NP

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Code No.: MP-BCA-102

B RILLIANT 'S ®

Programming
Methodology &
Data Structures
NP
BCA 1st Year

 Vinay Sharma  Dr. Alok Mishra

Bilingual (English & Hindi)

A§J«oOr Ed§ {hÝXr XmoZm| ^mfmAm| _| EH$ gmW

According to New Education Policy

with Previous Year Solved Papers

www.thebrilliants.in
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C++ C++ C++
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New Syllabus
Programming Methodology &
Data Structures
UNIT 1.
NP Introduction to Programming: Programming Concept, Characteris-
tics of Programming, Stages in Program Development, Algorithms,
Notations, Design, Flowcharts, Types of Programming Methodolo-
gies.
Basics of C++: A Brief History of C++, Application of C++. Compil-
ing & Linking, Tokens, Keywords, Identifiers & Constants. Basic
Data Types, User-Defined Data Types, Symbolic Constant, Type
Compatibility, Reference Variables, Operator in C++, Scope Resolu-
tion Operator, Member Dereferencing Operators, Memory Man-
agement Operators, Manipulators. Type Cast Operator.
Functions In C++: The Main Function, Function Prototyping, Call
by Reference Call by Address, Call by Value, Return by Reference,
Inline Function, Default Arguments, Constant Arguments, Func-
tion Overloading, Function with Array.

UNIT 2.
Classes & Objects: A Sample C++ Program with class, Defining
Member functions, Making an Outside Function Inline, Nesting of
Member Functions, Private Member Functions, Arrays within a Class,
Memory Allocation for Objects, Static Data Members, Static Mem-
ber, Functions, Array of Objects, Object as Function Arguments,
Friend Functions, Virtual functions, Returning Objects, Constant
member functions, Pointer to Members, Local Classes.
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Constructor & Destructor: Constructor, Parameterized Constructor,
Multiple Constructors in a Class, Constructors with Default Argu-
ments, Dynamic Initialization of Objects, Copy Constructor, Dy-
namic Constructor and Destructor.

UNIT 3.
Inheritance: Defining Derived Classes, Single inheritance, Making
a Private Member Inheritable, Multilevel Inheritance, Hierarchical
Inheritance, Multiple Inheritance, Hybrid Inheritance, Virtual Base
Classes, Abstract Classes. Constructor in Derived Classes, Nesting
of Classes. Operator Overloading & Type Conversion, Polymor-
phism, Pointers: Pointers with Arrays C++, Streams: C++ Stream
Classes, Unformatted I/O Operation, Formatted I/O Operation,
Managing Output with Manipulators, Exception Handling.
NP
UNIT 4.
Data Structure: Basic concepts, Linear and Non-Linear data struc-
tures
Algorithm Specification: Introduction, Recursive algorithms, Data
Abstraction, Performance analysis.
Arrays: Representation of single, two-dimensional arrays, triangu-
lar arrays, sparse matrices-array and linked representations.
Stacks: Operations, Array and Linked Implementations, Applica-
tions infix to Post fix Conversion, Infix to Postfix Conversion, Postfix
Expression Evaluation, Recursion Implementation.
Queues: Definition, Operations, Array and Linked Implementa-
tions. Circular Queue-Insertion and Deletion Operations, Dequeue
(Double Ended Queue), Priority Queue- Implementation.

UNIT 5.
Linked Lists: Singly Linked Lists, Operations, Concatenating, circu-
larly linked lists-Operations for Circularly linked lists, Doubly Cir-
cular Linked List- Operations, Doubly Circular Linked List, Header
Linked List. Trees: Representation of Trees, Binary tree, Properties
of Binary Trees, Binary Tree Representations- Array and Linked
Representations, Binary Trees Traversals, Threaded Binary Trees.
Heap: Definition, Insertion, Deletion.
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UNIT 6.
Graphs: Graph ADT, Graph Representations, Graph Traversals,
Searching.
Hashing: Introduction, Hash tables, Hash Functions, Overflow
Handling.
Sorting: Bubble sort, Selection Sort, Insertion Sort, QuickSort, Merge
Sort, Comparison of Sorting Methods,
Search Trees: Binary Search Trees, AVL Trees- Definition and Ex-
amples.

UNIT 7.
Innovations in India, origin of Julia Programming Language, In-
dian Engineers who designed new programming languages, open
source languages, Dr. Sartaj Sahni computer scientist - pioneer of
NP
data structure, Other relevant Contributors and their Contributions.

PRACTICAL
1. Write a program to swap the contents of two variables.
2. Write a program for finding the roots of a Quadratic Equation.
3. Write a program to find area of a circle, rectangle square using
switch case.
4. Write a program to print table of any number.
5. Write a program to print Fibonacci series.
6. Write a program to find factorial of a given number using recur-
sion.
7. Write a program to convert decimal (integer) number into equiva-
lent binary number.
8. Write a program to check given string is palindrome or not.
9. Write a program to print digits of entered number in reverse
order.
10. Write a program to print sum of two matrices.
11. Write a program to print multiplication of two matrices.
12. Write a program to generate even/odd series from 1 to 100.
13. Write a program whether a given number is prime or not.
14. Write a program for call by value and call by reference.
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15. Write a program to create a pyramid structure.
1
12
123
1234
16. Write a program to check entered number is Armstrong or not.
17. Write a program to input N numbers and find their average.
18. Write a program to find the area and volume of a rectangular
box using constructor.
19. Write a program to design a class time with hours, minutes and
seconds as data members. Use a data function to perform the
addition of two time objects in hours, minutes and seconds.
20. Write a program to implement single inheritance.
21. Write a program to find largest element from an array.
22. Write a program to implement push and pop operations on a
NP stack using array.
23. Write a program to perform insert and delete operations on a
queue using array.
24. Write a program for Linear search.
25. Write a program for Binary search.
26. Write a program for Bubble sort.
27. Write a program for Selection sort.
28. Write a program for Quick sort.
29. Write a program for insertion sort.
30. Write a program to implement linked list.


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Contents
UNIT

Long Answer Type Questions

Q.1 What is a program? What are the characteristics of a
good program?
àmoJ«m‘ Š¶m h¡? EH$ AÀN>o àmoJ«m‘ H$s {deofVmE§ Š¶m h¢?
NP Short Answer Type Questions
1. What is meant by Program? Explain.
àmoJ«m‘ H$m AW© Š¶m h¡? g‘PmBE& 35
STAGES OF PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT
àmoJ«m‘ S>odbn‘|Q> Ho$ MaU
Long Answer Type Questions
Q.2. Discuss Program development life cycle.
àmoJ«m‘ S>odbn‘|Q> OrdZ MH«$ na MMm© H$s{OE&
Short Answer Type Questions
1. What are the various stages of Program Development?
Explain.
àmoJ«m‘ S>odbn‘|Q> Ho$ {d{^ÝZ MaU ³¶m hmoVo h¡? g‘PmBE& [2023] 38
ALGORITHM, NOTATION AND DESIGN
EëJmo[aX‘, ZmoQ>oeZ Am¡a {S>µOmBZ
Long Answer Type Questions
Q.3. What is an algorithm? What are design and notations
of algorithm? Give example. / EëJmo[aX‘ Š¶m h¡? EëJmo[aX‘
Ho$ {S>OmBZ Am¡a ZmoQ>oeZ Š¶m h¢? CXmhaU Xr{OE&

