Borgnakke’s

Fundamentals of Thermodynamics
Global Edition
Solution Manual

Chapter 7

Entropy Analysis for a Control

7.a

7.b

7.c
7.d

7.e

7.f

7.g
Concept-Study Guide Problems

7.1

7.2 Which process will make the statement in In-Text Concept Question e true?

7.3
7.4

7.5

7.6
7.7

7.8

7.9

7.10
7.11

7.12
Steady-State Reversible Single-Flow Processes

7.13 A turbine receives steam at 10 MPa, 800oC with an exit pressure of 800 kPa. Assume
the turbine is adiabatic and neglect kinetic energies. Find the exit temperature and the
specific work.
7.14 An evaporator has R-410A at −20°C and quality 20% flowing in, with the exit flow being
saturated vapor at −20°C. Consider the heating to be a reversible process and find the
specific heat transfer from the entropy equation.

7.15
7.16
7.17
7.18
7.19

7.20
7.21
7.22
7.23
7.24
7.25
7.26 A flow of 2 kg/s saturated vapor R-410A at 500 kPa is heated at constant pressure to 60oC.
The heat is supplied by a heat pump that receives heat from the ambient at 300 K and work
input, shown in Fig. P7.26. Assume everything is reversible and find the rate of work input.
7.27
7.28
7.29
7.30
Multiple Devices and Cycles

7.31
7.32
7.33 A certain industrial process requires a steady supply of saturated vapor steam at 200 kPa at
a rate of 0.5 kg/s. Also required is a steady supply of compressed air at 500 kPa at a rate of
0.1 kg/s. Both are to be supplied by the process shown in Fig. P7.33. Steam is expanded in
a turbine to supply the power needed to drive the air compressor, and the exhaust steam
exits the turbine at the desired state. Air into the compressor is at the ambient condition,
100 kPa, 20oC. Give the required steam inlet pressure and temperature, assuming that both
the turbine and the compressor are reversible and adiabatic.
7.34
7.35 An adiabatic air turbine receives 1 kg/s air at 1500 K, 1.6 MPa and 2 kg/s air at 400 kPa,
T 2 in a setup similar to that of Fig. P4.68 with an exit flow at 100 kPa. What should the
temperature T 2 be so that the whole process can be reversible?
7.36
7.37
7.38 A two-stage compressor having an intercooler takes in air at 300 K, 100 kPa, and
compresses it to 2 MPa, as shown in Fig. P7.38. The cooler then cools the air to
340 K, after which it enters the second stage, which has an exit pressure of 15 MPa.
Both stages are adiabatic and reversible. Find q in the cooler, total specific work, and
compare this to the work required with no intercooler.
7.39
7.40 Consider a steam turbine power plant operating near critical pressure, as shown in
Fig. P7.40. As a first approximation, it may be assumed that the turbine and the pump
processes are reversible and adiabatic. Neglecting any changes in kinetic and
potential energies, calculate
7.41
7.42
Transient Reversible Flow Processes

7.43
7.44 A supply line is supplied by an insulated compressor that takes in R-134a at 5oC, quality of
96.5%, and compresses it to 3 MPa in a reversible process. An insulated 2-m3 tank is charged
with R-134a from the line, the tank is initially evacuated, and the valve is closed when the
pressure inside the tank reaches 2 MPa. Calculate the total work input to the compressor to
charge the tank.
7.45
7.46
7.47
Reversible Shaft Work: Bernoulli Equation

7.48
7.49
7.50
7.51

7.52
7.53
7.54
7.55
7.56
7.57

7.58
7.59 A pipe in a small dam, of 0.5 m diameter, carries liquid water at 150 kPa, 20oC with a flow
rate of 2000 kg/s. The pipe runs to the bottom of the dam 15 m lower into a turbine with a
pipe diameter of 0.35 m, as shown in Fig. P7.59. Assume no friction or heat transfer in the
pipe and find the pressure of the turbine inlet. If the turbine exhausts to 100 kPa with
negligible kinetic energy, what is the rate of work?
7.60 A 4 kg/s flow of ammonia goes through a device in a polytropic process with an inlet state of
150 kPa, −20oC and an exit state of 400 kPa, 80oC. Find the polytropic exponent n, the specific
work, and the specific heat transfer.
7.61
7.62
7.63
7.64
Irreversible Flow Processes
Steady Flow Processes

7.65
7.66
7.67
7.68
7.69
7.70
7.71
7.72
7.73
7.74
7.75
7.76
7.77
7.78 A large supply line has a steady flow of R-410A at 1000 kPa, 60oC. It is used in three
different adiabatic devices shown in Fig. P7.78: a throttle flow, an ideal nozzle, and an ideal
turbine. All the exit flows are at 300 kPa. Find the exit temperature and specific entropy
generation for each device and the exit velocity of the nozzle.
7.79
7.80 A large supply line has a steady air flow at 500 K, 200 kPa. The flow goes out through a
nozzle as shown in Fig. P7.78. The exit is at 100 kPa. Find the exit temperature, specific
entropy generation and the exit velocity of the nozzle.
7.81 Repeat the previous problem for an inlet at 2000 K and solve with the air tables.
7.82
7.83
7.84
7.85 One type of feedwater heater for preheating thewater before entering a boiler operates on the
principle of mixing the water with steam that has been bled from the turbine. For the states
shown in Fig. P7.85, calculate the rate of net entropy increase for the process, assuming the
process to be steady flow and adiabatic.
7.86
Transient Flow Processes

7.87
7.88
7.89
7.90
7.91
7.92 An insulated 2-m3 tank is charged with R-134a from a supply line at 3 MPa, 90oC, the tank is
initially evacuated, and the valve is closed when the pressure inside the tank reaches 2 MPa.
Find the final temperature and the mass in the tank and the total entropy generated in the
process.
7.93
7.94
7.95
7.96
7.97
Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy

7.98 Consider the reversible air compressor in Problem 7.23. What is the reduction in work if
the inlet T is reduced to 280 K?

7.99 Find the reduction in specific work if the compressor in Problem 7.23 has the outlet
pressure reduced to 800 kPa.
7.100
7.101
7.102
7.103
7.104
7.105
7.106
7.107
7.108
Device Efficiency

7.109
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7.114
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7.120
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7.127
Review Problems

7.128
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7.130
7.131
7.132 Consider the scheme shown in Fig. P7.132 for producing fresh water from salt water. The
conditions are as shown in the figure. Assume that the properties of salt water are the same as
those of pure water, and that the pump is reversible and adiabatic.
7.133
7.134
7.135 In a heat-powered refrigerator, a turbine is used to drive the compressor using the same
working fluid. Consider the combination shown in Fig. P7.135, where the turbine produces
just enough power to drive the compressor and the two exit flows are mixed together. List any
assumptions made and find the ratio of mass flow rates m 3 /m 1 and T 5 (x 5 if in two-phase
region) if the turbine and the compressor are reversible and adiabatic.
7.136 A turbocharger boosts the inlet air pressure to an automobile engine. It consists of an exhaust
gasdriven turbine directly connected to an air compressor, as shown in Fig. P7.136. For a
certain engine load the conditions are given in the figure. Assume that both the turbine and the
compressor are reversible and adiabatic, having also the same mass flow rate. Calculate the
turbine exit temperature and power output. Also find the compressor exit pressure and
temperature.
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7.139
7.140
7.141