PEC Technology (Thailand) Co., Ltd.

Update Future Battery Technologies

2030
Kasiean Sukemoke
Email: [email protected]
PEC Technology
(Thailand) Co., Ltd.
Update Future Battery
Technologies 2030

www.pectech.co.th
PEC Technology
(Thailand) Co., Ltd.

Agenda

Introduction & Market Trends

Overview of Alternative Battery Technologies

Key Battery Technologies & Their Applications

Challenges and Opportunities

Summary & Outlook

PEC Technology Market Demand for non-Lithium Energy Storage
(Thailand) Co., Ltd.
Technologies

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 PEC Technology
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Market Developments

Current dominant technology:

Li-ion Batteries (LIBs)

Projected global demand

(~3 TWh by 2030, >10 TWh in long term)

LIB dominance in EVs, stationary storage

(ESS), and consumer electronics

3C: Consumer, Computing, and Communication

cEV: Commercial electric vehicle
pEV: Electrified passenger vehicle
 PEC Technology
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Market Developments
 PEC Technology
(Thailand) Co., Ltd. Li-ion Battery Technologies Development 2025-2035

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 PEC Technology
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Lithium Carbonate Shortage

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 PEC Technology
(Thailand) Co., Ltd. Lithium-ion Battery (LIBs)

Energy
Thermal
Battery Chemistry Density Cycle Life Safety Cost
Stability
(Wh/kg)
Lithium Cobalt Oxide,
LCO 150–200 500–1000 Poor Low High
LiCoO₂

Lithium Manganese Oxide,

LMO 100–150 500–700 Good Moderate Moderate
LiMn₂O₄

Lithium Iron Phosphate,

LFP 90–160 4500-6000 Excellent Excellent Low
LiFePO₄
Lithium Nickel Cobalt
NCA 200–260 1000–2000 Moderate–Poor Moderate High
Aluminum Oxide, LiNiCoAlO₂

Lithium Nickel Manganese

Moderate–
Cobalt Oxide (NMC), NMC 150–250 4500–6000 Moderate Moderate–Good
High
LiNiMnCoO₂

Lithium Titanate Oxide,

LTO 50–80 10,000+ Excellent Excellent High
Li₄Ti₅O₁₂
PEC Technology
(Thailand) Co., Ltd. Compare Between Lithium-ion Battery Chemistries
PEC Technology
(Thailand) Co., Ltd. Compare Between Lithium-ion Battery Chemistries
 PEC Technology
(Thailand) Co., Ltd. Production activities for raw materials (2022)

The three biggest

countries are
depicted, bubble sizes
illustrate shares on
the global production
per raw material.
PEC Technology
(Thailand) Co., Ltd. Production activities for raw materials (2030)

This is why alternative Battery

Technologies need to be developed
in the future.
Alternative Battery Technologies Roadmap 2030
 PEC Technology
(Thailand) Co., Ltd. Alternative Battery Technologies
• Metal-Ion Batteries Electrolyte technologies for Metal-ion batteries significantly
Typical structure of Me-ion batteries influence their performance, safety, and applications.

• Liquid Electrolyte
Sodium-ion batteries typically use organic
electrolytes similar to lithium-ion, making them easily
adaptable to existing production processes.

Magnesium-ion batteries also rely on organic

electrolytes, focusing on stability and efficient Mg²⁺
transport. In contrast, Zinc-ion batteries prioritise safety
and sustainability by utilising aqueous electrolytes.

• Solid metal Aluminum-ion batteries often leverage ionic

Å (Ångström) = Ion size liquids for rapid charge and discharge
capabilities.

Each electrolyte type presents distinct advantages and

specific technical challenges, guiding their targeted
application in future energy storage markets.

• Smaller ions (e.g., Li⁺) typically allow faster ion diffusion, higher energy densities, and efficient storage, but often rely
on scarce or critical raw materials.
 PEC Technology
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Metal-ion Batteries

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) Technology readiness level

• Estimated KPIs of SIBs today and in the long-term future

Note1: Thermal runaway is a critical safety concern for both Sodium-ion Note2: The total cost of CATL‘s first generation of cells is
Batteries (SIBs) and Lithium-ion Batteries (LiBs), and it is essential to estimated at ~ 80 USD/kWh. Once higher scales are
understand the temperatures at which this phenomenon can occur. reached, this price may drop to ~ 40 USD/kWh.

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 PEC Technology
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Metal-ion Batteries
Sodium-Ion Saltwater Batteries Technology readiness level
• Estimated KPIs of saltwater* SIBs today and in the long-term future

Note1: Thermal runaway is a critical safety concern for both Sodium-ion

Batteries (SIBs) and Lithium-ion Batteries (LiBs), and it is essential to
understand the temperatures at which this phenomenon can occur.

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PEC Technology
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Metal-ion Batteries
R&D and commercialization roadmap for MIBs

Expected Long-term
Current Status Medium-term Key Milestones by
Advancements by Commercialization
(2025): (2025-2030): 2035:
2030: (2030-2035):
Achieving improved
Significant Development of new
volumetric and
electrolyte formulations Anticipated gradual
improvements in gravimetric energy
(non-aqueous electrolytes scaling-up from
Magnesium-ion electrolytes, increasing density competitive
with higher ionic laboratory-scale to
batteries are primarily Mg²⁺ ion mobility and with advanced lithium-
conductivity). pilot-level production.
in early R&D stages. stability. ion technologies.