BRILLIANT'S / Programming Methodology & Data Structures / 7

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Short Answer Type Questions
1. Write an algorithm to find maximum of three given
numbers. / Xr J¶r VrZ g§»¶mAm| H$m A{YH$V‘ kmV H$aZo Ho$
{bE EëJmo[aX‘ {b{IE& 40

FLOWCHART / âbmoMmQ>©

Long Answer Type Questions

Q.4. Explain flowchart with symbols. Give examples.
âbmoMmQ>© H$mo àVrH$m| Ho$ gmW g‘PmBE& CXmhaU Xr{OE&
Short Answer Type Questions
1. Differentiate Flow Chart and Algorithm with an example.
CXmhmaU Ho$ Ûmam âbmoMmQ>© Am¡a EëJmo{aÏ‘ ‘| AÝVa H$s{OE& [2022] 43
NP
PROGRAMMING METHODOLOGIES / àmoJ«mq‘J nÕ{V`m±

Long Answer Type Questions

Q.5. What is meant by programming methodology? Explain
its types. / àmoJm« q‘J nÕ{V H$m AW© Š¶m h¡? BgHo$ àH$ma g‘PmBE&

Short Answer Type Questions

1. Explain top-down and bottom-up programming in de-
tail.
Q>m°n-S>mCZ Am¡a ~m°Q>‘-An àmoJ«mq‘J H$mo {dñVma go g‘PmBE& 47

BASICS OF C++: HISTORY OF C++

C++ H$s ‘yb ~mV|: C++ H$m B{Vhmg
Long Answer Type Questions
Q.6. What is C++? Give the brief history of C++ language
with its applications. / C++ Š¶m h¡? C++ ^mfm H$m g§{jßV
B{Vhmg BgH$s EpßbHo$eÝg Ho$ gmW Xr{OE&
Short Answer Type Questions
1. What is C++? What are its applications?
C++ Š¶m h¡? BgH$s EpßbHo$eÝg Š¶m h¢? 53

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COMPILING AND LINKING / H§$nmBqbJ Am¡a qbqH$J
Short Answer Type Questions
Q.7. Explain C++ basics with compiling and linking of a
C++ program. / C++ àmoJ«m‘ H$s H§$nmBqbJ Am¡a qbqH$J Ho$ gmW
C++ ‘yb ~mV| g‘PmBE& 56
TOKENS, KEYWORDS, IDENTIFIERS, CONSTANTS AND
SYMBOLIC CONSTANTS / Q>moH$Ýg, H$sdS²>g©, AmB©S>|{Q>’$m¶g©,
H$m°ÝgQ>¢Q²>g Am¡a àVrH$mË‘H$ H$m°ÝgQ>¢Q²>g
Long Answer Type Questions
Q.8. Explain following: / {ZåZ{b{IV H$mo g‘PmBE:
(i) C++ tokens / C++ Q>moH$Ýg
NP (ii) C++ keywords / C++ H$sdS²>g©
(iii) identifiers and variables / AmB©S>|{Q>’$m¶g© Am¡a d¡[aE~ëg
(iv) constants / H$m°ÝgQ>¢Q²>g
Short Answer Type Questions
1. Explain C++ tokens and keywords.
C++ Q>moH$Ýg Am¡a H$sdS²>g© H$mo g‘PmBE& 58
DATA TYPES - USER DEFINED DATA TYPES
S>oQ>m àH$ma - Cn¶moJH$Vm© n[a^m{fV S>oQ>m àH$ma
Long Answer Type Questions
Q.9. What are the fundamental data types in C++?
C++ ‘| ‘m¡{bH$ S>oQ>m àH$ma Š¶m h¢?
Short Answer Type Questions
1. Explain user defined data types.
¶yOa {S>’$mB§S> S>oQ>m Q>mBßg H$mo g‘PmBE& 63

TYPE COMPATIBILITY / àH$ma AZwHy$bVm

Short Answer Type Questions

Q.10. What is type compatibility? Explain its types.
àH$ma AZwHy$bVm Š¶m h¡? BgHo$ àH$mam| H$mo g‘PmBE& 65

BRILLIANT'S / Programming Methodology & Data Structures / 9

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REFERENCE VARIABLES / ao’$a|g d¡[aE~ëg
Long Answer Type Questions
Q.11. Explain types of reference variable with examples.
ao’$a|g d¡[aE~b Ho$ àH$ma CXmhaU g{hV g‘PmBE& 67

OPERATORS IN C++ / C++ ‘| Am°naoQ>g©

Long Answer Type Questions
Q.12. Explain various types of operators in C++ with ex-
amples.
C++ ‘| {d{^ÝZ àH$ma Ho$ Am°naoQ>g© H$mo CXmhaU g{hV g‘PmBE&
Short Answer Type Questions
1. Explain arithmetic and logical operators.
NP
A§H$J{UVr¶ Am¡a Vm{H©$H$ Am°naoQ>g© H$mo g‘PmBE& 68

SCOPE RESOLUTION OPERATOR / ñH$mon [aµOm°ë¶yeZ Am°naoQ>a

Long Answer Type Questions
Q.13. Explain scope resolution operator in C++. What is mem-
ber dereferencing operator? / C++ ‘| ñH$mon [aµOm°ë¶yeZ
Am°naoQ>a H$mo g‘PmBE& ‘|~a S>rao’$a|qgJ Am°naoQ>a Š¶m h¡? 74

MEMORY MANAGEMENT / ‘o‘moar ‘¡ZoO‘|Q>

Long Answer Type Questions

Q.14. What is memory management? Explain memory man-
agement operators in C++. / ‘o‘moar ‘¡ZoO‘|Q> Š¶m h¡? C++
‘| ‘o‘moar ‘¡ZoO‘|Q> Am°naoQ>g© H$mo g‘PmBE& 77

MANIPULATORS / ‘¡{Z߶wboQ>g©

Long Answer Type Questions

Q.15. What are manipulators in C++? Explain with ex-
amples. / C++ ‘| ‘¡{Z߶wboQ>g© Š¶m h¢? CXmhaU g{hV g‘PmBE& 78

BRILLIANT'S / Programming Methodology & Data Structures / 10

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TYPE CAST OPERATOR / Q>mBn H$mñQ> Am°naoQ>a
Short Answer Type Questions
Q.16. What is Type Casting? Explain with example.
Q>mBn H$mpñQ>¨J ³¶m h¡? CXmhaU Ûmam g‘PmBE& [2022] 80

FUNCTIONS IN C++: THE MAIN FUNCTION, FUNCTION

PROTOTYPING
C++ ‘| ’§$³eÝg: MAIN ’§$³eZ, µ’§$ŠeZ àmoQ>moQ>mBqnJ
Long Answer Type Questions
Q.17. Write short note on: / {ZåZ na g§{jßV {Q>ßnUr {b{IE:
(i) defining function / {S>’$mBqZJ ’§$ŠeZ
NP (ii) main function / ‘oZ ’§$ŠeZ
(iii) function prototyping / ’§$ŠeZ àmoQ>moQ>mBqnJ

Short Answer Type Questions

1. What is Function? What are its various types? Explain
with the help of example. / ’§$³eZ ³¶m hmoVo h¡? ¶h {H$VZo
àH$ma Ho$ hmoVo h¡? CXmhaU H$s ghm¶Vm go g‘PmBE& [2023] 81

