Published by

Aga Khan University Examination Board

Block - C, IED - PDC, 1-5/B-VII
Federal B. Area, Karimabad, Karachi, Pakistan.

Latest revision: January 2025

(This syllabus has been periodically revised in 2012, 2017 and 2022)

© The Aga Khan University Examination Board, 2025

All rights and entitlements reserved.

This syllabus is developed by Aga Khan University Examination Board for distribution to
all its affiliated schools only. No part of this syllabus may be copied, reproduced or used for
any other purpose whatsoever without prior written permission of the
Aga Khan University Examination Board.
 Higher Secondary School Certificate
Examination Syllabus

PHYSICS
GRADES XI-XII

This syllabus will be examined in both

Annual and September Examination sessions from
Annual Examinations 2026 for Grade XI and Annual
Examinations 2027 for Grade XII
 Table of Contents Page No.

Preface 5

Understanding of AKU-EB Syllabi 7

Subject Rationale of AKU-EB Physics 8

Student Learning Outcomes of AKU-EB HSSC Physics Syllabus 10

Topic-Wise Practical Activities 48

Scheme of Assessment 52

Acknowledgements 55

For queries and feedback

Address: Aga Khan University Examination Board

Block - C, IED - PDC, 1-5/B-VII
Federal B. Area, Karimabad, Karachi, Pakistan.
Phone: (92-21) 3682-7011-8
E-mail: [email protected]
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Aga Khan University Examination Board Physics HSSC Syllabus 2025 4

Preface
Established in 2002 through the Pakistan government’s ordinance, the Aga Khan University
Examination Board (AKU-EB) is country’s first private autonomous qualification awarding
body Secondary School Certificate (SSC) and Higher Secondary School Certificate (HSSC).
Its vision is to be a model of excellence and innovation in education in Pakistan and the
developing world.

AKU-EB achieves its vision by developing examination syllabi which inculcate conceptual
thinking and higher order learning and is aligned with the National Curriculum and mapped
with provincial curricula and international standards. AKU-EB revises its syllabi periodically
to support the needs of students, teachers and society.

The aims of the syllabus review of SSC and HSSC are to:

 Ensure continued compatibility with the goals of the National Curriculum of Pakistan.

 Review the content for inclusion of new knowledge and deletion of obsolete knowledge.

 Review the content for clarity and relevance as per the changing needs of students,
teachers and society.

 Enhance and strengthen continuation and progression of content both within and across
grades IX - XII (SCC and HSSC).

 Ensure the readiness of students for higher education.

During the syllabus review, the needs of all the stakeholders were identified through a needs-
assessment survey. Students and teachers of AKU-EB affiliated schools from across Pakistan
participated in the survey. Thereafter, a revision panel, which consisted of examiners, teachers
of affiliated and non-affiliated schools, teacher trainers and university academicians, reviewed
and revised the syllabus following a planned, meticulous and standardised syllabi review
process.

The development of the revised syllabus has been made possible by the creativity and relentless
hard work of Curriculum and Examination Development unit and the constant support provided
by all the other units of AKU-EB. We are particularly thankful to
our Principal Syllabus Reviewers, Syllabus Revision Panellists and all other reviewers for their
contribution. We are also thankful to all the students and teachers who took part in the needs-
assessment survey and to the principals of AKU-EB affiliated schools who made this
endeavour possible by facilitating and encouraging their teachers and students to be a part of
the survey and the syllabus revision panel.

Aga Khan University Examination Board Physics HSSC Syllabus 2025 5

With your support and collective hard work, AKU-EB has been able to take the necessary steps
to ensure effective implementation of the National Curriculum of Pakistan through this
syllabus. We are confident that this syllabus will continue to provide the support that is needed
by students to progress to the next level of education and we wish the very best to our students
and teachers in implementing this syllabus.

Dr Naveed Yousuf
Chief Executive Officer (CEO), Aga Khan University Examination Board
Chair & Associate Professor of Practice, Educational Development, Faculty of Health
Science, Aga Khan University

Aga Khan University Examination Board Physics HSSC Syllabus 2025 6

Understanding of AKU-EB Syllabi
1. The AKU-EB syllabi guide the students, teachers, parents and other stakeholders
regarding the topics that will be taught and examined in each grade (IX, X, XI and XII).
In each syllabus document, the content progresses from simple to complex, thereby,
facilitating a gradual, conceptual learning of the content.

2. The topics of the syllabi are divided into sub-topics and student learning outcomes
(SLOs). The SLOs define the depth and the breadth at which each topic or subtopic will
be taught, learnt and examined. The syllabi also provide enabling SLOs where needed to
scaffold student learning.

3. Each SLO starts with an achievable and assessable command word such as describe,
relate, evaluate, etc. The purpose of the command words is to direct the attention of
teachers and students to specific tasks that the students are expected to undertake during
their studies.

4. The SLOs are classified under the following cognitive levels of Blooms Taxonomy:
Remember (R), Understand (U), Apply and beyond [Apply (A), Analyse (An), Evaluate
(E), Create (C)]. This is to facilitate effective planning for teaching, learning and
assessment. In addition, some SLOs are identified as Formative Assessments (FA), where
applicable.

5. Where applicable, Practical Activities section is provided to elaborate the assessment in

the Practical Examination.

6. The Examination Specification is provided which elucidates the weightage of each topic
in the examinations determined based on the content as well as the relevance of the topic.

7. To implement this syllabus, students and teachers can take support from additional
material provided by the board to its affiliated schools including Learning Resource
Guides, Pacing Guides and Model Papers.

8. The AKU-EB syllabi for Secondary School Certificate (SSC) and Higher Secondary
School Certificate (HSSC) are designed to foster not only conceptual understanding but
also critical thinking and problem-solving skills. These syllabi ensure students develop the
cognitive, affective and psychomotor skills essential for success at the university and
beyond.

Aga Khan University Examination Board Physics HSSC Syllabus 2025 7

Subject Rationale of AKU-EB Physics
Why study Physics?

Physics is a fundamental science that explores the nature of matter, energy, and the universe.
It provides answers to basic questions about how the world works. By studying physics at the
SSC level, you will:

1. Understand Natural Phenomena: Learn how everyday occurrences, such as the

motion of objects, electricity, magnetism, heat, and light, occur according to specific
physical laws.

2. Develop Critical Thinking Skills: Physics encourages logical thinking and problem-
solving. You will learn to analyse situations, identify solutions, and make decisions
based on evidence.

3. Lay the Foundation for Future Studies: Physics is essential for students who want
to pursue careers in engineering, medicine, environmental sciences, or technology. It
provides a strong base for further studies in various scientific discipline.

4. Improve Practical Skills: Through experiments and activities, physics helps you
develop observation, experimentation, and measurement skills, which are valuable in
everyday life.

5. Contribute to Technological Advancements: Physics is the backbone of many

technological innovations that we use every day, from smartphones to energy-
efficient devices. Understanding physics enables you to contribute to and appreciate
these advancements.

Physics is not just a subject but a way of understanding the world and solving real-world
problems. Whether exploring the cosmos or understanding the smallest particles, physics will
inspire curiosity and equip you with tools to make sense of the world.

What will you learn in AKU-EB Physics?

Physics is a fundamental branch of experimental sciences as it studies everything from the very
smallest particles of matter, such as quarks and leptons, to the vast distances between millions
and billions of galaxies and the Milky Ways. Through a systematic study of the smallest and
the largest phenomena, and everything in between, physics uncovers what is currently known
about regarding matter and energy, while also opening doors for explore the yet unknown
realms.
As Physics is based on both theoretical and as well as a practical approaches, therefore, learners
in this subject have the opportunity to design, construct, investigate, collect and interpret
meaningful data, analyse their findings and communicate results. These investigations can take
place both inside and outside the laboratory.
Physics combines content, methodology and cognitive skill which enhances the learner’s
abilities to think conceptually and critically, and to solve real-life problems.

Aga Khan University Examination Board Physics HSSC Syllabus 2025 8

Where will it take you?