Prototype Focused research on Magnesium-ion batteries

demonstration cells cathode and anode are expected to achieve Establish pilot
showing improved materials to optimise the higher volumetric energy production facilities and
energy densities and cycling life and enhance density, potentially
cycle stability. validate economic
energy density. surpassing Li-ion feasibility.
Research focuses on batteries.
electrolyte stability,
electrode materials, Proof-of-concept Initial commercialisation
and overcoming Preliminary pilot-scale Entry into niche markets
demonstrations for efforts anticipated post- initially, gradually
electrode passivation testing anticipated,
specific niche 2030, targeting expanding depending on
challenges. primarily in niche
applications (small-scale specialised markets, e.g., cost-performance
markets or specialised
mobility, portable long-range electric progress.
applications.
devices). vehicles and advanced
portable electronics.
 PEC Technology
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Metal-ion Batteries
Magnesium-Ion Batteries Technology readiness level

• Estimated KPIs of MIBs today and in the long-term future

• Although still in the early research stage, magnesium-ion batteries show significant potential due to their theoretically higher
energy densities when compared to lithium-ion batteries. R&D efforts primarily focus on electrolyte stability, electrode
passivation, and ion transport efficiency.
• Between now and 2030, we expect breakthroughs in electrolyte chemistry and electrode materials that could prove their
viability. By 2035, magnesium-ion batteries are anticipated to be commercially viable for specialised applications,
particularly in scenarios requiring high energy density and longer cycle life. Achieving these milestones will rely heavily on
sustained R&D investment and collaborative international efforts.
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 PEC Technology
(Thailand) Co., Ltd. Magnesium-Ion Batteries
Parameter Magnesium-ion Batteries (MIBs) Lithium-ion Batteries (LIBs)
Theoretical specific capacity 2205 mAh/g (Mg metal anode) 3861 mAh/g (Li metal anode)

Practical specific capacity 100-200 mAh/g (current cathodes) 100-265 mAh/g (depending on cathode)

Theoretical energy density ~3833 Wh/L (Mg metal) ~2062 Wh/L (Li metal)
Practical energy density 100-150 Wh/kg (estimated) 100-265 Wh/kg
Operating voltage 1.2-2.8 V (vs. Mg/Mg2+) 3.0-4.2 V (vs. Li/Li+)
Ionic radius 0.72 Å (Mg2+) 0.76 Å (Li+)

Diffusion coefficient in typical electrolytes 10-5 to 10-7 cm²/s 10-5 to 10-6 cm²/s

Dendrite formation Less prone More prone

Electrolyte compatibility Challenging (limited options) Well-established

Cathode materials Limited options (e.g., Mo6S8, V2O5) Various options (e.g., LiCoO2, LiFePO4)

Anode materials Mg metal, Mg-based alloys Graphite, Li4Ti5O12, Si-based

Cycle life Still under research (potentially high) 500-1500 cycles

Cost of raw materials Lower (Mg more abundant) Higher (Li less abundant)
Commercial maturity Research stage Well-established
Safety Generally higher Good, but some risks
Environmental impact Lower Higher

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 PEC Technology
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Metal-ion Batteries
R&D and commercialization roadmap for ZIBs
Commercialisation
Current Status Near-term Goals Post-2030
and Market Entry
(2025): (2025–2030): Development:
(around 2030):

• Technology readiness • Improvement of • Expected commercial • Further scaling of

progressing steadily electrode materials to availability in production capacity.
from lab-scale to minimise dendrite stationary energy • Integration into
demonstration scale. formation and storage markets broader stationary
• Primary research enhance battery life. (mainly in utility-scale applications such as
targets include • Optimising electrolyte ESS applications). large industrial energy
enhancing cycle life, compositions to widen • The first deployments storage and micro-grid
increasing energy electrochemical are likely to be in niche applications.
density, and solving stability window, markets such as
zinc dendrite increasing overall industrial backup
formation. performance. power, renewable
energy integration, and
grid stabilisation
systems.
 PEC Technology
(Thailand) Co., Ltd.
Metal-ion Batteries
Zinc-Ion Batteries Technology readiness level

• Estimated KPIs for ZIBs today and in the long-term future

Zinc-ion batteries offer distinct advantages including safety, sustainability, and low cost due to their aqueous
electrolyte and abundant raw materials. Although their current energy density is lower than lithium-ion, they show
significant promise in stationary and grid-scale applications. The key research focus until 2030 includes electrode
optimization to prevent dendrite growth and improving electrolyte stability.
Beyond 2030, we expect zinc-ion batteries to be widely integrated into stationary storage solutions, crucial in
renewable energy adoption and grid stability.
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 PEC Technology
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Metal-ion Batteries
Aluminum-Ion Batteries Technology readiness level

• Estimated KPIs for AIBs today and in the long-term future

Improved Safety and Stability

• AIBs typically use non-flammable electrolytes (such as ionic liquids or aqueous solutions), eliminating the risk of thermal
runaway and fires.
• They operate at a wide temperature range, making them ideal for extreme environments.
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 PEC Technology
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Metal-ion Batteries

Aluminum-Ion Batteries
Future Development of Aluminum-ion Batteries (2025–2035)
2025 – 2030 2030 – 2035

• Improve electrolyte • Scaling up towards

composition to enhance ion commercialisation,
mobility and reduce internal particularly in grid energy
resistance. storage, EV charging
• Research into high-capacity stations, and renewable
cathode materials to energy applications.
improve energy density. • Further improvements in
• Pilot-scale production for energy density to compete
niche applications, such as with LIBs in mobile
fast-charging power tools, applications.
industrial backup systems, • Cost reductions through
and microgrid storage. mass production and
material optimisation.
PEC Technology
(Thailand) Co., Ltd. Metal-ion Batteries