CALL BY VALUE, CALL BY REFERENCE, CALL BY ADDRESS

H$m°b ~m¶ d¡ë¶y, H$m°b ~m¶ ao’$a|g, H$m°b ~m¶ ES´>og
Long Answer Type Questions
Q.18. Explain call by value, call by address and call by ref-
erence with example in C++. / C++ ‘| CXmhaU Ho$ gmW
H$m°b ~m¶ d¡ë¶y, H$m°b ~m¶ ES´o>g Am¡a H$m°b ~m¶ ao’$a|g g‘PmBE&
Short Answer Type Questions
1. Differentiate Call by Value and Call by Reference. [2022]
Call by Value Am¡a Call by Reference ‘| AÝVa H$s{OE& 84
Q.19. What is return by reference? Explain with an example.
[aQ>Z© ~m¶ ao’$a|g Š¶m h¡? CXmhaU g{hV g‘PmBE& 88

BRILLIANT'S / Programming Methodology & Data Structures / 11

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INLINE FUNCTIONS / BZbmBZ ’§$³eÝg
Short Answer Type Questions
Q.20. What are inline functions? Explain.
BZbmBZ ’§$Še§g Š¶m h¢? g‘PmBE& 89
DEFAULT ARGUMENTS, CONSTANT ARGUMENTS
{S>µ’$m°ëQ> Am°½¶w©‘|Q²>g, H$m°ÝgQ>¢Q> Am°½¶w©‘|Q²>g
Long Answer Type Questions
Q.21. Explain default argument and constant argument with
example. / {S>µ’$m°ëQ> Am°½¶w©‘|Q> Am¡a H$m°ÝgQ>¢Q> Am°½¶w©‘|Q> H$mo CXmhaU
Ho$ gmW g‘PmBE& 90

FUNCTION OVERLOADING / ’§$ŠeZ AmodabmoqS>J

NP Short Answer Type Questions
Q.22. Explain function overloading in C++.
C++ ‘| ’§$ŠeZ AmodabmoqS>J H$mo g‘PmBE& [2023] 92

FUNCTIONS WITH ARRAY / Aao Ho$ gmW ’§$³eÝg

Short Answer Type Questions
Q.23. How can we use functions with array?
h‘ Aao Ho$ gmW ’§$³eÝg H$m Cn¶moJ H¡$go H$a gH$Vo h¢? 94
 Review Questions 96

 Objective Questions 97
UNIT

CLASSES AND OBJECTS / Šbmg Am¡a Am°ãOoŠQ>

Long Answer Type Questions
Q.24. What are class and objects? Write a program in C++
using class and object. / Šbmg Am¡a Am°ãOoŠQ> Š¶m h¢? Šbmg
Am¡a Am°ãOoŠQ> H$m Cn¶moJ H$aHo$ C++ ‘| EH$ àmoJ«m‘ {b{IE&
BRILLIANT'S / Programming Methodology & Data Structures / 12
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Short Answer Type Questions
1. What are classes and objects? Explain with example.
Šbmgog Am¡a Am°ãOoŠQ²>g Š¶m h¢? CXmhaU g{hV g‘PmBE& 100

DEFINING MEMBER FUNCTIONS, MAKING OUTSIDE

FUNCTION INLINE
‘|~a ’§$³eZ H$mo n[a^m{fV H$aZm, ~mhar ’§$³e§g H$mo BZbmBZ ~ZmZm
Q.25. What is a member function? How is member function
defined? / ‘|~a ’§$ŠeZ Š¶m h¡? ‘|~a µ’§$ŠeZ H¡$go n[a^m{fV
{H$¶m OmVm h¡? 104

NESTING OF MEMBER FUNCTIONS / ‘|~a ’§$³e§g H$s ZopñQ>¨J

Long Answer Type Questions
NP
Q.26. What is meant by nesting of member function?
‘|~a ’§$ŠeZ Ho$ ZopñQ>§J H$m AW© Š`m h¡? 107

PRIVATE MEMBER FUNCTION / àmBdoQ> ‘|~a ’§$ŠeZ

Long Answer Type Questions
Q.27. What is private member function? Explain.
àmBdoQ> ‘|~a ’§$ŠeZ Š¶m h¡? g‘PmB¶o& 109

ARRAYS WITHIN A CLASS / EH$ ³bmg Ho$ ^rVa AaoÁm

Q.28. How can we define array as a member in a class?
Explain using example. / h‘ Aao H$mo EH$ ³bmg ‘| EH$ ‘|~a
Ho$ ê$n ‘| H¡$go n[a^m{fV H$a gH$Vo h¢? CXmhaU XoH$a g‘PmBE& 111

MEMORY ALLOCATION FOR OBJECTS

Am°ãOo³Q²>g Ho$ {bE ‘o‘moar Amd§Q>Z
Short Answer Type Questions
Q.29. How is memory allocated for objects? Explain.
Am°ãOo³Q²>g Ho$ {bE ‘o‘moar H¡$go Amd§{Q>V H$s OmVr h¡? g‘PmB¶o& 112

BRILLIANT'S / Programming Methodology & Data Structures / 13

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STATIC MEMBERS OF A CLASS, STATIC FUNCTION
MEMBERS / EH$ ³bmg Ho$ ñQ>¡{Q>H$ ‘|~g©, ñQ>¡{Q>H$ ’§$³e§g ‘|~g©
Long Answer Type Questions
Q.30. Explain with example:
{ZåZ{b{IV H$mo CXmhaU g{hV g‘PmBE:
(i) Static members of class / ³bmg Ho$ ñQ>¡{Q>H$ ‘|~a
(ii) Static function members / ñQ>¡{Q>H$ ’§$³eZ ‘|~g©
Short Answer Type Questions
1. What is meant by static members of a class?
{H$gr ³bmg Ho$ ñQ¡{Q>H$ ‘|~g© H$m AW© Š¶m h¡? 113

ARRAY OF OBJECTS / Am°ãOo³Q²>g H$m Aao

Short Answer Type Questions
NP
Q.31. What is array of objects? Give example.
Am°ãOo³Q²>g H$m Aao Š¶m h¡? CXmhaU Xr{OE& 117
PASSING OBJECTS AS FUNCTION ARGUMENTS
µ’§$ŠeZ Am½¶w©‘|Q> Ho$ ê$n ‘| Am°ãOoŠQ> nmg H$aZm
Long Answer Type Questions
Q.32. Explain method to pass objects to function.
’§$³eZ H$mo Am°ãOoQ²>g nmg H$aZo H$s {d{Y g‘PmBE& 120

FRIEND FUNCTIONS / ’«|$S> ’§$³e§g

Short Answer Type Questions
Q.33. What is Friend Function? Explain Friend Function and
Friend Class with examples.
Friend ’§$³eZ ³¶m hmoVm h¡? Friend ’§$³eZ VWm Friend ³bmg
H$mo CXmhaU g{hV g‘PmBE& [2023] 125

VIRTUAL FUNCTIONS / dMw©Ab ’§$³e§g

Short Answer Type Questions
Q.34. Define Virtual Function with an example.
CXmhaU Ûmam dMw©Ab ’§$³eZ H$mo n[a^m{fV H$s{OE&[2023, 2022] 127