After studying AKU-EB Physics, students will be able to pursue the following career fields:
• Electronic Engineering
• Civil Engineering
• Electrical Engineering
• Petroleum Engineering
• Renewable Energy
• Medical Physics
• Geophysics
• Astrophysics
• Mechanical Engineering
• Software Engineering
• Automobile Engineering
• Textile Engineering

And many other related fields.

How to approach the syllabus?

The AKU-EB syllabi is carefully designed with a reader-friendly approach to ensure that
students and teachers can easily comprehend it, making it functional for teaching, learning and
assessment purposes. The syllabus includes following parts:

Subject Rationale It is an introductory document for students.

Student Learning These guides students about what must be achieved
Outcomes (SLOs)
Exam It guides regarding what is expected in the examination.
Specification
Practical These includes laboratory activities to be performed during an academic
Activities year.

Additional Resources:
Pacing Guide It ensures smooth transition and curricular continuity of a school’s
academic year. It also predicts the time and pace of syllabus
implementation.
Resource Guide It includes teaching and learning resources for students and teachers.
Model Paper It guides regarding exam pattern, types of questions and marking scheme.

Command Word It clarifies expectations regarding the cognitive levels and skills that
Guide should be acquired by the students and which are assessed in its
examinations.

Aga Khan University Examination Board Physics HSSC Syllabus 2025 9

Student Learning Outcomes of AKU-EB HSSC Physics Syllabus
Part I (Grade XI)
Cognitive level1
Topics and Sub-Topics Student Learning Outcomes A and
R U
beyond
Physical Quantities and
1. Students should be able to:
Measurement
1.1 Physical Quantities 1.1.1 discuss that all physical quantities consist of a numerical E
magnitude and a unit;
1.1.2 determine appropriate values of physical quantities; A
1.1.3 identify the SI base quantities and their units; *
1.1.4 discuss derived units as products or quotients of the SI base E
units;
1.1.5 use SI base units to check the homogeneity of physical A
equations;
1.2 Dimensions 1.2.1 describe the concept of dimensions; *
1.2.2 discuss various physical quantities in terms of their E
dimensions;
1.2.3 show the homogeneity of physical equations by using A
dimensions;
1.2.4 derive the formula for physical quantities by using dimensions; A
1.3 Precision and Accuracy 1.3.1 differentiate between precision and accuracy; *
1.3.2 analyse the accuracy and precision of data collected using An
different measuring instruments;

1
R = Remember, U = Understand, A = Apply and beyond [Apply (A), Analyse (An), Evaluate (E), Create (C)]

Aga Khan University Examination Board Physics HSSC Syllabus 2025 10

 Cognitive level
Topics and Sub-Topics Student Learning Outcomes A and
R U
beyond
1.1.4 Significant Figures and Uncertainty 1.4.1 solve word problems related to uncertainty in derived A
quantity with correct number of significant figures;
1.4.2 justify that all measurements contain uncertainty. E

Aga Khan University Examination Board Physics HSSC Syllabus 2025 11

 Cognitive level
Topics and Sub-Topics Student Learning Outcomes A and
R U
beyond
2. Scalars and Vectors Students should be able to:
2.1 Introduction to Vectors 2.1.1 differentiate between scalar and vector quantities; *
2.2 Addition of Vectors by 2.2.1 analyse a vector into its rectangular components; An
Rectangular Component 2.2.2 explain the sum of vectors using perpendicular components; *
Method 2.2.3 calculate the resultant of two vectors by rectangular component A
method;
2.3 Scalar Product of Two Vectors 2.3.1 define scalar product of two vectors; *
2.3.2 exemplify scalar product of two vectors in terms of angle *
between them;
2.3.3 describe properties of scalar product of two vectors; *
2.4 Vector Product of Two Vectors 2.4.1 define vector product of two vectors; *
2.4.2 exemplify vector product of two vectors in terms of angle *
between them;
2.4.3 describe properties of vector product of two vectors. *

Aga Khan University Examination Board Physics HSSC Syllabus 2025 12

 Cognitive level
Topics and Sub-Topics Student Learning Outcomes A and
R U
beyond
3. Motion in One Dimension Students should be able to:
3.1 Equations of Motion 3.1.1 derive equations of motion for a body moving with a uniform A
acceleration in a straight line;
3.1.2 solve word problems related to uniformly accelerated motion A
including free fall using appropriate equations;
3.2 Law of Conservation of 3.2.1 describe law of conservation of linear momentum; *
Momentum 3.2.2 exemplify the law of conservation of momentum in: *
a. karate chops to break a pile of bricks,
b. car crashes,
c. ball and bat,
d. motion under thrust of a rocket in a straight line;
3.2.3 define elastic and inelastic collision; *
3.2.4 apply law of conservation of momentum to study the special A
cases of elastic collision between two bodies in one dimension;
3.2.5 apply law of conservation of momentum in one and two A
dimensions in solving word problems;
3.3 Work 3.3.1 describe work as the dot product of force and displacement; *
3.3.2 deduce the work done from the force displacement graphs; E
3.4 Conservative and Non- 3.4.1 differentiate between conservative and non-conservative field; *
Conservative Fields
3.5 Work-Energy Theorem 3.5.1 deduce the work-energy theorem in non-resistive and resistive E
medium;
3.5.2 solve word problems related to the work-energy theorem. A

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 Cognitive level
Topics and Sub-Topics Student Learning Outcomes A and
R U
beyond
4. Motion in Two Dimensions Students should be able to:
4.1 Projectile 4.1.1 explain projectile motion; *
4.1.2 derive the relation for: A
a. time of flight,
b. maximum height,
c. horizontal range of a projectile,
d. maximum horizontal range of a projectile;
4.1.3 solve word problems related to the given relations A
(a, b, c and d);
4.1.4 predict qualitatively the effect of air resistance on the motion of E
a projectile;
4.2 Angular Motion 4.2.1 describe angular displacement, angular velocity and angular *
acceleration;
4.2.2 derive the relationship between linear and angular A
displacement, velocity and acceleration;
4.2.3 solve word problems related to the rotational motion; A
4.3 Centripetal Force and 4.3.1 define centripetal force and centripetal acceleration; *
Centripetal Acceleration 4.3.2 derive centripetal acceleration when speed is uniform; A
4.3.3 justify that a centrifuge is used to separate materials using E
centripetal force;
4.3.4 explain that the objects in orbiting satellites appear to be *
weightless;
4.3.5 describe that artificial gravity is created to counter *
weightlessness;

Aga Khan University Examination Board Physics HSSC Syllabus 2025 14

 Cognitive level
Topics and Sub-Topics Student Learning Outcomes A and
R U
beyond
4.4 Moment of Inertia 4.4.1 explain moment of inertia and its SI unit with dimension; *
4.4.2 compare the moment of inertia in rod, ring, disc and sphere; *
4.4.3 derive relationship between torque, moment of inertia A
and angular acceleration;
4.4.4 solve word problems related to the given relationships; A
4.5 Angular Momentum 4.5.1 explain angular momentum and its SI unit with dimension; *
4.5.2 solve word problems related to angular momentum; A
4.5.3 explain the law of conservation of angular momentum; *
4.5.4 illustrate the applications of conservation of angular A
momentum in:
a. flywheels to store rotational energy,
b. gyroscopes in navigation system,
c. ice skaters to adjust their angular velocity.

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 Cognitive level
Topics and Sub-Topics Student Learning Outcomes A and
R U
beyond
5. Deformation in Solids Students should be able to:
5.1 Types of Solids 5.1.1 distinguish between the structures of crystalline, amorphous *
and polymeric solids;
5.2 Deformation in Solids 5.2.1 describe the deformation of solids in one dimension; *
5.3 Tensile and Plastic Deformation 5.3.1 describe terms elastic deformation, plastic deformation and *
elastic limit;
5.4 Stress, Strain and Young 5.4.1 define stress, strain and Young modulus; *
Modulus 5.4.2 interpret force extension graph for a deformed material; E
5.4.3 solve word problems related to Young modulus; A
5.4.4 use daily life objects to explain stress, strain and Young FA2
modulus;
5.5 Elastic Potential Energy of 5.5.1 determine the elastic potential energy of a material by using A
Materials 1 1
𝐸 = 2 𝐹𝑥 = 2 𝑘𝑥 2 .