Environmental Impact during the Manufacturing of Batteries

 PEC Technology
(Thailand) Co., Ltd. Metal-Sulfur Batteries

• Structure of molten Na-S HT battery (NAS) • Structure of Me-S RT battery with Me-anode
 PEC Technology
(Thailand) Co., Ltd. Metal-Sulfur Batteries
Advantage Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
• Li-S batteries can achieve a
theoretical energy density of • Sulfur is inexpensive and widely
~2,600 Wh/kg, nearly 5x higher available, unlike cobalt and nickel,
than conventional lithium-ion which are used in conventional
batteries (~250-300 Wh/kg).
lithium-ion cathodes. This makes
• This makes them ideal for
lightweight, high-energy storage Li-S a cost-effective alternative in
applications, such as electric the long run.
Low Cost &
aviation, drones, and space Ultra-High
missions.
Abundant
Energy Density
Materials

Good Low-
Environmental
Temperature
Friendliness
Performance
• No cobalt or nickel → avoids
• Li-S batteries can function well ethical and supply chain issues
at very low temperatures (- related to mining.
40°C), making them ideal for • Sulfur is non-toxic and more
aerospace and extreme sustainable than many
environment applications. conventional battery materials.
 PEC Technology
(Thailand) Co., Ltd. Metal-Sulfur Batteries

Lithium-Sulfur Batteries Technology readiness level

• Future Developments in Li-S Battery Technology • Development Roadmap (2025–2035)

Technology How It Improves Safety

• Improved electrolyte chemistry to suppress

Eliminates flammable organic polysulfide dissolution.

Solid-State Electrolytes
solvents, preventing fires. 2025 – 2030 • Prototypes demonstrating 500+ charge cycles.
• Limited commercial applications in aviation,
Reduces dendrite formation
Lithium-Free Anodes drones, and military technology.
and short-circuit risks.
• Large-scale production for electric aircraft and
Prevents shuttle effect, specialised EVs.
Polysulfide Traps
increasing stability. 2030 – 2035 • Energy density >500 Wh/kg with stable cycle life.

Lowers fire risks and • Potential entry into consumer electronics and
Flame-Retardant Electrolytes
enhances safety. electric vehicles.
 PEC Technology
(Thailand) Co., Ltd. Metal-Sulfur Batteries

Lithium-Sulfur Batteries Technology readiness level

• Estimated KPIs for lithium-sulfur batteries today and in the long-term future

Li-S batteries can achieve a theoretical energy density of

~2,600 Wh/kg, nearly 5x higher than conventional lithium-
ion batteries (~250-300 Wh/kg).
PEC Technology
(Thailand) Co., Ltd. Metal-Sulfur Batteries

• R&D and commercialisation roadmap for Li-S RT batteries

 PEC Technology
(Thailand) Co., Ltd. Metal-Sulfur Batteries

Sodium-Sulfur Room Temperature Batteries Technology readiness level

• Estimated KPIs for lithium-sulfur batteries today and in the long-term future
 PEC Technology
(Thailand) Co., Ltd. Metal-Sulfur Batteries

Sodium-Sulfur High Temperature Batteries

Technology readiness level
• Estimated KPIs for lithium-sulfur batteries today and in the long-term future
PEC Technology
(Thailand) Co., Ltd. Metal-Air Batteries

Structures of Me-air batteries

Metal – Air Battery Open cell design Flow battery design

 PEC Technology
(Thailand) Co., Ltd. Metal-Air Batteries

• Lithium-Air Batteries
• Estimated KPIs for lithium-air batteries today and in the long-term future Technology readiness level
 PEC Technology
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Zinc-Ion Batteries (ZIBs)

Aqueous Electrolytes

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 PEC Technology
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• Zinc-Air Batteries
• Estimated KPIs for Zn-air batteries today and in the long-term future Technology readiness level

Note: Zinc-Air batteries offer an excellent combination of high energy density, low cost, and environmental benefits, making them ideal for stationary
storage and medical applications.
However, challenges like limited rechargeability and slow reaction kinetics must be solved before they can compete with lithium-ion in EVs and
portable electronics. Future catalyst efficiency and electrolyte stability advancements will determine their large-scale adoption by 2035.
 PEC Technology
(Thailand) Co., Ltd. Metal-Air Batteries
Zinc-Air Batteries
Category Advantages Disadvantages
Very high energy density (~1,350 Wh/kg) → 4–5× Power output can be lower than lithium-ion due to slower
Energy Density
higher than lithium-ion. electrochemical reactions.
Zinc is abundant & low-cost, reducing
Raw Material Electrolyte components may still require optimization for
dependency on critical metals like lithium, cobalt,
Availability long-term stability.
and nickel.
Non-toxic, recyclable, and more sustainable than CO₂ from air can react with the electrolyte, forming
Environmental Impact
lithium-ion batteries. unwanted carbonates that degrade battery performance.
Non-flammable aqueous electrolyte, no risk of
Safety Electrolyte can dry out over time, reducing battery life.
thermal runaway or fire.
Currently limited rechargeability; most Zn-air batteries
Rechargeability Potential for long cycle life in future designs.
today are single-use (primary cells).
Cheaper materials than Li-ion, especially since
Cost Efficiency Development costs for rechargeable versions are still high.
oxygen from air serves as a cathode reactant.
Ideal for hearing aids, medical devices, backup Slow oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) affects
Application Suitability
power, and grid storage. charge/discharge efficiency.
Suitable for large-scale energy storage for Not yet commercialized for EVs due to rechargeability
Scalability
renewable energy (solar/wind backup). issues.
 PEC Technology
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Alternative Battery Technologies Roadmap 2030
Solid-State Lithium-ion battery

Aspect Lithium-ion Batteries All-Solid-State Lithium-ion

(LIBs) Batteries (ASSLiBs)
Energy Density (Wh/kg) 150-250 300-500+
Cycle Life (Cycles) 500-1500 800+
Moderate (flammable liquid High (non-flammable solid
Safety
electrolyte) electrolyte)
Thermal Stability Moderate High
Charging Time 1-2 hours* Faster potential
Cost (Current) Lower Higher (currently)

* Recommendation: for standard CC/CV charge

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 Advantages
Alternative Batteryof Technologies
Alternative Technologies
Roadmap 2030
Battery Types Advantage Samary of Each Type of Alternative Technologies

Sodium-ion SIBs • Less resource-dependent, sustainable, cost-effective.