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RETURNING OBJECT FROM FUNCTION
µ’§$ŠeZ go Am°ãOo³Q> [aQ>Z© H$aZm

Short Answer Type Questions

Q.35. How is an object returned using function? Explain.
’§$ŠeZ H$m Cn¶moJ H$aHo$ Am°ãOoŠQ> H¡$go [aQ>Z© {H$¶m OmVm h¡? g‘PmBE& 128

CONSTANT MEMBER FUNCTIONS / H$m°ÝgQ>¢Q²> ‘|~a ’§$³e§g

Short Answer Type Questions

Q.36. What is a constant member function?
EH$ H$m°ÝgQ>¢Q²> ‘|~a ’§$³eZ ³¶m h¡? 129
NP POINTERS TO MEMBERS / ‘|~g© H$s Amoa nm°B§Q>g©

Short Answer Type Questions

Q.37. How can we refer to members of objects using point-
ers? Explain. / h‘ nm°B§Q>g© H$m Cn¶moJ H$aHo$ Am°ãOoQ²>g Ho$ ‘|~g©
H$mo H¡$go g§X{^©V H$a gH$Vo h¢? g‘PmBE& 131

LOCAL CLASSES / bmoH$b ³bmgog

Short Answer Type Questions

Q.38. What is meant by local class?
bmoH$b ³bmg go Š¶m A{^àm¶ h¡? 132

CONSTRUCTOR / H§$ñQ´>³Q>a

Short Answer Type Questions

Q.39. What is Constructor? What are its characteristics?
Explain its various types with example.
Constructor ³¶m hmoVo h¡? BgH$s ³¶m {deofVmE§ hmoVr h¡? BgHo$
{d{^ÝZ àH$ma H$mo CXmhaU g{hV g‘PmBE& [2023] 133

BRILLIANT'S / Programming Methodology & Data Structures / 15

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MULTIPLE CONSTRUCTORS IN CLASS
³bmg ‘| ‘ëQ>rnb H§$ñQ´>³Q>g©
Short Answer Type Questions
Q.40. How can we define multiple constructors in class?
EH$ Šbmg ‘| h‘ ‘ëQ>rnb H§$ñQ´>ŠQ>g© H¡$go n[a^m{fV H$a gH$Vo h¢?
OR
Explain multiple constructors of a class.
EH$ Šbmg Ho$ ‘ëQ>rnb H§$ñQ´>ŠQ>g© H$mo g‘PmBE& 136

CONSTRUCTORS WITH DEFAULT ARGUMENTS

S>r\$m°ëQ> Am½¶w©‘|Q²>g Ho$ gmW H§$ñQ´>³Q>g©
Short Answer Type Questions
NP
Q.41. What are constructors with default arguments?
{S>’$m°ëQ> Am½¶w©‘|Q> dmbo H§$ñQ´>ŠQ>a Š¶m hmoVo h¢?
OR
How can default arguments be used with construc-
tors. / H$ÝñQ´>ŠQ>g© Ho$ gmW {S>µ’$m°ëQ> Am½¶w©‘|Q²>g H$m Cn¶moJ H¡$go
{H$¶m Om gH$Vm h¡? 137

COPY CONSTRUCTOR / H$m°nr H§$ñQ´>ŠQ>a

Short Answer Type Questions
Q.42. What is copy constructor? How is it used?
H$m°nr H§$ñQ´>ŠQ>a Š¶m h¡? BgH$m Cn¶moJ H¡$go {H$¶m OmVm h¡?
OR
Explain copy constructor with example.
H$m°nr H§$ñQ´>ŠQ>a H$mo CXmhaU g{hV g‘PmBE& 138

DYNAMIC INITIALIZATION OF OBJECTS

Am°ãOo³Q²>g H$m S>m¶Zo{‘H$ B{Z{e¶bmBµOoeZ
Short Answer Type Questions
Q.43. What is meant by dynamic initialization of objects?
Am°ãOo³Q²>g Ho$ S>m¶Zo{‘H$ B{Z{e¶bmBOoeZ H$m AW© ³¶m h¡? 140

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DYNAMIC CONSTRUCTOR / S>m¶Zo{‘H$ H§$ñQ´>³Q>a
Short Answer Type Questions
Q.44. What is a dynamic constructor? How does it allocate
the memory?
S>m¶Zo{‘H$ H§$ñQ´>ŠQ>a Š¶m h¡? ¶h ‘o‘moar H¡$go Amd§{Q>V H$aVm h¡?
OR
Explain dynamic constructor with example.
S>m¶Zo{‘H$ H§$ñQ´>ŠQ>a H$mo CXmhaU g{hV g‘PmBE& 142

DESTRUCTOR / {S>ñQ´>ŠQ>a

Short Answer Type Questions

Q.45. What is a destructor? How is it useful?
{S>ñQ´>ŠQ>a Š¶m h¡? ¶h H¡$go Cn¶moJr h¡?
NP
OR
Explain destructor with example.
{S>ñQ´>ŠQ>a H$mo CXmhaU g{hV g‘PmBE& 144
 Review Questions 146

 Objective Questions 148

UNIT

INHERITANCE: DEFINING DERIVED CLASSES

BZho[aQ>|g: {S>amBìS> ³bmgog n[a^m{fV H$aZm
Short Answer Type Questions
Q.46. What is Inheritance? Explain various types of inherit-
ance with example. / Inheritance ³¶m hmoVm h¡? {d{^ÝZ
àH$ma Ho$ Inheritance H$mo CXmhaU g{hV g‘PmBE& [2023] 151
Long Answer Type Questions
Q.47. Explain types of inheritance in C++ with examples.
C++ _| {d{^ÝZ àH$ma Ho$ B§ho[aQ>|g H$mo CXmhaU g{hV g_PmBE& 153

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SINGLE INHERITANCE: MAKING PRIVATE MEMBER
INHERITABLE
qgJb BZho[aQ>|g: àmBdoQ> ‘|~a H$mo BZho[aQ> H$aZo ¶mo½¶ ~ZmZm
Short Answer Type Questions
Q.48. What are the various access specifiers in C++? Explain.
C++ ‘| {d{^ÝZ access specifiers ³¶m h¡? g‘PmBE& [2022] 153

MULTILEVEL INHERITANCE / ‘ëQ>rbodb BZho[aQ>|g

Short Answer Type Questions

Q.49. Explain multilevel inheritance in C++ with example.
C++ ‘| ‘ëQ>rbodb BZho[aQ>|g H$mo CXmhaU g{hV g‘PmBE& 156

HIERARCHICAL INHERITANCE / hm¶am{H©$H$b BZho[aQ>|g

NP
Short Answer Type Questions
Q.50. Explain hierarchical inheritance in C++ with example.
CXmhaU Ho$ gmW C++ ‘| hm¶am{H©$H$b BZho[aQ>|g H$mo g‘PmBE& 158

MULTIPLE INHERITANCE / ‘ëQ>rnb BZho[aQ>|g

Short Answer Type Questions

Q.51. Explain multiple inheritance in C++ with example.
C++ ‘| ‘ëQ>rnb BZho[aQ>|g H$mo CXmhaU g{hV g‘PmBE& 161

HYBRID INHERITANCE / hmB{~«S> BZho[aQ>|g

Short Answer Type Questions
Q.52. Explain hybrid inheritance in C++ with example.
C++ ‘| hmB{~«S> BZho[aQ>|g H$mo CXmhaU g{hV g‘PmBE& 163

