Patterns

of
Development
 PATTERNS OF
DEVELOPMENT IN
WRITING
I. NARRATION

II. DESCRIPTION

III. DEFINITION

IV. EXEMPLIFICATION / CLASSIFICATION

V. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST

VI. CAUSE AND EFFECT

VII. PROBLEM - SOLUTION

VIII. PERSUASION
NARRATION
 I. Narration
- the most basic pattern of
development
- describes how, when, and where an
event or occurrence actually happened

- used to tell a story or focus on a set

of related events
Components of Narrative
Text
1. Logical Actions
- are considered the very movements
within the plot or the narrative that
drive the characters forward, be it
during the dialogue, or within a scene
 Example
It was late spring the last time we saw
Ross. He was standing at the edge of the hill,
and he never so much as looked up even
though we were sure he knew we were there.
There was a bunch of flowers clutched to his
fist, but there really was no reason for him to
be standing there. We knew that Carrie
wasn't coming to see him. But he stood there
anyway, waiting, even as the afternoon
sunlight deepened towards the evening. He
must have been standing there for hours.
2. Way of Narration
- refers to how the writer presents
the story
- includes the pace by which scenes
are given out
* Having na tu ra l p r o g r es si o n of
time to the events of the story makes a
good writing.
 2. Way of Narration

Clipped Narration
h“He came and talked to us. Then he left the
ouse and then he drove the car back home.
Paced Narration
“He came and talked to us for a few moments. He
seemed upset, but he managed to get through all the
bad news. Shaking our hands before he left the
house come twilight, he seemed to feel better now
that he had delivered the news. He waved from the
car as he pulled out of the driveway, narrowly
missing the mailbox again, and drove off to return
home.”
3. Terminology
- places emphasis on the fact that
concepts are critical to the narration

* Writers must choose how to

address terms and which ones they
want to use in order to create an
appropriate setting.
3. Terminology

Concrete Terms
- words that identify things, places,
and events that can be measured and
observed
- terms tha have physica
t manifestation l our world
in
Examples:
spoon, dog, house
3. Terminology

Abstract Terms
- refer to ideas or concepts that are
intangible

Examples:
love, freedom, feminism
3. Terminology

General Terms
- commonly used to denote groups
Example: furniture
Specific Terms
- refer to an individual component of
the group
Examples:
cabinets, desks, chairs
3. Terminology

Concrete: “He was shivering violently

from the cold.”
Abstract: “The joy in the air was
palpable.”
General: “He gave her a piece of
jewelry.”
Specific: “Each green stone had fire in
its facets.”
DESCRIPTIO
N
 II. Description
- the pattern of development which
goes into details about a specific
object, person, or location, in order
to firmly set its appearance

What does it look like?

What are its characteristics?
Characteristics of
Description

● has a clear focus and sense of

purpose

● uses sensory details and precise

words
● presents details in a logical order
 Varieties of Description
1. Objective Description

- looks into factual and scientific

characteristics of what is being
described as objectively as possible

* T h e w r i t e r s t a y s a w a y f ro m
emotional impressions or responses
and instead, describes the scene as it is.
 Example
The Acer barbatum is a small to medium-sized,
deciduous tree usually ranging from 15 to 25 m.
(50 to 80 ft.) tall when mature. Its bark is light
gray and smooth on younger trees, and it becomes
ridged and furrowed with age. Leaves are opposite
and shallowly to deeply palmately lobed, with a
few blunt teeth but no serrations. The leaf sinuses
are rounded, unlike those of red maple (Acer
rubrum) which are sharply V-shaped. Also,
the sides of terminal leaf lobes are more or
less parallel, while those of red maple are widest
at the base, tapering to the tip.
2. Subjective Description
- a sort of description that the author
would normally use to “paint a
picture” of how he sees a character, or
how he wants the reader to see a
character
- also used in a literary discourse
when there is stereotyped image
that can be attributed to a person,
place, or an event.
 Example
My mother had hair so dark
that it looked like a waterfall of ink.
She always kept it in a braid that fell
to her slim waist, and always tied
with a plain black band. The braid of
black slung over her shoulder, the
plaits shining like scales.
DEFINITION
 III. Definition
- explains not just what something
means or is, but also what something
does, what something is used for,
what something looks like, etc
 Varieties of Definition