• Lower energy density, but water-based electrolytes reduce the environmental

Zinc-ion ZIBs
footprint, and are safer.

Magnesium-ion MIBs • Potential for high energy density (exceeding LIBs).

Aluminum-ion AIBs • Have high power density and long cycle life and are suited for high C-rate uses.

Lithium-sulfur Li-S • Has high gravimetric energy density and low-cost potential.

Sodium-sulfur High
Na-S HT • Lower CO2 footprint than LIBs.
Temperature

Lithium-air Li-air • Theoretically has a very high energy density.

Zinc-air Zn-air • Advanced TRL, cost-effective, low CO2 footprint.

Redox Flow Batteries RFBs • Established, improvable via material substitution.

Reference documents
1. IEEE Standards: IEEE provides various standards related to battery technology, including IEEE Std 485-2020, for designing battery
systems for stationary applications.
2.Manufacturer Datasheets and Whitepapers: Leading battery manufacturers like Panasonic, Duracell, EnerSys, and others publish
detailed datasheets and whitepapers on the specifications and performance characteristics of their standby batteries.
3. Technical Journals and Articles: Publications such as the Journal of Power Sources and the Journal of Energy Storage frequently
publish research articles on advancements and characteristics of battery technologies.
4. Industry Reports: Reports from organisations such as the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and Battery Council
International (BCI) provide comprehensive data and analysis on battery performance, safety, and applications. They keep you informed
and up-to-date with the latest developments in the field.
5. Books on Battery Technology: Books like "Handbook of Battery Materials" edited by Claus Daniel and J. O. Besenhard, and "Batteries
for Sustainability" edited by David Linden and Thomas B. Reddy, offer in-depth knowledge on various battery technologies, including
standby batteries.
6. Online Resources and Databases: Websites like Battery University and academic databases like IEEE Xplore and ScienceDirect are
treasure troves of information on battery characteristics, maintenance, and applications. They empower you with a wealth of knowledge,
making you well-equipped to handle any battery-related task.
7.Alternative Battery Technologies Roadmap 2030+: Fraunhofer, September 2023.
Reference documents
Review Articles:
1. Tarascon, J. M. (2020). Is lithium the new gold? Nature Chemistry, 12(7), 617-619. DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-0512-6
2. Choi, J. W., & Aurbach, D. (2016). Promise and reality of post-lithium-ion batteries with high energy densities. Nature Reviews Materials, 1(4), 1-16.DOI:
10.1038/natrevmats.2016.13
Specific Battery Technologies:
1. Sodium-ion batteries: Hwang, J. Y., Myung, S. T., & Sun, Y. K. (2017). Sodium-ion batteries: present and future. Chemical Society Reviews, 46(12), 3529-3614. DOI:
10.1039/C6CS00776G
2. Zinc-ion batteries: Fang, G., Zhou, J., Pan, A., & Liang, S. (2018). Recent advances in aqueous zinc-ion batteries. ACS Energy Letters, 3(10), 2480-2501. DOI:
10.1021/acsenergylett.8b01426
3. All-solid-state batteries: Manthiram, A., Yu, X., & Wang, S. (2017). Lithium battery chemistries enabled by solid-state electrolytes. Nature Reviews Materials, 2(4), 1-
16.DOI: 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.103
Reports and Outlooks:
1. International Energy Agency (IEA). (2020). Innovation in Batteries and Electricity Storage. Available at: https://www.iea.org/reports/innovation-in-batteries-and-
electricity-storage
2. BloombergNEF. (2020). Battery Pack Prices Cited Below $100/kWh for the First Time in 2020, While Market Average Sits at $137/kWh. Availab le at:
https://about.bnef.com/blog/battery-pack-prices-cited-below-100-kwh-for-the-first-time-in-2020-while-market-average-sits-at-137-kwh/
Books:
1. Menictas, C., Skyllas-Kazacos, M., & Lim, T. M. (Eds.). (2014). Advances in batteries for medium and large-scale energy storage. Elsevier.
2. Scrosati, B., Abraham, K. M., van Schalkwijk, W. A., & Hassoun, J. (Eds.). (2013). Lithium batteries: advanced technologies and applications. John Wiley & Sons.
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Understanding Stationary Battery Technologies
 Technical and Performance Considerations for Standby Batteries

High Reliability Long Life Span Safety Features Deep Discharge Low Maintenance
Capability
Ensures consistent long service life, It prevents overcharging, It requires minimal
performance and reducing the need for over-discharging, and Allows the provision of maintenance, making it
power over extended
dependable power frequent replacements short-circuiting, ensuring convenient and cost-
periods during outages
during emergencies or safe operation and a effective for long-term
power outages. thermal runaway. without significant use.
degradation.

