar to each other.
Thus, if ∠ A = ∠X and ∠C = ∠Z then ΔABC ~ΔXYZ.
SAS or Side-Angle-Side Similarity
If the two sides of a triangle are in the same proportion of the two sides of another triangle, and the
angle inscribed by the two sides in both the triangle are equal, then two triangles are said to be
similar.
Thus, if ∠A = ∠X and AB/XY = AC/XZ then ΔABC ~ΔXYZ.
SSS or Side-Side-Side Similarity
If all the three sides of a triangle are in proportion to the three sides of another triangle, then the two
triangles are similar.
Thus, if AB/XY = BC/YZ = AC/XZ then ΔABC ~ΔXYZ.

3. Thale’s Theorem: If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle

intersecting the other two sides in distinct points, then the other two
sides are divided in the same ratio.
𝑨𝑷 𝑨𝑸
According to the basic proportionality theorem: 𝑰𝒇 𝑷𝑸||𝑩𝑪 ⇒ 𝑷𝑩 = 𝑸𝑪
4. Converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem
According to this theorem, if a line divides any two sides of a triangle in the
𝑨𝑷 𝑨𝑸
same ratio, then the line is parallel to the third side. If 𝑷𝑩 = 𝑸𝑪 ⇒ 𝑷𝑸||𝑩𝑪
5. Angle Bisector Theorem:
The angle bisector of a triangle divides the opposite side into two parts
proportional to the other two sides of the triangle.
𝑷𝑸 𝑸𝑺
i.e. PS is angle bisector of ∠𝑸𝑷𝑹 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑷𝑹 = 𝑺𝑹
Bisector theorem
 Circle
1. Tangents to a circle is line that intersects the circle in exactly one point.
2. A tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact. X

𝑷𝑨 ⊥ 𝑶𝑨 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑷𝑩 ⊥ 𝑶𝑩 Q

3. When two tangents are drawn from an external point in given fig.1 then
• PA and PB subtend equal angles at the centre i.e. ∠𝑷𝑶𝑨 = ∠𝑷𝑶𝑩 Y

• PA and PB are equally inclined to the segment joining centre and

the external point i.e. ∠𝑨𝑷𝑶 = ∠𝑩𝑷𝑶
• 𝑷𝑨 = 𝑷𝑩 𝒂𝒏𝒅 ∆𝑨𝑶𝑷 ≅ ∆𝑩𝑶𝑷
• ∠𝑨𝑷𝑩 + ∠𝑨𝑶𝑩 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎°
𝟏
• 𝑷𝑨 = 𝑷𝑩 = 𝟐 (𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 ∆𝑷𝑿𝒀), where XY tangent at Q.

• ∠𝑨𝑷𝑩 = 𝟐∠𝑶𝑨𝑩 𝒐𝒓 ∠𝑨𝑷𝑶 = ∠𝑶𝑨𝑩

4. If the incircle of ∆ABC touches sides BC, CA and at D, E and F respectively in fig.2, then
𝟏
• 𝑨𝑭 + 𝑩𝑫 + 𝑪𝑬 = 𝑨𝑬 + 𝑩𝑭 + 𝑪𝑫 = (𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪)
𝟐
𝟏
• 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 (∆𝑨𝑩𝑪) = (𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇∆𝑨𝑩𝑪 ) × 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔
𝟐

5. If a circle touches all the four sides of quadrilateral ABCD, then

𝑨𝑩 + 𝑪𝑫 = 𝑩𝑪 + 𝑫𝑨
Alternate Segment Theorem
6. Angle in the alternate segments of the circle in fig.3 are equal.

7. PAB and PCD are two secants in fig.4 then 𝑷𝑨 × 𝑷𝑩 = 𝑷𝑪 × 𝑷𝑫

8. PAB is secant and PT is a tangent in fig.5 then 𝑷𝑻𝟐 = 𝑷𝑨 × 𝑷𝑩

9. Relation between two intersecting Chords Using similarity,

is given by 𝑨𝑬 × 𝑩𝑬 = 𝑪𝑬 × 𝑫𝑬
 Areas Related To Circles

1. For a circle of a radius r,

(i) Circumference = 𝟐𝝅𝒓 (ii) Area of circle = 𝝅𝒓𝟐

𝜽
2. Length of Arc = 𝟑𝟔𝟎 × 𝟐𝝅𝒓

𝜽
3. Area of sector = 𝟑𝟔𝟎 × 𝝅𝒓𝟐

4.