2
FA= Formative Assessment, not to be assessed under examination conditions

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 Cognitive level
Topics and Sub-Topics Student Learning Outcomes A and
R U
beyond
6. Fluids Dynamics Students should be able to:
6.1 Floating Objects 6.1.1 describe upthrust; *
6.1.2 solve word problems using 𝑈𝑝𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 = 𝜌𝑔𝑉; A
6.1.3 state the principle of floatation in terms of upthrust; *
6.1.4 state Archimedes’ principle of floatation; *
6.1.5 justify that ships are engineered to float in the sea; E
6.2 Streamline and Turbulent Flow 6.2.1 define the following terms: *
a. streamline flow (laminar flow),
b. turbulent flow,
c. incompressible flow;
6.2.2 state the conditions required for turbulent flow; *
6.3 Equation of Continuity 6.3.1 derive the equation of continuity; A
6.3.2 explain that squeezing one end of a rubber pipe results in *
increase in flow velocity at the other end;
6.3.3 solve word problems related to the equation of continuity; A
6.4 Bernoulli’s Equation 6.4.1 derive Bernoulli’s equation; A
6.4.2 justify that the difference in pressure can arise from different E
rates of flow of a fluid;
6.4.3 explain Bernoulli effect in the following cases: *
a. atomizer,
b. swing of ball,
c. the lift of golf ball (the magnus effect),
d. venturi duct;

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 Cognitive level
Topics and Sub-Topics Student Learning Outcomes A and
R U
beyond
6.5 Viscous Fluids and Fluid 6.5.1 define the following terms: *
Friction a. viscous fluids,
b. non-viscous fluids;
6.5.2 describe that viscous force in a fluid causes a retarding force on *
an object moving through it;
6.5.3 explain that real fluids are viscous fluids; *
6.5.4 describe the following terms: *
a. fluid friction,
b. super fluidity;
6.5.5 use different liquids in the surroundings to explain fluid friction FA
and super fluidity.

Aga Khan University Examination Board Physics HSSC Syllabus 2025 18

 Cognitive level
Topics and Sub-Topics Student Learning Outcomes A and
R U
beyond
7. Oscillations Students should be able to:
7.1 Simple Harmonic Motion 7.1.1 define periodic and non-periodic oscillation; *
(S.H.M.) 7.1.2 describe Simple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M.); *
7.2 Uniform Circular Motion and 7.2.1 define the following terms in the context of oscillations: *
S.H.M. a. displacement,
b. amplitude,
c. period,
d. frequency,
e. angular frequency,
f. phase difference;
7.2.2 relate S.H.M. with uniform circular motion; *
7.2.3 derive expression for instantaneous displacement, velocity and A
acceleration in terms of angular velocity   ;
7.2.4 solve word problems related to the SLO # 7.2.3; A
7.2.5 analyse graphical representations of the variations of An
displacement, velocity and acceleration with time for simple
harmonic motion;
7.3 Mass-Spring System 7.3.1 explain that the motion of a body under elastic restoring force *
is S.H.M.;
7.3.2 derive an expression for the time period of a mass-spring A
system;
7.3.3 solve word problems using the expression for the time period A
of a mass-spring system;

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 Cognitive level
Topics and Sub-Topics Student Learning Outcomes A and
R U
beyond
7.4 Simple Pendulum 7.4.1 explain that the motion of a simple pendulum is S.H.M.; *
7.4.2 derive an expression for the time period of a simple pendulum; A
7.4.3 solve word problems using the expression for the time period A
of a simple pendulum;
7.5 Energy Conservation in S.H.M. 7.5.1 derive an expression to show that energy is conserved in mass- A
spring system executing S.H.M.;
7.5.2 solve word problems related to given expression; A
7.5.3 analyse the interchange between kinetic and potential energy An
during simple harmonic motion;
7.6 Free and Forced Oscillation 7.6.1 exemplify free and forced oscillation; *
7.7 Resonance 7.7.1 define resonance; *
7.7.2 describe applications and consequences of resonance in real *
life;
7.8 Damped Oscillations 7.8.1 explain damped oscillation; *
7.8.2 list different applications of damped oscillation; *
7.8.3 illustrate displacement-time graphs to show light, critical and A
heavy damping.

Aga Khan University Examination Board Physics HSSC Syllabus 2025 20

 Cognitive level
Topics and Sub-Topics Student Learning Outcomes A and
R U
beyond
8. Waves Students should be able to:
8.1 Wave Motion 8.1.1 define progressive waves; *
8.1.2 explain energy transfer through a progressive wave; *
8.1.3 solve word problems using intensity = power/ area and A
intensity ∝ (amplitude)2 for a progressive wave;
8.1.4 solve word problems using V = f λ; FA
8.2 Transverse and Longitudinal 8.2.1 differentiate between transverse and longitudinal waves; FA
Waves 8.2.2 analyse graphical representations of transverse and longitudinal FA
waves;
8.3 Superposition of Waves 8.3.1 state the principle of superposition of two waves; *
8.3.2 describe the phenomenon of interference of sound waves; *
8.3.3 calculate the phase difference between two waves; A
8.3.4 explain the formation of beats using diagrams; *
8.4 Stationary Waves 8.4.1 define the terms nodes and antinodes; *
8.4.2 describe the formation of stationary waves in a string and air *
column;
8.4.3 solve word problems related to stationary waves; A

Aga Khan University Examination Board Physics HSSC Syllabus 2025 21

 Cognitive level
Topics and Sub-Topics Student Learning Outcomes A and
R U
beyond
8.5 Doppler’s Effect 8.5.1 describe Doppler’s effect; *
8.5.2 derive the relation between the original frequency of source of A
sound and the apparent frequency detected by the listener in
following conditions:
a. when the source is at rest and the listener is moving
towards or away from the source,
b. when the listener is at rest and the source is moving
towards or away from the listener,
c. when both source and listener are moving towards each
other,
d. when both source and listener are moving away from
each other;
8.5.3 solve word problems using the above relations mentioned in A
the SLO # 8.5.2;
8.5.4 explain the application of Doppler’s effect in electromagnetic *
waves;
8.5.5 apply Doppler’s effect to understand the working of radar, A
sonar, satellites and red and blue shifts;
8.6 Waves in Modern World 8.6.1 use of waves in modern world for: FA
a. medical purposes,
b. digital transmission,
c. storage of information,
d. monitoring earthquake and tsunami.

Aga Khan University Examination Board Physics HSSC Syllabus 2025 22

 Cognitive level
Topics and Sub-Topics Student Learning Outcomes A and
R U
beyond
9. Physical Optics Students should be able to:
9.1 Nature of Light 9.1.1 discuss different points of view about nature of light; E
9.1.2 discuss the concept of wave-front; E
9.1.3 describe Huygen’s principle; *
9.2 Interference of Light 9.2.1 define coherent and monochromatic sources of light; *
9.2.2 define interference of light; *
9.2.3 state conditions necessary for the interference of light; *
9.2.4 explain Young’s double slit experiment; *
9.2.5 derive relation for fringe spacing; A
9.2.6 solve word problems related to the fringe spacing; A
9.3 Michelson’s Interferometer 9.3.1 describe the construction and working of Michelson’s *
interferometer;
9.3.2 describe qualitatively about gravitational waves; *
9.3.3 state that a gravitational wave passes a body of mass creates a *
distortion in spacetime;
9.3.4 describe the use of interferometers in detecting gravitational *
waves;
9.4 Diffraction of Light 9.4.1 define diffraction of light; *
9.4.2 describe diffraction of light by diffraction grating; *
9.4.3 describe diffraction in a narrow slit; *
9.4.4 solve word problems related to diffraction of light; A

Aga Khan University Examination Board Physics HSSC Syllabus 2025 23

 Cognitive level
Topics and Sub-Topics Student Learning Outcomes A and
R U
beyond
9.5 Bragg’s Law 9.5.1 state Bragg’s law; *
9.5.2 describe diffraction of X-rays through crystals; *
9.5.3 derive the equation 2 d sin θ = m λ; A
9.5.4 solve word problems related to the given equation; A
9.6 Polarisation 9.6.1 describe unpolarised and polarised light; *
9.6.2 explain polarisation with reference to transverse waves; *
9.6.3 explain polarisation by reflection; *
9.6.4 explain polarisation by a polaroid; *
9.6.5 state Malus’s law; *
9.6.6 solve word problems related to the Malus’s law; A
9.6.7 describe the applications of polarisation in daily life. *