Reference: IEEE Standards: IEEE provides various standards related to battery technology, including IEEE Std 485-2020 for designing battery systems for stationary applications.
 Technical and Performance Considerations for Standby Batteries

High Efficiency Fast Charge Temperature Compatibility with Low Self-

Tolerance UPS Systems Discharge Rate
Ensures that a large Ensures readiness for
amount of stored energy use again shortly after Operates efficiently Ensures seamless Retains charge for
across a wide range of integration and operation extended periods when
can be used when being discharged.
temperatures, ensuring with various not in use, ensuring
needed.
reliability in various Uninterruptible Power readiness when needed.
environmental conditions Supply (UPS) systems.

Reference: IEEE Standards: IEEE provides various standards related to battery technology, including IEEE Std 485-2020 for designing battery systems for stationary applications.
 Technical and Performance Considerations for Standby Batteries

Scalability High Power Compact Size Cost-Effectiveness Environmental

Density Friendliness
It can be easily scaled to Designed to be space- The long-life span, low
meet the power Provides a high power- efficient, it is suitable for maintenance Modern designs use
to-weight ratio, delivering environmentally friendly
requirements of different installations where space requirements, and
substantial power without and recyclable materials,
applications, from small is limited. reliability make them a
systems to large being excessively heavy cost-effective solution reducing environmental
or bulky. impact.
industrial setups. over their lifetime.

Reference: IEEE Standards: IEEE provides various standards related to battery technology, including IEEE Std 485-2020 for designing battery systems for stationary applications.
 Currently Available Stationary Battery Technologies

Flow
Lead-Carbon Solid-State
Lithium-ion Pure Lead- Batteries Nickel-zinc
VRLA Sodium-Ion (Vanadium Batteries
batteries Batteries Acid VRLA (Ni-Zn) (Emerging
(LFP, NMC) Batteries Batteries Redox, Zinc- Batteries
(AGM & Gel) Technology)
Bromine)

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 Currently Available Stationary Battery Technologies
• Lithium-ion NMC Batteries Charge Voltage

Discharge Voltage

Charge Absorption
region

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generation-in-lithium-ion-batteries/
 Currently Available Stationary Battery Technologies
• Lithium-ion LFP Batteries

Energy Temperature Environment

Chemistry: Safety: Cycle Life: Performance: Maintenance: Applications:
Density: Range: al Impact:

Ideal for grid

Exceptional Stable Online
High thermal Moderate storage,
lifespan High performance monitoring Non-toxic,
(around 150 to renewable energy
stability, environmentall
Lithium Iron (typically 210 efficiency (90– across wide (Temp/V/I/ SOC) integration, home
minimal risk requested y friendly solar energy
Phosphate 2,000– W/kg), 95%), rapid temperature storage,
of thermal compared to
(LiFePO₄) 10,000 suitable for charge/discha ranges (- commercial peak
other lithium
runaway or stationary shaving, and
cycles at rge capability 20°C to SOC calibration chemistries
fire applications emergency
80% DoD) +60°C) request. backup power
 Currently Available Stationary Battery Technologies
• Lithium-ion LFP Batteries

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generation-in-lithium-ion-batteries/
 Currently Available Stationary Battery Technologies
• Lithium-ion (NMC) Batteries

Energy Temperature Environmental

Chemistry: Safety: Cycle Life: Performance: Maintenance: Applications:
Density: Range: Impact:

Electric
High (around
Moderate vehicles, high-
150–250 Minimal
thermal High power Effective within energy-density
Lithium Nickel Good lifespan Wh/kg), maintenance Moderate
stability; density, moderate grid
Manganese (typically 1,000– suitable for and advanced environmental
requires excellent temperature applications,
Cobalt Oxide 6,000 cycles at compact and management impact due to
advanced charge/dischar ranges (0°C to portable power
(LiNiMnCoO₂) 80% DoD) energy- are required cobalt content
thermal ge efficiency +45°C) systems, and
intensive for safety.
management commercial
applications
energy storage
 Currently Available Stationary Battery Technologies
• Lithium-ion Batteries (LFP VS NMC)

Characteristic LFP NMC

Moderate (90–160 High (150–250

Energy Density
Wh/kg) Wh/kg)
Excellent (2,000– Good (1,000–3,000
Cycle Life
10,000 cycles) cycles)
Moderate (thermal
Safety Excellent management
needed)

Cost Moderate Higher

Thermal
Excellent Moderate
Stability
Environmental Moderate (Cobalt
Low (Non-toxic)
Impact content)
Grid, residential, EV, high-density
Applications
commercial energy storage
Role of Lithium-ion batteries in the market
Global Battery Valve Chain Capacity Expansion by Region
and Stage (2022 vs 2030)
• The Li-ion
battery value
chain will
provide
revenue. Our
model projects
that the Li-ion
battery value
chain will offer
revenue
opportunities
of over $400
billion by 2030
 Currently Available Stationary Battery Technologies
• Lead-Carbon Valve Regulated Lead Acid
Battery
◆ C&D Nano-Carbon technology-enhanced active material to
maximise cycle performance and PSoC operation
◆ Terminal versatility – ease of ohmic readings with C&D Ohmic
Ring®
(Available on front terminal batteries: AES12-2170F and AES 12-
2870F)
◆ Threaded copper alloy inserts for reduced maintenance and
increased safety
◆ High-strength, leak-free polymer container allows for non-
restricted shipping:
Water: non-hazardous per IMDG Amendment 27 Surface:
non-hazardous per DOT-CFR title 49, 171-189 Air: IATA/ICAO,
provision A67
◆ 100% helium leak tested and dielectrically tested to ensure seal
integrity
◆ Design uses UL-certified vents
◆ Non-Hazardous for Transportation
◆ Extended service life in elevated temperature applications
◆ UL94-V0 Compliant Case and Cover
 Currently Available Stationary Battery Technologies
• Lead-Carbon Valve Regulated Lead Acid Battery