VIRTUAL BASE CLASS / dMw©Ab ~og Šbmg

Short Answer Type Questions
Q.53. What is virtual base class? How is it useful in solving
diamond problem? / dMw©Ab ~og Šbmg Š¶m h¡? S>m¶‘§S> àm°ãb‘
H$mo hb H$aZo ‘| ¶h {H$g àH$ma Cn¶moJr h¡? 165

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ABSTRACT CLASSES / EãgQ´>o³Q> ³bmgog
Short Answer Type Questions
Q.54. Explain concept of abstract class in C++ with example.
C++ ‘| EãgQ´>o³Q> ³bmg H$s AdYmaUm H$mo CXmhaU g{hV g‘PmBE& 167

CONSTRUCTORS IN DERIVED CLASS / {S>amBìS> ³bmg ‘| H§$ñQ´>³Q>g©

Short Answer Type Questions

Q.55. Explain the use of constructors in derived class.
{S>amBìS> Šbmg ‘| H§$ñQ´>ŠQ>g© Ho$ Cn¶moJ H$mo g‘PmBE& 170

NESTING OF CLASSES / ³bmgog H$s ZopñQ>¨J

Short Answer Type Questions
NP
Q.56. What is nesting of classes? Explain using example.
³bmgog H$s ZopñQ>§J Š¶m h¡? CXmhaU H$m Cn`moJ H$aHo$ g‘PmBE& 170

OPERATOR OVERLOADING / Am°naoQ>a AmodabmoqS>J

Short Answer Type Questions
Q.57. What is Operator Overloading? Write a program in
C++ to overload binary '+' operator.
Operator AmodabmoqS>J ³¶m hmoVr h¡? ~mBZar '+" Am°naoQ>a H$mo
overload H$aZo Ho$ {bE C++ ‘| EH$ àmoJ«m‘ {b{IE& [2023] 172

TYPE CONVERSIONS / Q>mBn H$ÝdµO©Ýg

Short Answer Type Questions

Q.58. What is meant by type conversion in class? Give ex-
amples. / ³bmg ‘| Q>mBn H$ÝdµOZ
© H$m Š¶m AW© h¡? CXmhaU Xr{OE& 174

POLYMORPHISM / nm°br‘m°{’©$Á
µ ‘
Short Answer Type Questions
Q.59. What is polymorphism? Explain its types.
nm°br‘m°{’©$µÁ‘ Š¶m h¡? BgHo$ àH$mam| H$mo g‘PmBE& 177

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POINTERS / nm°B§Q>g©

Short Answer Type Questions

Q.60. What is a pointer? Explain declaration and initializa-
tion of pointers. / EH$ nm°B§Q>a Š¶m h¡? nm°B§Q>g© Ho$ {S>ŠboaoeZ
Am¡a B{Z{e¶bmBµOoeZ H$mo g‘PmBE& 179

POINTER TO ARRAY / Aao Ho$ {bE nm°B§Q>a

Short Answer Type Questions
Q.61. Explain pointer to array with example.
nm°B§Q>a Qy> Aao H$mo CXmhaU g{hV g‘PmBE& 181

ARRAY OF POINTERS / nm°B§Q>g© H$m Aao

NP Short Answer Type Questions
Q.62. What is array of pointers? Explain with example.
nm°B§Q>g© H$s Aao Š¶m h¡? CXmhaU g{hV g‘PmBE& 182

STREAMS, C++ STREAM CLASSES / ñQ´>råg, C++ ñQ´>r‘ Šbmgog

Short Answer Type Questions
Q.63. What is a stream in C++? Write the stream classes in
C++. / C++ ‘| ñQ´>r‘ Š¶m h¡? C++ ‘| ñQ´>r‘ Šbmgog {b{IE& 184
UNFORMATTED I/O OPERATION, FORMATTED I/O
OPERATION / AZ’$m°‘}Q>oS> I/O Am°naoeZ, ’$m°‘}Q>oS> I/O Am°naoeZ
Long Answer Type Questions
Q.64. Explain formatted and unformatted I/O operations in
C++. [2023]
C++ ‘| ’$m°‘}Q>oS> Am¡a AZ’$m°‘}Q>oS> I/O Am°naoeÝg H$mo g‘PmBE&

Short Answer Type Questions

1. Differentiate between Formatted and Unformatted I/O
Operating with example. / CXmhmaU Ûmam Formatted Am¡a
Unformatted I/O Am°naoeZ ‘| AÝVa H$s{OE& [2022] 187

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EXCEPTIONS HANDLING / E³goße§g h¢S>qbJ
Long Answer Type Questions
Q.65. Explain exception handling in C++ with example.
C++ ‘| EŠgoßeZ h¢S>qbJ H$mo CXmhaU g{hV g‘PmBE&
Short Answer Type Questions
1. What is meant by exception handling? How is it use-
ful in handling errors? / E³goßeZ h¢S>qbJ H$m Š¶m AW© h¡?
Eag© h¢S>qbJ ‘| ¶h {H$g àH$ma Cn¶moJr h¡? 193
 Review Questions 197

 Objective Questions 198

UNIT

NP
DATA STRUCTURE- BASIC CONCEPTS
S>oQ>m ñQ´>ŠMa- ~w{Z¶mXr AdYmaUmE±
Short Answer Type Questions
Q.66. What are data structures? Explain linear and non-lin-
ear data structures. / S>oQ>m ñQ´>ŠMg© Š¶m h¢? br{Z¶a Am¡a
Zm°Z-br{Z¶a S>oQ>m ñQ´>ŠMg© H$mo g‘PmBE& 200
ALGORITHM SPECIFICATION: INTRODUCTION, RECUR-
SIVE ALGORITHMS, DATA ABSTRACTION, PERFORMANCE
ANALYSIS / EëJmo[aX‘ ñno{g{’$Ho$eZ - n[aM¶, [aH${g©d
EëJmo[aX‘, S>oQ>m EãgQ´>o³eZ, na’$m°‘}Ýg EZm{b{gg
Long Answer Type Questions
Q.67. Write a short note on: / {ZåZ na EH$ g§{jßV {Q>ßnUr {b{IE:
(i) Recursive algorithm / [aH${g©d EëJmo[aX‘
(ii) Data Abstraction / S>oQ>m EãgQ´>o³eZ
(iii) time and space complexity / g‘¶ Am¡a ñWmZ O{Q>bVm

BRILLIANT'S / Programming Methodology & Data Structures / 21

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Short Answer Type Questions
1. What is Recursive Algorithm? Write a program to ex-
plain Recursive Algorithm. / [aH${g©d EëJmo[aÏ‘ ³¶m h¡?
[aH${g©d EëJmo[aÏ‘ H$mo g‘PmZo hoVw EH$ àmoJ«m‘ {b{IE& [2022] 202