Aga Khan University Examination Board Physics HSSC Syllabus 2025 24

 Cognitive level
Topics and Sub-Topics Student Learning Outcomes A and
R U
beyond
10. Thermodynamics Students should be able to:
10.1 Heat and Temperature 10.1.1 distinguish between heat and temperature; *
10.1.2 describe heat as a form of transit energy; *
10.1.3 identify that regions of equal temperature are in thermal *
equilibrium;
10.1.4 investigate to provide evidence for the transfer of thermal FA
energy between two bodies at different temperatures in a closed
system;
10.2 Fundamentals of the Ideal Gas 10.2.1 state Boyle’s law and Charles’s law; *
10.2.2 describe that a gas obeying PV ∝ T is an ideal gas; *
10.3 Kinetic Molecular Theory of 10.3.1 state basic postulates of kinetic molecular theory of gases; *
Gases 10.3.2 derive relation PV = 1 Nm < v2 >; A
3
10.3.3 calculate the root-mean-square speed of an ideal gas; A
10.3.4 derive the formula for the average translational kinetic energy A
of a gas;
10.3.5 solve word problems related to given average translational A
kinetic energy of a gas;
10.4 Internal Energy and Work 10.4.1 describe internal energy of an ideal gas as the sum of their *
kinetic energy of molecules only;
10.4.2 explain that internal energy is function of ‘state’ and is *
independent of paths;
10.4.3 explain work done in thermodynamics; *
10.4.4 differentiate between the work done by a gas and the work *
done on a gas;

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 Cognitive level
Topics and Sub-Topics Student Learning Outcomes A and
R U
beyond
10.5 First Law of Thermodynamics 10.5.1 explain the first law of thermodynamics; *
10.5.2 apply the first law of thermodynamics in: A
a. isothermal,
b. adiabatic,
c. isobaric,
d. isochoric processes;
10.5.3 calculate the following on the basis of the first law of A
thermodynamics:
a. change in internal energy,
b. work done,
c. change in heat;
10.6 Molar Specific Heat of Gases 10.6.1 define the terms: *
a. specific heat,
b. molar specific heat;
10.6.2 explain C p  Cv ; *
10.6.3 show that C p  Cv  R by using first law of thermodynamics; A

10.7 Reversible and Irreversible 10.7.1 describe the concept of reversible and irreversible processes; *
Process
10.8 Second Law of 10.8.1 explain the second law of thermodynamics using schematic *
Thermodynamics diagram;

Aga Khan University Examination Board Physics HSSC Syllabus 2025 26

 Cognitive level
Topics and Sub-Topics Student Learning Outcomes A and
R U
beyond
10.9 Carnot Engine 10.9.1 describe heat engine with reference to the second law of *
thermodynamics;
10.9.2 explain the working principle of Carnot engine and its four *
processes with pressure-volume (PV) diagram;
10.9.3 derive the formula for efficiency of Carnot engine; A
10.9.4 solve word problems related to efficiency of Carnot engine; A
10.9.5 design an energy efficient device for daily life use; FA
10.10 Refrigerator 10.10.1 describe refrigerator as a reverse of heat engine; *
10.10.2 derive expression for the coefficient of performance of a A
refrigerator;
10.11 Entropy 10.11.1 explain ‘entropy’; *
10.11.2 describe positive and negative entropy; *
10.11.3 explain that increase in entropy is the evidence of increase in *
temperature of a system;
10.11.4 explain that energy is degraded during all natural processes; *
10.11.5 discuss environmental crisis as an entropy crisis. E

Aga Khan University Examination Board Physics HSSC Syllabus 2025 27

Part II (Grade XII)
Cognitive level1
Topics and Sub-Topics Student Learning Outcomes A and
R U
beyond
11. Gravitation Students should be able to:
11.1 Newton’s Law of Gravitation 11.1.1 explain Newton’s law of gravitation; *
11.1.2 solve word problems using Newton’s law of gravitation; A
11.2 Gravitational Field Strength 11.2.1 define gravitational field strength; *
11.2.2 solve word problems using the relation 𝑔 = 𝐺𝑀/𝑟 2; A
11.3 Gravitational Force and Motion 11.3.1 analyse circular orbits in gravitational fields; An
of Satellite 11.3.2 define geo-stationary satellite; *
11.3.3 analyse the motion of geo-stationary satellites; An
11.4 Variation in value of ‘g’ 11.4.1 derive the relation for the variation of gravitational field A
strength with height and depth;
11.4.2 analyse that ‘g’ is approximately constant for small changes in An
height near the Earth’s surface;
11.5 Gravitational Potential 11.5.1 calculate gravitational potential; A
11.5.2 justify that the concept of gravitational potential leads to the E
gravitational potential energy of two-point masses.

1
R = Remember, U = Understand, A = Apply and beyond [Apply (A), Analyse (An), Evaluate (E), Create (C)]

Aga Khan University Examination Board Physics HSSC Syllabus 2025 28

 Cognitive level
Topics and Sub-Topics Student Learning Outcomes A and
R U
beyond
12. Electrostatics Students should be able to:
12.1 Charge 12.1.1 define charge and its types; *
12.1.2 calculate the total charge on a body as integral multiple of A
elementary charge (electron);
12.2 Coulomb’s Law 12.2.1 state Coulomb’s law for static charges; *
12.2.2 derive a relation for electrostatic force; A
12.2.3 solve word problems related to the electrostatic force; A
12.2.4 describe the effect of medium on Coulomb’s force; *
12.2.5 explain the concept of electrostatic shielding; *
12.2.6 describe working of faraday cage; *
12.3 Electric Field and Electric 12.3.1 describe electric field and electric field intensity around an *
Field Intensity isolated point charge;
12.3.2 compare the formation of electric field lines when: *
a. same charges are brought together,
b. opposite charges are brought together;
12.3.3 derive an expression for the magnitude of electric field A
intensity of a point charge at a distance;
12.3.4 𝑘𝑞 A
solve word problems using the relation E = 𝑟 2 ;
12.3.5 illustrate electric field intensity as a function of position; A
12.4 Electric Flux 12.4.1 explain electric flux as a dot product of electric field intensity *
and area vector;

Aga Khan University Examination Board Physics HSSC Syllabus 2025 29

 Cognitive level
Topics and Sub-Topics Student Learning Outcomes A and
R U
beyond
12.5 Gauss’s Law 12.5.1 explain Gauss’s law; *
12.5.2 apply Gauss’s law to find the electric field intensity produced A
between two oppositely charged parallel plates due to:
a. a hollow charged spherical surface,
b. an infinite sheet of charges;
12.6 Electric Potential 12.6.1 describe electric potential at a point as the work done in *
bringing a unit charge from infinity to that point;
12.6.2 state unit of electric potential; *
12.6.3 describe electric field as potential gradient; *
12.6.4 derive an expression for electric potential at a point due to a A
point charge;
12.6.5 illustrate electric potential as a function of position; A
12.6.6 define electron volt (eV); *
12.7 Capacitor 12.7.1 derive capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor in terms of A
area, distance and permittivity of free space;
12.7.2 calculate equivalent capacitance of different capacitors A
connected in series and parallel combinations;
12.7.3 analyse graphs of potential difference, charge and current with An
reference to time for a capacitor charging and discharging
through a resistor;
12.7.4 describe time constant, show that the product of RC has the *
same unit as time;
𝑡
use equations of the form x = x0 𝑒 −(𝑅𝐶) where x could A
12.7.5
represent current, charge or potential difference for a capacitor
discharging through resistor;

Aga Khan University Examination Board Physics HSSC Syllabus 2025 30

 Cognitive level
Topics and Sub-Topics Student Learning Outcomes A and
R U
beyond
12.8 Energy Stored in a Capacitor 12.8.1 list the use of capacitors in various household appliances; *
12.8.2 explain polarisation of dielectric of a capacitor; *
12.8.3 show that energy stored in a capacitor is W = ½ QV and A
W = ½ CV2;
12.8.4 determine the electric potential energy stored in a capacitor A
from the area under the potential-charge graph.