Energy Temperature Environmental

Chemistry: Safety: Cycle Life: Performance: Maintenance: Applications:
Density: Range: Impact:

Renewable
energy
High charge Virtually,
Reliable storage,
Improved acceptance,
across wide no periodic Highly microgrids,
Lead-acid cycle life suitable for
Highly safe, Moderate temperature watering is recyclable, peak
enhanced (typically partial state-
sealed, and (around 30– ranges (- required low shaving,
with carbon 1,500–5,000 of-charge
VRLA design 50 Wh/kg) 10°C to Quarterly environment industrial
additives cycles at 50% (PSoC)
+50°C) maintenance al impact backup, off-
DoD) applications
grid and
residential
storage

Specialised and Reliable Battery Services Company in Thailand

 Currently Available Stationary Battery Technologies
• Pure Lead-Acid VRLA Batteries

✓ Virgin (Pure) Lead of

active material
✓ MSE Technologies to
reduce float current

Float current
Battery
(mA/100Ah @ 25℃)
Typical VRLA 40
C&D Pure Lead
10
VRLA
 Currently Available Stationary Battery Technologies
• Pure Lead-Acid VRLA Batteries
Positive Plate Polarization
voltage with out Catalyst
Positive Plate Polarization
voltage with Catalyst

80m
V

40m
V

Negative Plate Polarization

voltage without Catalyst

Negative Plate Polarization

voltage with Catalyst
 Currently Available Stationary Battery Technologies
• Sodium-ion (Na-ion) Batteries

Energy Temperature Environment

Chemistry: Safety: Cycle Life: Performance: Maintenance: Applications:
Density: Range: al Impact:

Valve Extremely
Enhanced High power
safe, Valve- Highly
Regulated density, Exceptional UPS systems,

regulated
lifespan Moderate Online recyclable,
infrastructure,
Lead Acid excellent rapid performance monitoring lower emergency
type for (typically (around
with highly charge across extreme (Temp/V/I/ environmental backup power,
minimised 500 cycles at 150 to 210 SOC) impact critical industrial
purified lead acceptance and temperatures
gassing, UL requested and commercial
plates 50% -80% Wh/kg. discharge (0°C to +45°C)
Up to 95%
applications
94-V0 case recycle
DoD) capability
and cover
 Currently Available Stationary Battery Technologies
• Sodium-ion (Na-ion) Batteries

CATA is a leader in Sodium-ion battery

Charge and Discharge Voltage of Na-
manufacture ion battery

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/a-The-voltage-profiles-of-a-1-Ah-soft-packed-sodium-ion-battery-
cycled-between-15-V_fig7_290474447
 Currently Available Stationary Battery Technologies
• Sodium-ion (Na-ion) Batteries CATL’s first generation of sodium-ion batteries has the
advantage of ;
• High-energy-density 160 wh/kg.
• Fast-charging capability
• Excellent thermal stability
• Outstanding low-temperature performance and
• High integration efficiency
CATL’s sodium-ion battery cell has an energy
density of up to 160Wh/kg. It can charge to 80% SOC
at room temperature in 15 minutes.
Moreover, in a low-temperature
environment of -20°C, the sodium-ion battery has a
capacity retention rate of more than 90%, and its
system integration efficiency can reach more than 80%.
The sodium-ion batteries' thermal stability exceeds the
traction batteries' national safety requirements.
.
https://www.catl.com/en/news/665.html
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/a-The-voltage-profiles-of-a-1-Ah-soft-packed-sodium-ion-battery-
cycled-between-15-V_fig7_290474447
 Currently Available Stationary Battery Technologies
• Sodium-ion (Na-ion) Batteries

Second Generation (Announced 2024, Launch

Parameter First Generation (2021)
2025)
Energy Density 160 Wh/kg >200 Wh/kg (targeted)
80% SOC in 15 minutes at room
Charging Capability 4C fast charging (in hybrid Freevoy pack)
temperature
Low-Temperature
>90% capacity retention at -20°C Normal discharge at -40°C; charging at -30°C
Performance
Exceeds national safety requirements for
Thermal Stability Improved safety performance
EV batteries
Not fully specified; estimated 3,000–6,000
Cycle Life Not specified; likely improved over first gen
cycles
System Integration
>80% Not specified; likely maintained or improved
Efficiency
Applications EVs (cold climates), energy storage EVs (hybrid packs), energy storage, extreme climates
Mass production established; deployed in
Commercial Status Market release in 2025; mass production by 2027
some EVs
~$77/kWh (small scale); $31–47/kWh
Cost Estimate $40/kWh (projected for second gen)
(volume scale)
 Currently Available Stationary Battery Technologies
• Sodium-ion (Na-ion) Batteries

Parameter LFP Lithium-ion NMC Lithium-ion Sodium-ion (CATL)

160 Wh/kg (1st Gen); >200 Wh/kg
Energy Density 90–120 Wh/kg (pack level) 150–220 Wh/kg (pack level)
(2nd Gen)
80% SOC in 15 min (1st Gen); 4C
Charging Capability ~1.5C; slower in cold conditions ~2C; faster, less affected by cold
(2nd Gen)
Low-Temperature Operates to -20°C; ~60% >90% at -20°C (1st Gen); -40°C (2nd
Operates to -20°C; better retention
Performance capacity at -20°C Gen)
High (thermal runaway at Moderate (thermal runaway at
Thermal Stability High (exceeds EV safety standards)
~270°C) ~210°C)
Cycle Life 2,000–6,000 cycles 800–2,000 cycles 3,000–6,000 cycles (estimated)
System Integration >80% (cell-to-pack >80% (1st Gen); likely improved (2nd
~70–80% (varies by design)
Efficiency advancements) Gen)
EVs (short-range), energy
Applications EVs (long-range), electronics EVs (hybrid packs), energy storage
storage
1st Gen in production; 2nd Gen in
Commercial Status Widely deployed; cost-effective Dominant in EVs; higher cost
2025
$31–47/kWh (1st Gen); ~$40/kWh
Cost Estimate ~$70–100/kWh (pack level) ~$100–130/kWh (pack level)
(2nd Gen)
 Currently Available Stationary Battery Technologies
• Sodium-ion (Na-ion) Batteries

Key topic
• Energy Density: NMC leads, but CATL’s second-gen Na-
ion is closing the gap, surpassing LFP.