1. Scientific Definition

- defines concepts in the most factual

way, which is often used in scientific,
proper, or real world facts
2. Subjective Definition
- defines the objects in a more
personal way
- usually derived from the author's
own experiences and opinion
- often used by a writer to state
something from the point of view of
the characters or in relation to the
setting
The term could be emphasized by the
following:
1. Characteristics or features
2. Function
3. Effect
4. Origin
 Signal Words for Definition

is defined as means to define

as defined refers to to illustrate

CLASSIFICATION
AND
EXEMPLIFICATIO
N
IV.Classification and
Exemplification

Classification

- divides things into groups, classes,

or categories

- organizes ideas into divisions based

on criteria or standards
IV.Classification and
Exemplification

Exemplification
- provides examples and illustrations
in order to further clarify or explain
the concept or subject matter
- presents the general statement and
then provides specific and concrete
examples to expound on the main idea
 Signal Words for Classification
another classified one kind the last
as group

another final type the first the next

kind category part
 Signal Words for Exemplification
after all for instance namely that is

as an in other put another to be

example words way specific
consider the in particular specifically to clarify
following
for example in short stated to illustrate
differently
 Example
Dogs are domesticated animals that have
been living with humans for generations. Dogs
can be classified in a number of different ways.
For example, they can be classified by breed.
Examples of different breeds include beagles,
basset hounds, poodles and countless others as
defined by the American Kennel Club (AKC).
They can also be classified by their role in the
lives of their masters and the work they do. For
example, a dog might be a family pet, a working
dog, a show dog, or a hunting dog. In many cases,
dogs are defined both by their breed and their role.
For example, a dog could be a beagle that is a
family pet.
COMPARISON AND
CONTRAST
V. Comparison and
Contrast
- organizes ideas based on how events,
places, people, things, and concepts are
similar to or different from one
another
a. separately -involves describing
one item first followed by the second
item
b. side-by-side -involves discussing
both items based on each point of
comparison
 Signal Words for Comparing
also equally in the same similarly
way
as in a similar like to compare
fashion

both in likewise
comparison
 Signal Words for Contrasting
although despite instead otherwise

and yet even so however still

as opposed even nevertheless the fact
to though remains
but in contrast nonetheless unlike
conversely in spite of on the whereas
contrary
counter to in the on the other yet
meantime hand
 Example
A lt houg h I ra i se d Marce e an d Obb i e fro m pupp i es ,
they have completely diverse personalities. Obbie is a
six year old, male, toy Pomeranian whereas Marcee is
a one year old, female, Boston terrier. Obbie is
small and soft, unlike Marcee who has bristly hair
and is much bigger. Marcee insists on sleeping on
the bed, under the covers every night. On the other
hand, Obbie will only sleep on the floor, under the
bed. Obbie is tremendously loyal and uptight;
however, Marcee is hyper and friendly to anyone she
meets or sees. Around other dogs, Marcee cowers to
the larger dog, yet Obbie will always stand his
ground, never giving up until he is scolded. Given
that they were both treated the same way all their
life, it is hard to believe that they are so different in
everything they do.
CAUSE AND
EFFECT
VI. Cause and Effect
- explains why something
happens or what results a
particular event produces
a. Paragraph empasizing cause

b. Paragraph emphasizing effect

 Signal Words for Cause
as for in view of owing to
(the fact) (the fact)
because for the inasmuch seeing that
(of the fact) reason that as

being that in that one reason since

due to
(the fact that)
 Signal Words for Effect
accordingly consequently in so that
consequence
as a for this so therefore
consequence reason

as a result hence so much (so) thus

(of this) that
because
(of this)
PROBLEM-
SOLUTION
VII. Problem-
Solution

- focuses on either a problem

or solution in a particular area
or situation
Signal Words for Problem-Solution
but the one solution
problem is
first, second the one way is
solution
nonetheless one reason
for the
PERSUASIO
N
 VIII. Persuasion

- convinces readers to agree

to an argument or claim about
a particular topic.
Signal Words for Emphasizing a
Point
again in that to truly
case emphasize

for this indeed to repeat with this

reason in mind
in fact
 Signal Words for Concluding and
Summarizing
accordingly consequently in brief inevitably in a
nutshell
all in all due to in on the therefore
conclusion whole

as a result finally in short since thus

as I have in any in in to sum

said event summary essence up
Signal Words for Conceding a Point
admittedly it is true obviously true
that

assuredly needless of course undoubtedly

to say
certainly no doubt to be sure unquestionably
granted
 Writing Activity
Submit on Monday, Feb. 03, 2025
*Handwritten
*1 whole yellow paper

Write a 5-paragraph narrative

text about a time in your life
when you experienced an
emotion strongly. Try to give as
much detail as possible.