Aga Khan University Examination Board Physics HSSC Syllabus 2025 31

 Cognitive level
Topics and Sub-Topics Student Learning Outcomes A and
R U
beyond
13. Electric
. Current Students should be able to:
13.1 Current Electricity 13.1.1 define electric current; *
13.1.2 describe the flow of current in a conductor; *
13.1.3 solve word problems using the expression 𝐼 = 𝐴𝑛𝑣𝑞; A
13.2 Resistance and Resistivity 13.2.1 define resistance and resistivity; *
13.2.2 derive a relation between resistance and resistivity; A
𝜌𝑙 A
13.2.3 solve word problems using the relation R = 𝐴 ;
13.2.4 describe the relationship between temperature and resistance of *
a conductor;
13.2.5 state that the resistance of a light-dependent resistor (LDR) *
decreases as the light intensity increases;
13.2.6 calculate the value of carbon resistance by using the following A
colour codes includes:
a. 3 band colour code,
b. 4 band colour code,
c. 5 band colour code,
d. 6 band colour code;

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 Cognitive level
Topics and Sub-Topics Student Learning Outcomes A and
R U
beyond
13.3 Electromotive Force (e.m.f.) 13.3.1 state Ohm’s law; *
and Potential Difference 13.3.2 illustrate the I-V characteristics of a metallic conductor at A
constant temperature, a semiconductor diode, thermistor and a
filament lamp;
13.3.3 define electromotive force (e.m.f.) and internal resistance; *
13.3.4 compare electromotive force with terminal potential *
difference;
13.3.5 derive a relation to understand the effects of the internal A
resistance of a source of e.m.f. on the terminal potential
difference;
13.4 Electric Power 13.4.1 define electric power; *
13.4.2 derive relations for electric power in terms of current (I), A
voltage (V) and resistance (R);
13.4.3 calculate the power dissipation due to the internal resistance of A
a circuit;

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 Cognitive level
Topics and Sub-Topics Student Learning Outcomes A and
R U
beyond
13.5 Kirchoff’s Laws 13.5.1 explain Kirchoff’s laws; *
13.5.2 explain conservation of charge in a circuit with the help of *
Kirchoff’s first law;
13.5.3 explain conservation of energy in a circuit with the help of *
Kirchoff’s second law;
13.5.4 derive a formula for equivalent resistance of two or more A
resistors using Kirchhoff's law in:
a. series,
b. parallel;
13.5.5 solve problems using Kirchhoff’s laws; A
13.6 Potential Divider 13.6.1 explain the principle and working of a potential divider circuit; *
13.6.2 explain the use of thermistors and light-dependent resistors in *
potential dividers;
13.6.3 describe the potentiometer with the help of a diagram; *
13.7 D.C. Circuits 13.7.1 describe the Wheatstone bridge circuit with the help of a *
diagram;
13.7.2 calculate the unknown resistance by using a Whetstone bridge; A
13.7.3 find (e.m.f.) of cell using null method; A
13.7.4 compare the (e.m.f.) of two cells by using a potentiometer. *

Aga Khan University Examination Board Physics HSSC Syllabus 2025 34

 Cognitive level
Topics and Sub-Topics Student Learning Outcomes A and
R U
beyond
14. Electromagnetism Students should be able to:
14.1 Magnetic Field by a Current 14.1.1 describe magnetic field due to current in a straight wire and *
Carrying Conductor solenoid;
14.1.2 describe the direction of magnetic field produced by a current *
carrying conductor;
14.1.3 describe Biot-Savart’s law; *
14.1.4 describe magnetic flux and magnetic flux density; *

14.1.5 solve word problems using   B. A ; A
14.1.6 explain Ampere’s law; *
14.1.7 discuss applications of Ampere’s law in: E
a. solenoid,
b. toroid;
14.2 Magnetic Force 14.2.1 explain that force act on a current-carrying conductor placed *
in a magnetic field with directions as interpreted by Fleming’s
left-hand rule;
14.2.2 derive an expression for force, i.e. F = ILB sin  ; A
14.2.3 solve word problems using F = ILB sin  ; A
14.2.4 derive an equation for force on a moving charge in a uniform A
magnetic field and beam of particles;
14.2.5 solve word problems using an equation for force on a moving A
charge in a uniform magnetic field and beam of particles;
14.3 Magnetic Torque 14.3.1 derive an expression of torque due to a couple acting on a coil; A
14.3.2 solve word problems using an expression of torque due to a A
couple acting on a coil;

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 Cognitive level
Topics and Sub-Topics Student Learning Outcomes A and
R U
beyond
14.4 Practical Application of 14.4.1 list the essential steps to convert a galvanometer into *
Electromagnetism voltmeter and ammeter;
14.4.2 describe Hall effect; *
14.4.3 derive the expression VH = BI /(ntq); A
14.4.4 solve word problems related to VH = BI /(ntq); A
14.4.5 explain that electric and magnetic fields can be used in *
velocity selection in fields like mass spectrometry, charged
particle accelerators and plasma physics.

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 Cognitive level
Topics and Sub-Topics Student Learning Outcomes A and
R U
beyond
Electromagnetic Induction and
15. Students should be able to:
Alternating Current
15.1 Law of Electromagnetic 15.1.1 describe electromagnetic induction; *
Induction 15.1.2 explain Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction; *
15.1.3 determine the direction of induced e.m.f. using Lenz’s law; A
15.1.4 solve word problems using the Faraday’s and Lenz’s laws of A
electromagnetic induction;
15.2 Seismometer 15.2.1 describe the components and working mechanism of *
electromagnetic seismometer;
15.2.2 explain that electromagnetic induction is applied in *
seismometer to detect earthquakes;
15.3 Inductance 15.3.1 explain self and mutual induction with formulae and units; *
15.3.2 identify inductors as important components of A.C. circuits *
termed as chokes;
15.4 Alternating Current (A.C.) as 15.4.1 define sinusoidal waves; *
Sinusoidal Wave 15.4.2 define alternating current and alternating voltage; *
15.4.3 define the following terms: *
a. time period,
b. frequency,
c. peak value,
d. peak to peak value;
15.4.4 calculate a sinusoidal alternating current or voltage using A
equation x = x0 sin(ωt);
15.4.5 calculate the root mean square (r.m.s.) value of alternate A
current and alternate voltage;
15.4.6 explain that the mean power in a resistive load is half of the *
maximum power of a sinusoidal alternating current;

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 Cognitive level
Topics and Sub-Topics Student Learning Outcomes A and
R U
beyond
15.5 A.C. Circuits 15.5.1 explain the flow of A.C. through resistor, capacitor and *
inductor;
15.5.2 define reactance of capacitor and inductor; *
15.5.3 explain the factors that affect reactance in A.C. circuits; *
15.5.4 explain ‘phase lag’ and ‘phase lead’ in a circuit through *
graphs/ vector diagram;
15.5.5 derive the expression of impedance as vector summation of A
resistance in series (R-C and R-L) circuits;
15.5.6 solve word problems using the expression of impedance; A
15.6 Semiconductor Devices 15.6.1 describe intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductor materials; *
15.6.2 compare P-type and N-type semiconductor; *
15.6.3 describe formation of p-n junction in diode with labelled *
diagram;
15.6.4 describe forward and reverse bias; *
15.7 Rectification and Smoothing 15.7.1 define rectification; *
15.7.2 compare Half wave and Full wave rectification; *
15.7.3 explain the use of four diodes (bridge rectifier) for the full *
wave rectification of an alternating current;
15.7.4 analyse the effect of a single capacitor in smoothing the output An
of a rectifier circuit, including the impact of capacitance
values and load resistance on ripple voltage and waveform
characteristics.