ARRAY: REPRESENTATION OF SINGLE, TWO-DIMENSI-

ONAL ARRAY / Aao: qgJb, Qy>-S>m¶‘|eZb Aao H$m à{V{Z{YËd
Long Answer Type Questions
Q.68. What is an array? Explain single dimensional array
and two-dimensional array with example.
EH$ Aao Š¶m h¡? qgJb S>m¶‘|eZb Aao Am¡a Qy>-S>m¶‘|eZb Aao H$mo
CXmhaU g{hV g‘PmBE&
Short Answer Type Questions
NP
1. What is single dimensional array? Give example.
qgJb S>m¶‘|eZb Aao Š¶m h¡? CXmhaU Xr{OE& 208
Q.69. Write a program in C++ to find maximum and mini-
mum in an array of integers. / B§{Q>Og© H$s EH$ Aao ‘| A{YH$V‘
Am¡a ݶyZV‘ ImoOZo Ho$ {bE C++ ‘| EH$ àmoJ«m‘ {b{IE& 212
Q.70. Write a program in C++ for addition of two matrices
using two-dimensional array. / Qy>-S>m¶‘|eZb Aao H$m Cn¶moJ
H$aHo$ Xmo ‘¡Q´>mBgog H$mo Omo‹S>Zo Ho$ {bE C++ ‘| EH$ àmoJ«m‘ {b{IE& 214

TRIANGULAR ARRAY / {ÌH$moUr¶ Aao

Short Answer Type Questions
Q.71. What is triangular array? / {ÌH$moUr¶ Aao Š¶m h¡? 217

SPARSE MATRIX / ñnmg© ‘¡{Q´>Šg

Long Answer Type Questions

Q.72. What is sparse matrix? Explain the array and linked
representation of sparse matrix. / ñnmg© ‘¡{Q´>Šg Š¶m h¡?
ñnmg© ‘¡{Q´>Šg Ho$ Aao Am¡a qbŠS> [aàoµO|Q>oeZ H$mo g‘PmBE&

BRILLIANT'S / Programming Methodology & Data Structures / 22

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Short Answer Type Questions
1. What are the benefits of Sparse matrix?
ñnmg© ‘¡{Q´>Šg Ho$ Š¶m ’$m¶Xo h¢? 217
STACK: OPERATIONS, ARRAY AND LINKED
IMPLEMENTATIONS / ñQ>¡H$: Am°naoeÝg, Aao Am¡a qb³S> H$m¶m©Ýd¶Z
Long Answer Type Questions
Q.73. What is stack data structure? Explain array implemen-
tation of stack.
ñQ>¡H$ S>oQ>m g§aMZm Š¶m h¡? ñQ>¡H$ Ho$ Aao Båßbr‘|Q>oeZ H$mo g‘PmBE&
OR
Implement stack using linked list.
qb³S> {bñQ> H$m Cn¶moJ H$aHo$ ñQ>¡H$ H$m¶m©pÝdV H$s{OE&
Short Answer Type Questions
NP
1. Explain stack and its operations.
ñQ>¡H$ Am¡a CgHo$ Am°naoeÝg H$s ì¶m»¶m H$s{OE& 221
INFIX TO POSTFIX CONVERSION
Bpݵ’$Šg go nmoñQ>{µ’$Šg H$ÝdµO©Z
Long Answer Type Questions
Q.74. What are infix and postfix expressions? Write a pro-
gram in C++ to convert infix to postfix.
BpÝ’$Šg Am¡a nmoñQ>{’$Šg EŠgàoeÝg Š¶m h¢? BpÝ’$Šg H$mo
nmoñQ>{’$Šg ‘| ~XbZo Ho$ {bE C++ ‘| EH$ àmoJ«m‘ {b{IE&
Short Answer Type Questions
1. Write an algorithm to convert an infix expression into
postfix expression using stack. Also convert the fol-
lowing infix expression into post fix expression: / In-
fix expression H$mo postfix E³gàoeZ ‘| ~XbZo Ho$ {bE stack
H$s ghm¶Vm go EH$ EëJmo[aÏ‘ {b{IE& {ZåZ{b{IV infix ex-
pression H$mo postfix ‘| ^r H$ÝdQ>© H$s{OE:
(A/(B-C) * D + E) [2023]
2. Explain infix to postfix conversion with example.
BpÝ’$Šg Qy> nmoñQ>{’$Šg H$ÝdµO©Z H$mo CXmhaU g{hV g‘PmBE& 229

BRILLIANT'S / Programming Methodology & Data Structures / 23

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EVALUATION OF POSTFIX EXPRESSIONS USING STACK
ñQ>¡H$ H$m Cn¶moJ H$aHo$ nmoñQ>{µ’$Šg EŠgàoeÝg H$m ‘yë¶m§H$Z
Long Answer Type Questions
Q.75. How to use stack for evaluation of postfix expression?
Write a C++ program to evaluate postfix expression.
nmoñQ>{’µ $Šg EŠgàoeZ Ho$ ‘yë¶m§H$Z Ho$ {bE ñQ>H¡ $ H$m Cn¶moJ H¡$go H$a|?
nmoñQ>{’$Šg EŠgàoeZ H$m ‘yë¶m§H$Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE C++ àmoJm« ‘ {b{IE&
Short Answer Type Questions
1. Write an algorithm for evaluating postfix expression
using stack. / ñQ>¡H$ H$m Cn¶moJ H$aHo$ nmoñQ>{µ’$Šg EŠgàoeZ Ho$
‘yë¶m§H$Z Ho$ {bE EH$ EëJmo[aX‘ {b{IE& 235

RECURSION IMPLEMENTATION / [aH$µO©Z H$m¶m©Ýd¶Z

NP
Short Answer Type Questions
Q.76. How recursion is implemented using stack? Explain.
ñQ>¡H$ H$m Cn¶moJ H$aHo$ [aH$µO©Z H¡$go H$m¶m©pÝdV {H$¶m OmVm h¡?
g‘PmBE& 239
QUEUE: DEFINITION, OPERATIONS, ARRAY AND LINKED
IMPLEMENTATION
³¶y: n[a^mfm, Am°naoeÝg, Aao Am¡a qbŠS> H$m¶m©Ýd¶Z
Long Answer Type Questions
Q.77. What is Queue? How are queues represented in
memory? Also write the algorithm for inserting, de-
leting and traversing queue elements. / Queue ³¶m hmoVm
h¡? ‘o‘moar ‘| queues H$mo H¡$go represent H$aVo h¡? Queue ‘|
Ebr‘|Q²>g H$mo BÝgQ>© H$aZo, {S>{bQ> H$aZo VWm Q´>odg© H$aZo H$s EëJmo[aÏ‘
^r {b{IE& [2023]

Short Answer Type Questions

1. Write a program to create a Queue.
EH$ Queue {Z{‘©V H$aZo hoVw EH$ àmoJ«m‘ {b{IE& [2022] 241

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CIRCULAR QUEUE: INSERTION AND DELETION
gH©w$ba ³¶y: B§ge©Z Am¡a {S>breZ
Long Answer Type Questions
Q.78. What is circular queue? Write a program to insert
and delete data from a circular queue.
gH©w$ba ³¶y Š¶m h¡? gH©w$ba ³¶y go S>oQ>m B§gQ>© Am¡a S>rbrQ> H$aZo Ho$
{bE EH$ àmoJ«m‘ {b{IE&
Short Answer Type Questions
1. What is circular queue? What are the operations that
can be performed on circular queue? / gH©w$ba ³¶y Š¶m
h¡? do H$m¡Z go Am°naoe§g h¢ Omo gHw©$ba Š¶y na {H$E Om gH$Vo h¢? 250