• Safety: LFP and Na-ion outperform NMC due to higher

thermal stability.

• Cost: Na-ion offers the lowest projected cost, followed

by LFP, with NMC being the most expensive.

• Applications: NMC suits long-range EVs, LFP dominates

storage and affordable EVs, and Na-ion is emerging as
a versatile contender, especially in hybrid systems
 Currently Available Stationary Battery Technologies
• Flow Batteries (Vanadium Redox, Zinc-Bromine

Environmental Vanadium Redox Flow

Factor (VRFB)

Lifespan 15–25 years (high) !!!!Vanadium can be

Cycle Life 10,000–20,000 cycles highly toxic,
Material Extraction High (vanadium mining especially when
Impact impact)
inhaled as dust or
Moderate (acidic electrolyte,
Toxicity
mining waste) fumes or ingested in

Very high (electrolyte fully

contaminated water.
Recyclability
recyclable)

GHG Emissions
40–80 kg CO₂
per kWh : cm³/min is the flow rate of the
Fire Hazard Very low
electrolyte in a redox flow battery
(RFB).
 Currently Available Stationary Battery Technologies
• Flow Batteries (Vanadium Redox, Zinc-Bromine

This factory produces vanadium redox-flow batteries destined for the world’s https://spectrum.ieee.org/its-big-and-longlived-
largest battery site: a 200-megawatt, 800-megawatt-hour storage station in and-it-wont-catch-fire-the-vanadium-redoxflow-
battery
China’s Liaoning province.
PHOTO: RONGKE POWER
 Currently Available Stationary Battery Technologies
• Flow Batteries (Vanadium Redox, Zinc-Bromine
Long-duration storage application

Energy Density Lifespan

Battery Type Cost Toxicity Scalability Current Status
(Wh/L) (cycles)

Iron Flow (Fe-RFB) Very Low Low (20–40) Non-toxic 10,000+ High
Commercializing

Medium (70–
Zinc-Bromine (Zn-Br) Low Bromine is toxic 3,000–5,000 High
100) Commercialized

5,000–
Organic (ORFB) Low Low (20–40) Biodegradable Still in R&D Experimental
10,000

Hydrogen-Bromine
Low High Bromine is toxic 10,000+ High Emerging
(H₂-Br)

Manganese (Mn-RFB) Low Low (20–40) Non-toxic 5,000+ Medium Experimental

Currently Available Stationary Battery Technologies
 Currently Available Stationary Battery Technologies
• Nickel-zinc (Ni-Zn) Batteries

Challenge
Combining electrolyte additives, engineered electrode materials, advanced separators, and
optimised charging techniques is key to solving nickel-zinc dissolution.
 Currently Available Stationary Battery Technologies
• Nickel-zinc (Ni-Zn) Batteries
Currently Available Stationary Battery Technologies
Fire hazard, not suitable for use in data centers.

Non fire hazard

 THANK YOU

PEC Technology (Thailand) Co., Ltd.

181, 183 Sukontasawat Rd., Ladprao, Bangkok 10230

Tel. 02-9078521 www.pectecth.co.th

Energy Storage and Management Application
and Resilience
PEC Technology (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
Energy Storage and Management Application and Resilience

• Energy Storage Application

• Energy Management Application

• Resilience in Electrical Power System

Energy Storage Application
• Technical Benefits • Ancillary Services Market Participation
✓ Grid Stability & Frequency Regulation • Environmental & Sustainability Benefits
✓ Voltage Regulation & Power Quality ✓ Integration of Renewable Energy
Improvement Sources (RES)
✓ Load Balancing & Peak Shaving ✓ Reduction of Carbon Emissions
✓ Black Start Capability ✓ Enhancing Energy Access & Rural
• Transmission & Distribution (T&D) Electrification
Deferral • Resilience & Reliability Benefits
• Economic Benefits ✓ Disaster Recovery & Grid Resilience
• Energy Arbitrage & Price Optimization ✓ Emergency Backup Power
• Reduction of Demand Charges ✓ Microgrid Support & Islanding
• Deferring Investments in Generation Capability
Capacity
 Technical Benefit: Peak Shaving

Objective
1) Reduce Peak Demand
2) Lower Electricity cost
3) Improve grid stability

Power (kW)
benefit and results
• Store excess renewable energy during off-peak

(percentage Of Battery )
State of Charge (%)
times and discharge during peak demand
• Cost saving for customer by avoiding high
electricity prices during peak periods
• Maintain grid stability, preventing overloading
and reducing the risk of blackouts
• Reduce reliance on grid imports
Time
 Technical Benefit: Grid Stability & Frequency Regulation

Objective
1) Frequency Regulation
2) Optimize the coordination of sources for efficient
energy management
3) Stable frequency in off-grid system
4) Mitigate rapid frequency deviations

(percentage Of Battery
State of Charge (%)