Aga Khan University Examination Board Physics HSSC Syllabus 2025 38

 Cognitive level
Topics and Sub-Topics Student Learning Outcomes A and
R U
beyond
16. Quantum Mechanics Students should be able to:
16.1 Einstein Special Theory of 16.1.1 distinguish between inertial and non-inertial frames of *
Relativity reference;
16.1.2 explain postulates of special theory of relativity; *
16.1.3 describe qualitatively and quantitatively the consequences of *
special theory of relativity;
16.1.4 describe that if the speed of light (c) becomes constant, then *
the space and time become relative;
16.1.5 describe that spacetime is a mathematical model in relativity *
that treats time as a fourth dimension of the traditional three
dimensions of space;
16.2 Quantum Theory 16.2.1 explain Planck’s quantum theory of electromagnetic wave; *
16.2.2 discuss the extension of Planck’s theory given by Einstein; E
16.2.3 solve word problems using the relations: A
a. E = pc,
ℎ𝑓
b. p = 𝑐 ;
16.3 Photoelectric Effect 16.3.1 define the following terms: *
a. threshold frequency,
b. cutoff wavelength,
c. work function,
d. stopping potential;
16.3.2 describe photoelectric effect; *
16.3.3 explain different features of photoelectric effect using graphs; *
16.3.4 derive Einstein’s photoelectric equation; A
16.3.5 solve word problems using photoelectric equation; A

Aga Khan University Examination Board Physics HSSC Syllabus 2025 39

 Cognitive level
Topics and Sub-Topics Student Learning Outcomes A and
R U
beyond
16.4 Compton’s Effect 16.4.1 describe Compton’s effect; *
16.4.2 solve word problems using Δλ = ℎ (1−cosθ); A
𝑚 𝑐 𝑜

16.5 Wave-Particle Duality 16.5.1 compare wave nature and particle nature of light; *
16.5.2 state de-Broglie’s hypothesis; *
16.5.3 explain the wave nature of particles with reference to de- *
Broglie’s hypothesis;
16.5.4 discuss the results of Davison and Germer experiment; E
ℎ A
16.5.5 solve word problems using the relations 𝜆 = 𝑚𝑣 and
ℎ
𝜆= ;
√2𝑚𝑉𝑒
16.5.6 compare the phenomenon of pair production and pair
*
annihilation;
16.6 Atomic Structure and 16.6.1 describe Bohr’s atomic model of hydrogen atom; *
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty 16.6.2 explain hydrogen spectrum in terms of energy levels; *
Principle 16.6.3 derive relation for the wavelength of radiation emitted out by A
 1 1
an electron using 1  R H  2  2  ;
λ p n 

 1 1
16.6.4 solve word problems using 1  R H  2  2  ; A
λ p n 
16.6.5 explain the formation and significance of emission and *
absorption line spectra;
16.6.6 explain Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle; *
16.6.7 explain that Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle demonstrates *
the inaccuracies of Bohr atomic model.

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 Cognitive level
Topics and Sub-Topics Student Learning Outcomes A and
R U
beyond
17. Nuclear Physics Students should be able to:
17.1 Structure of Nucleus 17.1.1 describe the composition and structure of the atomic nucleus; *
17.1.2 discuss the forces that hold the nucleus together and the role E
of mesons in mediating these forces;
17.2 Mass Defect and Binding 17.2.1 define the following terms, *
Energy a. mass defect,
b. binding energy;
17.2.2 identify (graphically) variation of binding energy per nucleon *
using mass number;
17.2.3 show simple nuclear reactions by nuclear equations; A
17.2.4 calculate mass defect and binding energy; A
17.3 Radioactivity 17.3.1 define the term ‘radioactivity’; *
17.3.2 list the properties of ,  and  radiations; *
17.3.3 describe that nucleon number and charge number are *
conserved in nuclear processes;
17.3.4 explain ,  and  decay with balanced equations; *
17.3.5 state that antineutrinos (electron) are produced during *
β– decay and neutrinos (electron) are produced during
β+ decay;
17.3.6 explain that α-particles have discrete energies but that *
β-particles have a continuous range of energies because
(anti)neutrinos are emitted in β-decay;

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 Cognitive level
Topics and Sub-Topics Student Learning Outcomes A and
R U
beyond
17.4 Radioactive Decay Law 17.4.1 state the law of radioactive decay; *
17.4.2 define activity and decay constant; *
17.4.3 explain that radioactive decay is both spontaneous and *
random;
17.4.4 illustrate the exponential nature of radioactive decay; A
17.4.5 solve word problems using the relation A = λ N and A
N = N0 e–λt ;
17.4.6 define half-life of a radioactive element; *
17.4.7 derive relation for half-life of a radioactive element; A
17.4.8 solve word problems using the relation for the half-life of a A
radioactive element;
17.5 Nuclear Reactions 17.5.1 differentiate between nuclear fission and fusion; *
17.5.2 explain the role of neutrons in fission chain reaction; *
17.6 Nuclear Reactor 17.6.1 explain the working principle of a nuclear reactor; *
17.6.2 describe the function of the principal components of a water *
moderated nuclear reactor;
17.6.3 discuss the significance of nuclear reactions in space. FA2

²FA= Formative Assessment, not to be assessed under examination conditions

Aga Khan University Examination Board Physics HSSC Syllabus 2025 42

 Cognitive levels
Topics and Sub-Topics Student Learning Outcomes A and
R U
beyond
18. Particle Physics Students should be able to:
18.1 Basic Forces of Nature 18.1.1 describe basic forces of nature; *
18.2 Fundamental Particles 18.2.1 state the two fundamental building blocks of matter (fermions *
and bosons);
18.2.2 state Higgs Boson as a fundamental particle which is *
responsible for the particle’s mass;
18.2.3 state W-boson, Z-boson, gluon, and photons as fundamental *
particles called exchange particles or force carriers;
18.2.4 state that fermions are further divided into leptons and quarks; *
18.2.5 state that electrons and neutrinos are fundamental particles *
called leptons;
18.3 Quarks and Anti-Quarks 18.3.1 describe quarks and anti-quarks; *
18.3.2 list the six types/ flavours of quarks and anti-quarks; *
18.3.3 state that a hadron may be either a baryon (consisting of three *
quarks) or a meson (consisting of one quark and an antiquark);
18.3.4 describe protons and neutrons in terms of their quark *
composition;
18.3.5 describe the changes to quark composition that take place *
during β– and β+ decay;
18.3.6 construct a block diagram of standard model of particle C
physics;
18.4 Particle Accelerator 18.4.1 explain the working principle of particle accelerators and its *
uses.

Aga Khan University Examination Board Physics HSSC Syllabus 2025 43

 Cognitive level
Topics and Sub-Topics Student Learning Outcomes A and
R U
beyond
19. Medical and Space Physics Students should be able to:
19.1 Production and Use of 19.1.1 describe the piezo-electric effect; *
Ultrasound 19.1.2 explain the generation and detection of ultrasound by piezo- *
electric transducer;
19.1.3 describe the specific acoustic impedance of a medium as *
Z = ρc, where c is the speed of sound in the medium;
19.1.4 define coupling medium; *
𝐼𝑟 (𝑍1 −𝑍2 )2 A
19.1.5 solve word problems using 𝐼 = (𝑍 +𝑍 )2 ;
0 1 2
19.1.6 explain the working principle of ultrasound in diagnosing *
problems in internal structures;
19.1.7 calculate the attenuation of ultrasound in matter using A
I = I0e–μx ;
19.2 Production and Use of X-rays 19.2.1 describe inner shell transitions; *
19.2.2 explain production of X-rays and their properties; *
19.2.3 explain the use of X-rays in imaging internal body structures; *
19.2.4 explain the working of computed tomography (CT) scans; *
19.3 PET Scanning 19.3.1 discuss the use of medical tracer use in positron emission E
tomography (PET) scanning;
19.3.2 explain PET scanning including the use of β+ decay tracers, *
the concept of annihilation in tissue and the production of
gamma-ray photons;

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 Cognitive level
Topics and Sub-Topics Student Learning Outcomes A and
R U
beyond
19.4 Luminosity and Inverse Square 19.4.1 define the term ‘luminosity’; *
Law 19.4.2 describe inverse square law for radiant flux intensity (F) in *
𝐿
terms of the luminosity (L) of the source F = 4𝜋𝑑2 ;
19.4.3 describe standard candle; *
19.4.4 calculate the distances of galaxies using the standard A
candle;
19.5 Stellar Radii 19.5.1 explain Wein’s displacement law; *
19.5.2 calculate the surface temperature of a star using Wein’s A
displacement law;
19.5.3 state Stefan–Boltzmann’s law; *
19.5.4 calculate the radius of a star using relation L = 4πσr2T4; A
19.6 Hubble Law 19.6.1 explain the increased wavelength in the emission and *
absorption spectra lines from distant objects;
19.6.2 explain redshift leads to the idea that the Universe is *
expanding;
19.6.3 explain Hubble’s law and its relation to the Big Bang *
theory.

