Power System

Basic Principle
PSEN 801: POWER SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 1

Dr AA Adebiyi (Shine)

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 Power Factor Correction
• The electrical power is almost exclusively generated, transmitted and
distributed in the form of alternating current (AC). However, most of the
loads (induction motors, arc lamps) are inductive in nature and hence have
low lagging power factor.
• The low power factor is highly undesirable as it causes an increase in current,
resulting in additional losses of active power in all the elements of power
system from power station generator down to the utilization devices.
• In order to ensure most favourable conditions for a supply system from
engineering and economical standpoint, it 1s important to have power factor
as close to unity as possible.
• In this lecture, we shall discuss the various methods of power factor
improvement. 2
 Power Factor Correction
• The

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Power Factor Correction
Class work
1. What are the causes of low power factor?
2. Enumerate five disadvantages of low power factor in power system.
Devices for improving power factor
1. Synchronous Condenser: A synchronous condenser is a conventional solution
that operate without a prime mover to regulate reactive power before there were
any power electronics compensation systems.
2. Static Capacitor: The static capacitor is connected in parallel with the
equipment operating a lagging power factor. The capacitor draw a leading
current and mitigate the lagging reactive component of the load current.
3. Phase advancer: The Phase advancer are mainly used to improve power factor
of induction motors. It is a simple AC exciter which is connected on the main
shaft of the motor and operates with the motor's rotor circuit for power factor
improvement. 2
 Power Factor Correction
Example 1.
Three loads are connected in parallel across a 1400-V rms, 60-Hz single-phase
supply as shown in Figure 1.
Load 1: Inductive load, 125 kVA at 0.28 power factor.
Load 2: Capacitive load, 10 kW and 40 kvar.
Load 3: Resistive load of 15 kW.
(a) Find the total kW, kvar, kVA, and the supply power factor.
(b) A capacitor of negligible resistance is connected in parallel with the above
loads to improve the power factor to 0.8 lagging. Determine the kvar rating
of this capacitor and the capacitance in μF.

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 Power Factor Correction
Solution 1.
An inductive load has a lagging power factor, the capacitive load has a
leading power factor, and the resistive load has a unity power factor.

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 Power Factor Correction
Solution 1.

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 Power Factor Correction
Solution 1.
b) A capacitor of negligible resistance is connected in parallel with the above
loads to improve the power factor to 0.8 lagging. Determine the kvar rating of
this capacitor and the capacitance in μF.

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 Power Factor Correction
Solution 1.
b) A capacitor of negligible resistance is connected in parallel with the above
loads to improve the power factor to 0.8 lagging. Determine the kvar rating of
this capacitor and the capacitance in μF.

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 Complex Power Flow
• Complex power (in VA) is the product of the rms voltage phasor and the
complex conjugate of the rms current phasor. As a complex quantity, its real
part is the active power (P) and its imaginary part is reactive power (Q).
• The Complex sum of active power (P) and reactive power (Q) is known as
Complex Power which can be expressed like S = P+jQ and measured in terms
of Volt Amps Reactive (generally in kVAR).
Significance of Complex Power:
• Power triangle can easily be constructed if the value of complex power is
known. Q will represent the perpendicular, P the base and S is the hypotenuse
of power triangle.

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 Complex Power Flow
Consider two ideal voltage sources connected by a line of impedance = R+jX
 as shown in Figure 2.

Let the phasor voltage be V1 = V11 and V2 = V22. For the assumed
direction of current

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 Complex Power Flow
t

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 Complex Power Flow
Power system transmission lines have small resistance compared to the
reactance. Assuming R = 0 (i.e. Z= X900), the above equation becomes:

Since R = 0, there are no transmission line losses and the active power sent
equals the active power received. From the equations, it is observed that a
typical power system with small R/X ratio, the following can be deduced:
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 Complex Power Flow
1. Equation (3) shows that small changes in 1 or 2 will have a significant
effect on the active power flow, while small changes in voltage magnitudes
will not have appreciable effect on the active power flow.
2. If V1 leads V2 ,  is positive and the active power flows from node 1 to
node 2.
3. If V1 lags V2,  is negative and power flows from node 2 to node 1.
4. Assuming R = 0, the theoretical maximum power Pmax (static transmission
capacity) occurs when  = 900 and the maximum power transfer is given
by:

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 Complex Power Flow
Example 2
Two voltage sources V= 120-5 V and V2 = 1000 V are connected by a
short line of impedance Z = 1 + j7  as shown in Figure below. Determine the
active and reactive power supplied or received by each source and the power
loss in the line.

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 Complex Power Flow
Solution 2

From the above results, since P1 is negative and P2 is positive, source 1

receives 97.5 W, and source 2 generates 107.3 W and the active power loss in
the line is 9.8W. The active power loss in the line can be checked by:
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 Complex Power Flow
Solution 2

Also, since Q1 is positive and Q2 is negative, source 1 delivers 363.3 var and
source 2 receives 294.5 var, and the reactive power loss in the line is 68.6 var.
The reactive power loss in the line can be checked by:

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 Complex Power Flow
Example 3.
Two single-phase ideal voltage sources are connected by a line of impedance
of 0:7 + j2.4 as shown in the Figure below. V1 = 50016.260 V and V2 =
58500 V. Find the complex power for each machine and determine whether
they are delivering or receiving real and reactive power. Also, find the real and
the reactive power loss in the line.

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 Complex Power Flow
Solution 3

From the above results, since P1 is positive and P2 is negative, source 1

generates 28 kW, and source 2 receives 24.57 kW, and the real power loss is
3.43 kW. Similarly, since Q1 is negative, source 1 receives 21 kvar and source
2 delivers 32.76 kvar. The reactive power loss in the line is 11.76 kvar.
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 Complex Power Flow
Example 4
An inductive load consisting of R and X in series feeding from a 2400-V rms
supply absorbs 288 kW at a lagging power factor of 0.8. Determine R and X.

An inductive load, with R and X in series.

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 Complex Power Flow
Solution 4
X.

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 Complex Power Flow
Example 5
An inductive load consisting of R and X in parallel feeding from a 2400-V rms
supply absorbs 288 kW at a lagging power factor of 0.8. Determine R and X.

An inductive load, with R and X in parallel

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 Complex Power Flow
Solution 5
X.

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 Complex Power Flow
Example 6
Two loads connected in parallel are supplied from a single-phase 240-V rms
source. The two loads draw a total real power of 400 kW at a power factor of
0.8 lagging. One of the loads draws 120 kW at a power factor of 0.96 leading.
Find the complex power of the other load.
Solution 6

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 Complex Power Flow
Solution 6

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 Complex Power Flow
Example 7
The load shown in Figure below consists of a resistance R in parallel with a
capacitor of reactance X. The load is fed from a single-phase supply through a
line of impedance 8,4 + j11,2 . The rms voltage at the load terminal is
120000 V rms, and the load is taking 30 kVA at 0.8 power factor leading.
(a) Find the values of R and X.
(b) Determine the supply voltage V.

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 Complex Power Flow
Solution 7

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 Complex Power Flow
Solution 7

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Complex Power Flow
Exercise 1
Practice Example 8

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Complex Power Flow
Example 8 Solution

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Complex Power Flow
Exercise 1
Practice Example 2,6 and Problem 2,9 using MATLAB.