DOUBLE ENDED QUEUE- DEQUEUE / S>~b E§S>oS> Š¶y- S>rŠ¶y

NP
Long Answer Type Questions
Q.79. What is Dequeue? Implement Double Ended Queue
in C++. / S>r³¶y Š¶m h¡? c++ ‘| S>~b E§S>oS> ³¶y bmJy H$r{OE&

Short Answer Type Questions

1. What are the operations possible in a double ended
queue? / S>~b E§S>oS> ³¶y ‘| H$m¡Z go Am°naoe§g g§^d h¢? 257
PRIORITY QUEUE- IMPLEMENTATION
àm¶mo[aQ>r Š¶y - H$m¶m©Ýd¶Z
Long Answer Type Questions
Q.80. What is priority queue? Write a program to implement
priority queue in C++. / àm¶mo[aQ>r Š¶y Š¶m h¡? c++ ‘| àm¶mo[aQ>r
Š¶y bmJy H$aZo Ho$ {bE EH$ àmoJ«m‘ {bpIE&
Short Answer Type Questions
1. What is a priority queue? What are its types?
àm¶mo[aQ>r Š¶y Š¶m h¡? BgHo$ àH$ma Š¶m h¢? 262
 Review Questions 268

 Objective Questions 270

BRILLIANT'S / Programming Methodology & Data Structures / 25

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UNIT

LINKED LIST: SINGLY LINKED LIST OPERATIONS

qb³S> {bñQ>: qgJbr qb³S> {bñQ> Am°naoeÝg
Long Answer Type Questions
Q.81. Write an algorithm to create a Singly Link List.
qgJb qbH$ {bñQ> {Z{‘©V H$aZo hoVw EH$ EëJmo[aÏ‘ {b{IE& [2022]
Short Answer Type Questions
1. What is linked list? How can you insert nodes to it?
qbŠS> {bñQ> Š¶m h¡? Amn Bg‘| ZmoS²>g H¡$go S>mb gH$Vo h¢? 272
NP
Q.82. Write a program to concatenate two linked list.
Xmo qb³S> {bñQ> H$mo Omo‹S>Zo Ho$ {bE EH$ àmoJ«m‘ {b{IE& 283

CIRCULARLY LINKED LISTS- OPERATIONS FOR CIRCU-

LARLY LINKED LIST
g³¶w©bbr© qbŠS> {bñQ²>g- g³¶w©bbr© qbŠS> {bñQ> Ho$ {bE Am°naoeÝg
Long Answer Type Questions
Q.83. Explain circular linked list with its operations.
g³¶w©ba qbŠS> {bñQ> H$mo BgHo$ Am°naoeÝg Ho$ gmW g‘PmBE&
Short Answer Type Questions
1. Explain insertion of a new node in circular linked list.
g³¶w©ba qbŠS> {bñQ> ‘| EH$ Z¶m ZmoS> S>mbZm g‘PmBE& 286

DOUBLY LINKED LIST - OPERATIONS, DOUBLY CIRCULAR

LINKED LIST
S>~br qbŠS> {bñQ> - Am°naoe§g, S>~br g³¶w©ba qbŠS> {bñQ>
Long Answer Type Questions
Q.84. What is doubly linked list? Explain its operations.
S>~br qbŠS> gyMr Š¶m h¡? BgHo$ Am°naoeÝg H$mo g‘PmBE&

BRILLIANT'S / Programming Methodology & Data Structures / 26

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Short Answer Type Questions
1. Explain Doubly Linked List with the help of an ex-
ample. Also write an algorithm to insert a node at
beginning, middle and end of the Doubly Linked List.
Doubly qbH$ {bñQ> H$mo CXmhaU H$s ghm¶Vm go g‘PmBE& Dou-
bly qb³S> {bñQ> Ho$ Amaå^, ‘ܶ VWm AÝV ‘| ZmoS> BÝgQ>© H$aZo Ho$
{bE EëJmo[aÏ‘ ^r {b{IE& [2023] 297

HEADER LINKED LIST / hoS>a qbŠS> {bñQ>

Short Answer Type Questions
Q.85. What is header linked list? Explain its types.
hoS>a qbŠS> {bñQ> Š¶m h¡? BgHo$ àH$ma g‘PmBE&
OR
What are the types of header linked list?
NP
hoS>a qbŠS> {bñQ> Ho$ àH$ma Š¶m h¢? 306
TREES: REPRESENTATION OF TREES
Q´>rµO: Q´>rµO H$m à{V{Z{YËd
Short Answer Type Questions
Q.86. Explain tree data structure. / Q´>r S>oQ>m ñQ´>ŠMa H$mo g‘PmBE&
OR
How are trees represented? Explain.
Q´>rµO H$m à{V{Z{YËd H¡$go {H$¶m OmVm h¡? g‘PmBE& 310
BINARY TREE, PROPERTIES OF BINARY TREE, BINARY
TREE REPRESENTATION
~mBZar Q´>r, ~mBZar Q´>r Ho$ JwU, ~mBZar Q´>r à{V{Z{YËd
Long Answer Type Questions
Q.87. What is Binary Tree? What are its properties?
~mBZar Q´>r ³¶m hmoVm h¡? BgH$s ³¶m {deofVmE§ hmoVr h¡? [2023]

Short Answer Type Questions

1. What is a binary tree? Explain its properties.
~mBZar Q´>r Š¶m h¡? BgHo$ JwUm| H$mo g‘PmBE& 313

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ARRAY AND LINKED REPRESENTATION OF BINARY TREE
~mBZar Q´>r H$m Aao Am¡a qbŠS> {Zê$nU
Short Answer Type Questions
Q.88. Write a program in C++ to implement binary tree us-
ing array. / Aao H$m Cn¶moJ H$aHo$ ~mBZar Q´>r H$mo bmJy H$aZo Ho$
{bE C++ ‘| EH$ àmoJ«m‘ {b{IE& 317

BINARY TREE TRAVERSAL / ~mBZar Q´>r Q´>¡dg©b

Long Answer Type Questions
Q.89. Explain the various ways of traversing binary tree.
~mBZar Q´>r H$mo Q´>odg© H$aZo Ho$ {d{^ÝZ VarH$mo H$s ì¶m»¶m H$s{OE&
[2023]
OR
NP What is Tree Traversal? Explain various Tree Traversal
Operations with example. / Q´>r Q´>odg©b ³¶m h¡? CXmhaU Ho$
Ûmam {d{^ÝZ Q´>r Q´>odg©b Am°naoeZ H$mo g‘PmBE& [2022] 321

THREADED BINARY TREES / W«oS>oS> ~mBZar Q´>rµO

Short Answer Type Questions
Q.90. What is Threaded Binary Tree? Explain.
W«oS>oS> ~mBZar Q´>r ³¶m h¡? g‘PmBE& [2022] 325
HEAP: DEFINITION, INSERTION AND DELETION
hrn: n[a^mfm, B§ge©Z Am¡a {S>breZ
Long Answer Type Questions
Q.91. What is heap? Explain operations on heap data struc-
ture. / hrn Š¶m h¡? hrn S>oQ>m ñQ´>ŠMa na Am°naoe§g H$mo g‘PmBE&
Short Answer Type Questions
1. What is heap? Explain types of heap data structure.
hrn Š¶m h¡? hrn S>oQ>m ñQ´>ŠMa Ho$ àH$ma g‘PmBE& 326
 Review Questions 334