Aga Khan University Examination Board Physics HSSC Syllabus 2025 45

 Cognitive level
Topics and Sub-Topics Student Learning Outcomes A and
R U
beyond
20. Nature of Science Students should be able to:
20.1 Debates about Aesthetic in 20.1.1 discuss inherent mathematical beauty in the natural world by E
Physics means of:
a. elegance of simplicity,
b. symmetry;
20.1.2 explain counterargument with examples to the claim that *
physical truths must inherent mathematical elegance or display;
20.1.3 discuss the pros and cons in the debate over whether humans E
should research:
a. on the existence of aliens/ extraterrestrial life,
b. research into subatomic particles should continue, given
the existence of nuclear weapons;
20.2 Thought Experiments 20.2.1 explain the thought experiments along with examples; *
20.2.2 explain that thought experiments have conveyed key concepts *
that would have been difficult to investigate through empirical
methods, e.g. Newton’s cannonball.

Aga Khan University Examination Board Physics HSSC Syllabus 2025 46

Practical Activities of AKUEB HSSC Physics Syllabus
Topics

Content Covered Actions Performed Attitude Developed

 Mechanics  Follow the safety precautions provided in the  Ensure safety of yourself, others around you
 Waves Motion Lab guidelines. and your surroundings.
 Modern Physics  Collect the required apparatus for the  Demonstrate a scientific mindset by asking
 Thermodynamics experiments. questions and planning further investigations.
 Solid State Physics  Handle the apparatus/ equipment appropriately.  Display ethical dealings and practices while
 Electricity and Magnetism  Perform the experiments with the help of given performing experiments.
method/ steps.  Show willingness to solve problems and
 Modify the steps to perform a similar challenges.
experiment in the real-life settings.  Show self-reliance and cooperation when
 Take readings with precision. working independently and in a group setting
respectively.
 Revise judgements and change behaviour
considering new evidence.

Aga Khan University Examination Board Physics HSSC Syllabus 2025 47

Topic Wise Practical Activities
Part I (Grade XI)

S. No. Topic-Wise Practical Activities Apparatus

Topic 1: Physical Quantities and Measurement

Determine the capacity and thickness of a test tube by using
1 Vernier callipers, test tube.
Vernier callipers.
Measure the diameter of few ball bearings of different sizes
2 Screw gauges, steel ball bearings.
using screw gauge and estimate their volumes.
Determine the radius of curvature of any spherical surface Spherometer, convex or concave lens/ mirror.
3
by using a spherometer.
Topic 2: Scalars and Vectors
Determine the weight of a body by vector addition of Gravesend’s apparatus, slotted weights, thread nos., plane mirror
4
forces. (Parallelogram Method) strip.
Topic 3: Motion in One Dimension
Measure the free fall time of a ball using a ticker-timer and Ticker-tape vibrator, roll of ticker-tape, steel ball, transformer,
5 sellotape.
hence, calculate the value of ‘g’.
Investigate the value of acceleration due to gravity ‘g’ by Free fall apparatus, steel ball, electronic timer with power supply,
6
free fall method using electronic timer. plumb line, meter rod.
Topic 7: Oscillations
Verify that the time period of the simple pendulum is Simple pendulum, stopwatch, stand with clamp, thread, cork,
directly proportional to the square root of its length and Vernier callipers.
7
hence, find the value of acceleration due to gravity ‘g’ from
the graph.

Aga Khan University Examination Board Physics HSSC Syllabus 2025 48

S. No. Topic-Wise Practical Activities Apparatus

Topic 8: Waves
Determine the frequency of AC by Melde’s apparatus/ electric AC vibrator, step-down transformer (6V), connecting wires,
8
sonometer. thread, pulley, scale plan.
Investigate the laws of vibration of stretched strings by Sonometer, tuning forks of different frequencies, hanger, ½ kg
9 sonometer or electromagnetic method. weights, wires of different diameter, physical/ digital/ spring
(Use copper wire instead of iron wire) balance, weight box, meter rod.
Resonance apparatus, different tuning forks of known frequencies,
Determine the wavelength of sound in air using stationary
10 thermometer, Vernier callipers, rubber pad, two set squares,
waves and calculate the speed of sound using resonance tube.
beaker.
Topic 10: Thermodynamics
Determine the specific heat capacity of solid using method of Regnaults apparatus for specific heat, thermometer, solid ball,
11
mixture (Regnaults Method). calorimeter.
Electrical calorimeter, 1/5oC thermometer, battery, rheostat, key,
Determine the specific heat capacity of water by electrical
12 ammeter, voltmeter, connecting wires, stopwatch, physical/
method.
digital/ spring balance, weight box.

Aga Khan University Examination Board Physics HSSC Syllabus 2025 49

Part II (Grade XII)

S. No. Topic-Wise Practical Activities Apparatus

Topic 12: Electrostatics

Determine the relation between current and capacitance
AC milliammeter, AC voltmeter, capacitors of different
1 when different capacitors are used in AC circuit using
capacitances, step-down transformer, sand paper, connecting wires.
different series and parallel combinations of capacitors.
Determine time constant by charging and discharging a
2 Galvanometer, power supply, large value capacitor, key, stopwatch.
capacitor through a resistor.
Topic 13: Electric Current
Investigate the relationship between current passing
36 W, 12 V car bulb, bulb holder, 12 V battery, high resistance
3 through a tungsten filament lamp and the potential applied
rheostat, voltmeter, ammeter, key, sandpaper, connecting wires.
across it.
Determine resistance of voltmeter by drawing graph Voltmeter, resistance box, two keys, sandpaper, connecting wires,
4
between (R) and (I/V). graph paper.
Slide wire bridge, resistance box, unknown resistance,
5 Determine resistance of wire by slide wire bridge. galvanometer, rheostat, cell, tapping key, connecting wires,
sandpaper.
Determine internal resistance of a cell using Potentiometer, battery, ammeter, resistance box, rheostat, two keys,
6
potentiometer. galvanometer, cell, shunt wire, sandpaper, connecting wires.
Determine electromotive force (e.m.f.) of a cell using Potentiometer, battery, two-way key, rheostat, ammeter, key, shunt,
7
potentiometer. wire, galvanometer, sandpaper, connecting wires.
Topic 14: Electromagnetism
Circular coil of insulated copper fitted in a board, white paper plain
Variation of magnetic field due to current flowing in a
8 sheet (A-4 size), scissors, compass needle, battery, ammeter, key
solenoid.
plug, rheostat, connecting wires.
Galvanometer, voltmeter (0-3 V), battery, two resistance box, one-
9 Convert galvanometer into voltmeter of range 0.3 V.
way key, rheostat, connecting wires and sand paper.

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S. No. Topic-Wise Practical Activities Apparatus

Topic 15: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Current

Study the relationship between current and capacitive
AC milliammeter, AC voltmeter, capacitors of different,
10 reactance in an A.C. circuit and calculate capacitive
capacitances, step-down transformer, sandpaper, connecting wires.
reactance.
Draw characteristics of semiconductor diode and calculate Semi-conductor diode, voltmeter, milliammeter, micro-ammeter, 500
11
forward and reverse current resistances. Ω rheostat, 1 kΩ resistor, 3 V battery, sandpaper, connecting wires.
Topic 16: Quantum Mechanics
Study of the variation of electric current with intensity of Photocell, galvanometer, battery, rheostat, key, electric bulb with
12
light using a photocell. case, connecting wires.