𝜽 𝟏
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝑴𝒊𝒏𝒐𝒓 𝑺𝒆𝒈𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 = × 𝝅𝒓𝟐 − × 𝒓𝟐 × 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝟐
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝑴𝒂𝒋𝒐𝒓 𝑺𝒆𝒈𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 = 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒍𝒆 − 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒆𝒈𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕

Note:

• Angle described by minute hand in one minute = 𝟔°

𝟏
• Angle described by hour hand in one minute = °
𝟐
 Trigonometry
1. Trigonometrical ratios
Perpendicular 𝒚 Y
• 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝜽 = = A
Hypotenuse 𝒓
P(x, y)
𝐁𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝒙
• 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝛉 = = r
𝐇𝐲𝐩𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝒓 y

Perpendicular 𝒚 
• 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 = = O
X
Base 𝒙 x M

Base 𝒙
• 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝜽 = =
Perpendicular 𝒚

Hypotenues 𝒓
• 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜽 = =
Base 𝒙

Hypotenues 𝒓
• cosec𝜽 = =𝒚
Perpendicular

2. Trigonometrical ratios for some special angles:

 0 30 45 60 90

sin 0 1/2 𝟏/√𝟐 √𝟑⁄𝟐 1

cos 1 √𝟑/𝟐 𝟏/√𝟐 1/2 0

tan 0 1/√𝟑 1 √𝟑 

3. Relation between trigonometric ratios (functions)

𝟏 𝟏
(i) 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽 = (ii) 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝜽 =
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽
𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
(iii) 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜽 = (iv) 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 = (v) 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝜽 =
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽

4. Fundamental trigonometric identities

• 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟏 or 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝜽 or 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟏 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽
• 𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝜽 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝜽 ⇒ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝜽 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟏
• 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝜽 = cosec𝟐 𝜽 ⇒ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟏
 Surface Areas And Volumes

Volume

𝒂𝟑

𝒍×𝒃×𝒉

𝟏
× 𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝒉
𝟑

𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝒉

𝟒 𝟑
𝝅𝒓
𝟑

𝟐 𝟑
𝝅𝒓
𝟑

Area of ∆ × H

𝟏
𝑨𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆) × 𝑯
𝟑

• Curved Surface Area of Frustum = 𝝅𝑳(𝒓 + 𝑹)

• Total Surface Area of Frustum = 𝝅𝑳(𝒓 + 𝑹) + 𝝅(𝒓𝟐 + 𝑹𝟐 )

𝝅
• Volume of Frustum = (𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝒓 + 𝒓𝟐 )H
𝟑
 Statistics

Class size (𝒉) = upper limit - lower limit

lower limit + upper limit

Class mark (𝒙𝒊 ) = .
𝟐

1. Mean:
∑ 𝒇𝒊 𝒙𝒊
• Direct method: 𝒙‾ = ; f-frequency
𝚺𝒇
𝚺𝒇 𝒅
• Assumed mean method: 𝒙 ‾ = 𝒂 + 𝒊 𝒊 ; 𝒅𝒊 = 𝒙𝒊 − 𝒂
𝚺𝒇𝒊
∑𝒇𝒖 𝒙𝒊 −𝒂
• ‾ =𝒂+ ∑ 𝒊 𝒊×𝒉
Step deviation method: 𝒙 ; 𝒖𝒊 =
𝒇𝒊 𝒉

Note:

• If the value of each observation of a statistical data is increased or decreased by k,

then the mean of the data is increased or decreased by k.
• If the value of each observation of a statistical data is multiplied or divided by k≠0,
then the mean of the data is multiplied or divided by k
𝒏
( 𝟐−𝒄𝒇)
2. Median = 𝒍 + ×𝒉
𝒇
𝑙 → lower limit
𝑛 → number of observations
𝑐𝑓 → Cumulative frequency of class preceding the median class
𝑓 → frequency of median class
ℎ → class size.

𝒇𝟏 −𝒇𝟎
3. Mode = 𝒍 + ( )×𝒉
𝟐𝒇𝟏 −𝒇𝟎 −𝒇𝟐

ℓ → lower limit
ℎ → class size
𝑓1 → frequency of modal class
𝑓0 → frequency of the class preceding the modal class
𝑓2 → frequency of the class succeeding the modal class

Empirical formulas: 3Median = 𝟐 Mean + Mode

 Probability
Classical definition of probability
If a random experiment results in n mutually exclusive, equally likely and exhaustive outcomes, out of
which m are favorable to the occurrence of an event A, then the probability of occurrence of A is
given by
𝒎 Number of outcomes favourable to 𝑨
𝑷(𝑨) = =
𝒏 Number of total outcomes
• If an event A is certain to happen, then m = n, thus P(A) = 1.
• If A is impossible to happen, then m = 0 and so P(A) = 0.
• ̅ ) = 𝟏 − 𝑷(𝑨) 𝒐𝒓 𝑷(𝑨) + 𝑷(𝑨
𝑷(𝑨 ̅) = 𝟏

• 0 ≤ P(A) ≤ 1.
• An outcome of a random experiment is called an elementary event.
Probability of an event can’t be negative.