 Objective Questions 335

BRILLIANT'S / Programming Methodology & Data Structures / 28

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UNIT

GRAPHS: GRAPH ADT, GRAPH REPRESENTATIONS

J«m’$: J«m’$ ADT, J«m’$ à{V{Z{YËd
Long Answer Type Questions
Q.92. What is a graph? Explain its types with examples.
J«m’$ Š¶m h¡? BgHo$ àH$mam| H$mo CXmhaU g{hV g‘PmBE&
Short Answer Type Questions
1. What are the methods of Graph Representation?
J«m’$ àXe©Z H$s H$m¡Z gr {d{Y¶m§ h¡? [2022] 337
NPGRAPH TRAVERSALS- SEARCHING / J«m’$ Q´>¡dg©ëg- g{MªJ
Long Answer Type Questions
Q.93. What are the graph traversal methods?
J«m’$ Q´>¡dg©b {d{Y¶m§ Š¶m h¢?
Short Answer Type Questions
1. Write a short note on: Graph Traversal
g§{jßV {Q>ßnUr {b{IE: J«m’$ Q´>¡dg©b [2023] 345
HASHING: INTRODUCTION, HASH TABLE, HASH
FUNCTIONS, OVERFLOW HANDLING
h¡qeJ: n[aM¶, h¡e Q>o~b, h¡e µ’§$Še§g, Amodaµâbmo h¢S>qbJ
Long Answer Type Questions
Q.94. What is hashing? Explain hash table and hash func-
tion with example. Also explain overflow handling.
h¡qeJ Š¶m h¡? h¡e Q>o~b Am¡a h¡e ’§$ŠeZ H$mo CXmhaU g{hV
g‘PmBE& Amodaâbmo h¢S>qbJ H$mo ^r g‘PmBE&
Short Answer Type Questions
1. Explain hashing with suitable example.
h¡qeJ H$mo Cn¶w³V CXmhaU g{hV g‘PmBE& 352

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SORTING METHODS / gm°{Q>ªJ ‘oWS²>g
Long Answer Type Questions
Q.95. Write a program to implement Bubble Sort.
~~b gm°Q>© B§ßbr‘|Q> H$aZo hoVw EH$ àmoJ«m‘ {b{IE& [2022]

Short Answer Type Questions

1. What is sorting? Explain why is it needed?
gm°{Q>ªJ Š¶m h¡? g‘PmBE {H$ BgH$s Amdí¶H$Vm Š¶m| h¡? 357

Long Answer Type Questions

Q.96. Explain selection sort. / {gbo³eZ gm°Q>© H$mo g‘PmBE& 361

Long Answer Type Questions

Q.97. Explain insertion sort with example.
NP B§ge©Z gm°Q>© H$mo CXmhaU g{hV g‘PmBE&
Short Answer Type Questions
1. Explain Insertion Sort along with its working. Also
write its algorithm. / Insertion Sort H$mo BgH$s H$m¶©àUmbr
Ho$ gmW g‘PmBE& BgH$m EëJmo[aÏ‘ ^r {b{IE& [2023] 364

Long Answer Type Questions

Q.98. Explain quicksort with example.
p³dH$gm°Q>© H$mo CXmhaU g{hV g‘PmBE& [2023] 366

Long Answer Type Questions

Q.99. What is merge sort? Explain with example.
‘O© gm°Q>© Š¶m h¡? CXmhaU g{hV g‘PmBE& 369
COMPARISON OF SORTING METHODS
gm°{Q>ªJ ‘oWS²>g H$s VwbZm
Short Answer Type Questions
Q.100. Compare all sorting methods showing their best, aver-
age and worst cases on the basis of time complexity.
g‘¶ H$s O{Q>bVm Ho$ AmYma na g^r gm°{Q>Jª ‘oWS²>g H$s CZHo$ gdm}ËV‘,
Am¡gV Am¡a g~go Iam~ ‘m‘bm| H$mo {XImVo hþE VwbZm H$s{OE& 373

BRILLIANT'S / Programming Methodology & Data Structures / 30

 P
SEARCH TREES- BINARY SEARCH TREE, AVL TREE
gM© Q´>rµO- ~mBZar gM© Q´>r, AVL Q´>r
Long Answer Type Questions
Q.101. What are search trees? Explain BST and AVL tree with
examples.
gM© Q´>rµO Š¶m h¢? BST Am¡a AVL Q´>r H$mo CXmhaU g{hV g‘PmBE&
Short Answer Type Questions
1. What is AVL Tree? Explain.
AVL Q´>r ³¶m h¡? g‘PmBE& [2023, 2022] 374
 Review Questions 377

 Objective Questions 378

UNIT

NP
INDIAN CONTRIBUTION TO THE FIELD: INNOVATIONS IN
INDIA, ORIGIN OF JULIA PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE / joÌ
‘| ^maVr¶ ¶moJXmZ: ^maV ‘| ZdmMma, Oy{b¶m àmoJ«mq‘J ^mfm H$s CËn{Îm
Long Answer Type Questions
Q.102. Write a short note on innovation in India in field of
computer technology. / H§$߶yQ>a àm¡Úmo{JH$s Ho$ joÌ ‘| ^maV ‘|
ZdmMma na EH$ g§{já ZmoQ> {b{IE& 380

INDIAN COMPUTER ENGINEERS WHO DESIGNED NEW

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES / ^maVr¶ H§$߶yQ>a B§Or{Z¶a
{OÝhm|Zo ZB© àmoJ«mq‘J b¢½doO {S>OmBZ H$s
Long Answer Type Questions
Q.103. Discuss on engineers who designed new programming
languages.
ZB© àmoJ«mq‘J b¢½doOog {S>OmBZ H$aZo dmbo B§Or{Z¶g© na MMm© H$s{OE& 382

BRILLIANT'S / Programming Methodology & Data Structures / 31

 P
OPEN-SOURCE PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
AmonZ-gmog© àmoJ«mq‘J b¢½doOog
Long Answer Type Questions
Q.104. What are open source programming languages? Give
examples of some well-known open source program-
ming. / AmonZ gmog© àmoJ«mq‘J b¢½doOog Š¶m h¢? Hw$N> à{gÕ AmonZ
gmog© àmoJ«mq‘J Ho$ CXmhaU Xr{OE& 385
DR. SARTAJ SAHNI - COMPUTER SCIENTIST - PIONEER OF
DATA STRUCTURE
S>m°. gaVmO gmhZr - H§$߶yQ>a d¡km{ZH$ - S>oQ>m ñQ´>ŠMa Ho$ AJ«Ur
Short Answer Type Questions
Q.105. Write a short biography of Mr. Sartaj Sahni.
NP lr gaVmO gmhZr H$s g§{jßV OrdZr {b{IE& [2023, 2022] 387
FAMOUS COMPUTER SCIENTISTS FROM INDIA
^maV Ho$ à{gÕ H§$߶yQ>a d¡km{ZH$
Long Answer Type Questions
Q.106. Discuss some of the famous computer scientists of In-
dia and their contribution. / ^maV Ho$ Hw$N> à{gÕ H§$߶yQ>a
d¡km{ZH$m| Am¡a CZHo$ ¶moJXmZ na MMm© H$s{OE& 389
 Review Questions 394

 Objective Questions 395

PRACTICAL 396

T-20 QUESTIONS 431

SOLVED QUESTION PAPERS 434



BRILLIANT'S / Programming Methodology & Data Structures / 32