Aga Khan University Examination Board Physics HSSC Syllabus 2025 51

 Scheme of Assessment
Grade XI

Table 1: Exam Specifications

Topic
Topics Marks Distribution Total
No.
Marks
MCQs CRQs ERQs
Physical Quantities and 2 Total 2 Marks
1. 4
Measurement (1 CRQ)
2 Total 2 Marks
2. Scalars and Vectors 4
(1 CRQ)
6 Total 2 Marks 5 Marks
3. Motion in One Dimension 13
(1 CRQ) Choose any
7 Total 3 Marks ONE from
4. Motion in two Dimensions 15
(1 CRQ) TWO
1 Total 2 Marks
5. Deformation in Solids 3
(1 CRQ)
4 Total 2 Marks
6. Fluids Dynamics 6
(1 CRQ)
7 Total 3 Marks
7. Oscillations 10
(1 CRQ)
7 Total 3 Marks 5 Marks
8. Waves 15
(1 CRQ) Choose any
7 Total 3 Marks ONE from
9. Physical Optics 15
(1 CRQ) TWO
7 Total 3 Marks
10. Thermodynamics 10
(1 CRQ)
Total 50 25 10 85
Practical* 15
Total 100

Aga Khan University Examination Board Physics HSSC Syllabus 2025 52

 Grade XII

Table 2: Exam Specifications

Topic
Topics Marks Distribution Total
No.
Marks
MCQs CRQs ERQs
2 Total 3 Marks
11. Gravitation 5
(1 CRQ)
8 Total 3 Marks 5 Marks
12. Electrostatics 16
(1 CRQ) Choose any
8 Total 3 Marks ONE from
13. Electric Current 16
(1 CRQ) TWO
4 Total 4 Marks
14. Electromagnetism 8
(1 CRQ)
Electromagnetic Induction and 7 Total 2 Marks 5 Marks
15. 14
Alternating Current (1 CRQ) Choose any
7 Total 2 Marks ONE from
16. Quantum Mechanics 14
(1 CRQ) TWO
3 Total 3 Marks
17. Nuclear Physics 6
(1 CRQ)
2 Total 2 Marks
18. Particle Physics 4
(1 CRQ)
7 Total 3 Marks
19. Medical and Space Physics 10
(1 CRQ)
20. Nature of Science 2 2
Total 50 25 10 85
Practical* 15
Total 100

Aga Khan University Examination Board Physics HSSC Syllabus 2025 53

 Examination Structure and Practical Requirements for Grades XI and XII

Theory:

 Multiple Choice Question (MCQ) requires candidates to choose one best/ correct
answer from four options for each question. Each MCQ carries ONE mark.
 Constructed Response Question (CRQ) requires students to respond with a short
text (few phrases/ sentences), calculations or diagrams.
 Extended Response Question (ERQ) requires students to answer in a more
descriptive form. The answer should be in paragraph form, with diagrams where
needed, and address all parts of the question.
 Table 1 and 2 contains the mark distribution for each topic.
 There will be two examinations, one at the end of grade XI and one at the end of
grade XII.
 In each grade, the theory paper will be of 3 hours and will consist of two parts:
paper I and paper II.
 Paper I theory will consist of 50 compulsory, multiple choice items. These
questions will involve four responses options. The answer sheet for paper I will
be provided separately.
 Paper II theory will carry 35 marks and consist of Constructed Response
Questions (CRQs) and Extended Response Questions (ERQs). Each extended
response question will be presented in an either/ or form.
 The booklet for paper II will serve as an answer script.

Practical:

 In each grade, practical examination (Paper III) will be conducted separate from
the theory paper and will consist of 15 marks.
 Practical examination (Paper III) will be based on the list of practical activities
given in the examination syllabus. Schools may design their own practical
manuals based on these activities for teaching and learning purpose.
 Practical journal/ portfolio should be developed by students and endorsed by a
figure of authority, such as a teacher or principal, and submitted at the time of the
practical examination (Paper III).
 It is essential for each school to equip its laboratories with chemicals, instruments,
apparatus, specimens etc. according to the requirements of the practical activities.
Each school will be responsible to make sure that each student is provided the
opportunity to do the practical activities.

Aga Khan University Examination Board Physics HSSC Syllabus 2025 54

 Acknowledgements
Aga Khan University Examination Board (AKU-EB) would like to acknowledge the
contributions of all those who played an important part in the revision of the AKU-EB HSSC
Physics syllabus.

We would like to thank Kashif Hussain, Lead Specialist, in Physics, AKU-EB, for taking the
subject lead during the entire process of revising the HSSC Physics syllabus.

We are particularly thankful to the syllabus revision panel for their time, commitment and
effort in revising the syllabus. The panel included:

 Saib Ahmed Khan

Principal Syllabus Reviewer
Govt. Degree Science and Commerce College, Orangi Township, Karachi
 Israr ul Haq
Principal Syllabus Reviewer
MSB College, Karachi
 Syeda Shazia Ahmed
Panellist
Habib Girl’s Higher Secondary School, Karachi
 Muhammad Affan Khan
Panellist
Aga Khan Higher Secondary School, Karachi
 Muhammad Salman
Panellist
Habib Public High School, karachi
 Qasim Abbas
Panellist
Aga Khan Higher Secondary School, Kharadar, Karachi
 Muhammad Ali Rana
Panellist
Ghulaman-e-Abbas School, Karachi
We also thank the following post-revision reviewers for their feedback on relevance of the
content, skills and resources of the syllabus:
 Rashid Karim
AKU-EB Support Unit of AKESP, Hunza, Gilgit-Baltistan
 Irshad Ali
AKU-EB Support Unit of AKESP, Chitral
 Samsam Ali
AKU-EB Support Unit of AKESP, Ghizer, Gilgit-Baltistan
Furthermore, we thank the following for reviewing the syllabus for Higher Education
Preparedness, ensuring that the syllabus includes adequate skills and content to effectively
prepare students for the next level of education.

Aga Khan University Examination Board Physics HSSC Syllabus 2025 55

  Dr Ambreen Insaf
Assistant Professor
Department of Applied Physics
University of Karachi
 Dr Mirza Salman Baig
Lecturer, Siraj-ud-Daulah Government Degree College, Karachi
Associate Professor (Adjunct), IIEE, Karachi

Aga Khan University Examination Board Physics HSSC Syllabus 2025 56

 In-house Team

 Mentor and Advisor:

Dr Naveed Yousuf
CEO, AKU-EB
 Operational Advisor:
Hanif Shariff
Director, AKU-EB
 Syllabi Review Lead:
Raabia Hirani
Manager, Curriculum Development
 Syllabi Review Facilitators:
Dur Nasab, Associate, Curriculum Development
Mahrukh Jiwa, Specialist, Middle School Programme
 Internal Reviewer:
Zain-ul-Muluk, Manager, Examination Development
Afreen Kanwal, Lead specialist, Curriculum and Exam Development
Muhammad Kasshaf Shaikh, Specialist, Curriculum and Exam Development
S.M. Waqas, Specialist, Curriculum and Exam Development
Sajida Muhammad Afzal, Specialist, Curriculum and Exam Development
 Learning Resources Reviewer:
Ali Bijani, Manager, Teacher Support, and team
 Assessment Reviewer:
Munira Muhammad, Lead Specialist, Assessment
 Administrative Support:
Raheel Sadruddin, Manager, Administration, and team
 School Coordination Support:
Danish Hussain, Senior Manager, Operations, and team
 Syllabi Feedback Data Analysts:
Muhammad Faheem, Lead Specialist, Assessment
Muhammad Kamran Afzal, Specialist, Assessment
 Communications and Design Support:
Shanoz Aqnazarbekova, Manager, Communications
Hatim Yousuf, Specialist, Communications
 Quality Assurance:
Malik Azam, Manager, and team
 Data Compilation and Formatting:
Shamsa Farzand Ali, Assistant, AKU-EB
Ali Jumani, Assistant, AKU-EB
Riyan Ali, Assistant, AKU-EB
Akber Hashmani, Specialist, Assessment AKU-EB

Aga Khan University Examination Board Physics HSSC Syllabus 2025 57

Aga Khan University Examination Board Physics HSSC Syllabus 2025 58