)
Time
Technical Benefit: Grid Stability & Frequency Regulation

Case study benefit and results

• Helps mitigate rate of change of frequency by responding
rapidly to power shortage
• Prevent unintended generator disconnections
Technical Benefit: Grid Stability & Frequency Regulation

Case study benefit and results

• BESS automatically adjusts charge/discharge rate based on
grid frequency changes for parallel operation with other
sources
• Maintain stable frequency despite fluctuations in PV
generation and load demand
• Increase grid reliability and facilitate smoother integration
with renewable energy sources 1 Load sharing of BESS1 and BESS 2

Supply power Absorbed power

PCS1 from Battery from PV

Switch
Ibatt Gear
PCS2 Iload

Ibatt
pL Absorbed excess power from PV of
2 BESS1 and BESS 2
Power Plant
 Resilience & Reliability Benefits

S3 : incoming circuit breaker

Example with Synchronization
mode

Credit : AEG power solution /AG

Resilience & Reliability Benefits: Disaster Recovery & Grid Resilience
• Black Start
Utility
Voltage
Load Load
Voltage Current

Credit : AEG power solution /AG

Resilience & Reliability Benefits
Load fluctuation in the island network
Utility
Voltage
Load Load
Voltage Current

Credit : AEG power solution /AG

Resilience & Reliability Benefits : Disaster Recovery & Grid Resilience
Re-synchronisation with the grid
Utility
Voltage
Load Load
Voltage Current

Credit : AEG power solution /AG

Technical Benefit: Islanding Capability
Isolation without tripping
Utility
Voltage
Load Load
Voltage Current

Credit : AEG power solution /AG

Technical Benefit : Enhancing Energy Access & Rural Electrification

Utility
Voltage
Load Load
Voltage Current

Credit : AEG power solution /AG

Technical Benefit: Microgrid Support & Islanding Capability

Utility
Voltage
Load Load
Voltage Current

Credit : AEG power solution /AG

Technical Benefit: Microgrid Support & Backup capability

Utility
Voltage
Load Load
Voltage Current

Credit : AEG power solution /AG

Reduction of Carbon Emissions
Objective
1) Reduction of Carbon Emissions
2) Safety propose
3) Study the amount of electricity used in daily life
4) Suitable for investment
 Reduction of Carbon Emissions

Case study benefit and results

• Able to reduce electricity usage by 12,119 kWh / year,
equivalent to reducing CO2 emissions by 8,483.3 kg.
CO2 equivalent to planting approximately 385 trees
per year.
• Study the return on investment before and after
installation is satisfactory (return of approximately
48,476.8 baht per year)
• Study the properties of alternative battery technology
(Advanced Lead Carbon batteries)
• RTE is between 88% - 91%
• Compare the cycle life of the manufacturer (2000 –
3000 cycles) with actual usage conditions.
 Reduction of Carbon Emissions
Advance Lead Carbon VRLA battery
Technology Development
Advanced Lead
Feature Improvement
Carbon VRLA

Cycle Life 2,000 - 4,000 cycles 2-3x longer lifespan

Depth of Discharge More usable

50-70%
(DoD) capacity per cycle
Higher energy
Charge Efficiency 90-95%
efficiency

Charge Time 30-40% faster Reduced downtime

Better in hot
Thermal Stability High
climates
Sulfation Less degradation
High
Resistance over time
Water Loss / Lower operational
Low
Maintenance costs
Partial State-of-
Better for
Charge (PSoC) Excellent
renewables
Performance

Total Cost of
Lower (long-term) More cost-effective
Ownership
Reduction of Carbon Emissions
ก่อนติดตัง้

หลังติดตั ้ง

48,476.8 บาท ต่อ ปี

48,476.8
บาท ต่อ ปี
Environmental Benefit: Integration of Renewable Energy Sources
Objective
1) To enable 100% Renewable energy in building Case study: RE100 microgrid in building
2) Load Balancing
3) Reducing reliance on the grid
4) Minimizing carbon emission

PV generation (1 year) Load profile (1 year)

 Environmental Benefit: Integration of Renewable Energy Sources

Excess energy
form PV generation

Case study benefit and results

• Maximizes renewable energy utilization
• Ensure a stable power supply by storing excess energy
during high generation periods for later use
• Integration of BESS and PV can support the transition to Required BESS during the day

100% renewable energy usage

• Helps reduce reliance on fossil fuels, supporting a
greener, more sustainable energy system
• The study of various sizes of PV and battery can
guideline the number of days required to achieve RE100
goal in building
Technical Benefit: Voltage Regulation & Power Quality Improvement

Objective
1) Grid Stability 1 Voltage fluctuation
2) Voltage regulation under varying load and
generation conditions
3) Improve reactive power compensation for stable
grid operation
harmonic distortions
4) Power Quality improvement 2 caused by nonlinear
and pulse loads

PV output fluctuation
VSC Grid
Cloudy Day Voltage source controller

Variable • short-term spikes or drops

& pulse
load • Variable load profiles
 Technical Benefit: Voltage Regulation & Power Quality Improvement

Maintain DC link Maintain grid voltage

benefit and results

• The grid voltage stays steady with a stable sinusoidal
pattern
• The gris is smoothly supplying power to the connected
loads, with no impact from nonlinearities or harmonic
distortion
P,Q
• Providing fast and dynamic reactive power
compensation to voltage variation and transient
disturbances
• Stabilizes DC voltage for voltage source converter
operation
• Improve overall system efficiency and performance
The grid integrating with PV, battery, VSC and DSTATCOM
 THANK YOU

PEC Technology (Thailand) Co., Ltd.

181, 183 Sukontasawat Rd., Ladprao, Bangkok 10230

Tel. 02-9078521 www.pectecth.co.th