KITS(S) POWER SYSTEMS LAB

PART-A

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KITS(S) POWER SYSTEMS LAB

EXPERMENT NO: 1

CHARACTERISTICS OF IDMT OVER CURRENT RELAY

AIM :
To Plot the IDMT characteristics of electromagnetic IDMT Over Current Relay
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. PLT-10PS-OC1 module.
PRECAUTIONS:
• Keep the MCB is in off condition
• Keep the Autotransformer is in Minimum Position
• Keep the Power ON/OFF switch is in off position.
Circuit Diagram:

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PROCEDURE:
1. Set the pick-up value of the current marked 2.5A by inserting the plug in the groove.
2. Switch ON the Power using Power ON/OFF Switch (IRS SWITCH)
3. Switch ON the MCB
4. Press the START Button
5. Apply current of 5A (Indicate the front panel ammeter) by Adjusting the Front panel
Autotransformer – (Now the disc in over current relay is rotate and Stop clock is start and
relay may trip – but don’t consider this function)
1. Now the fault current of 5A is set
2. Press Manual STOP Button
3. Press the Reset switch in STOP CLOCK
4. Now the set up is ready for applying Fault current of 5A
5. Wait for some time to settle the DISC in over current relay in
initial / home position
6. Press the START Button
7. Now the DISC in RELAY is start to rotate and relay is tripped after some time

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KITS(S) POWER SYSTEMS LAB

8. Once the RELAY is tripped and the STOP CLOCK is automatically stopped and indicate
the relay trip time , note down this trip time in table
9. Repeat the above procedure ( Procedure 1 to 8 ) with different PLUG Setting and Time
setting Multiplier
10. Draw graph Applied fault current Vs Measured tripping time- It gives IDMT
Characteristics
11. Repeat the same with different PSM

TABULAR FORM:

S.No Applied Fault Calculated Measured PSM-Plug

Current in Amp tripping Time Tripping setting
in ms Time in ms multiplier

2.5A

S.No Applied Fault Calculated Measured PSM-Plug

Current in Amp tripping Time Tripping setting
in ms Time in ms multiplier

5A

RESULT:

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KITS(S) POWER SYSTEMS LAB

Viva Questions:

1. What is the difference between fuse and Circuit Breaker?

2. What is a Relay?

3. What is TSM & PSM and why different TSM & PSM?

4. Identify different terminals of the relay and explain their use?

5. Define the term IDMT?

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KITS(S) POWER SYSTEMS LAB

EXPERMENT NO: 2

DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION OF 1-Φ TRANSFORMER

Experiment i:
AIM:
To Test the Biased / Un biased differential relay using variable ac current source.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. PLT-10PS-OC1 module.
PRECAUTIONS:
• Keep the Power ON/OFF switch is in off position (provided in back panel).
• Keep the Autotransformer is in Minimum Position
• Keep the Power ON/OFF switch is in off position (IN AC CURRENT SOURCE
SECTION).
Circuit Diagram:

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PROCEDURE:
1. Switch ON the Power using Power ON/OFF Switch (provided in back panel)
2. Connect current source output to Relay CT input as below
a. I1 to 1(CT1)
b. I2 to 2 (CT1)
c. I3 to 3(CT2)
d. I4 to 4(CT2)
3. Switch ON the Power using Power ON/OFF Switch (IRS SWITCH – IN CURRENT
SOURCE SECTION)
4. Apply current of 3A (Indicate the front panel ammeter) by Adjusting the Front panel
Autotransformer – SIMULTANOUSLY (Now Both meter indicate same Value , say 3A)
5. Press the RESET key provided in Relay .
6. Now Set the Relay parameters
a. The display in Relay will be
i. Biased type
ii. Un Biased type
b. Press UP Key for Biased type selection
c. Enter bias setting value by using front panel keys

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KITS(S) POWER SYSTEMS LAB

d. Enter tripping time value by using front panel keys

7. Now slowly reduce/increase any one current by using Autotransformer. So the different
of current is increased (which is the bias difference)
8. The difference of Bias Value in % will be display in LCD, When it will reaches above set
Bias value the relay will trip , corresponding Trip time also indicate In Same LCD in
Relay
9. Repeat the above procedure with UN BIASED SETTING (Press down key to select un
biased mode in procedure-6)
10. Tabulate the reading
TABULAR FORM:
BIASED TYPE:
S.N Set % Bias I1 in I2 in Amp Tripping Bias Set Time Tripping
Value Amp Value Time

UN BIASED TYPE:
S.N I1 in Amp I2 in Amp Set Time Tripping Time

RESULT:

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KITS(S) POWER SYSTEMS LAB

Experiment II:
AIM :
To Test the differential relay with TRANSFORMER METRZ PRIZE PROTECTION
Scheme
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
PLT-10PS-OC1 module
PRECAUTIONS:
• Keep the Power ON/OFF switch is in off position (provided in back panel).
• Keep the Autotransformer is in Minimum Position
• Keep the Power ON/OFF switch is in off position (IN AC CURRENT SOURCE
SECTION).
PROCEDURE:
1. Switch ON the Power using Power ON/OFF Switch (provided in back panel)
2. Connect the Transformer input and output as below
a. P1 to P3
b. P2 to P4
c. P5 to 1(CT-1)
d. P6 to 2(CT-1)
e. P7 to P8
f. P9 to 3(CT-2)
g. P10 to 4(CT-2)
h. P11 to P12
i. Connect rheostat parallel to R1 and R2 i.e rheostat Red to R1 and any one block to
R2 and rheostat keep in maximum position.
j. Connect From transformer secondary tapping of 0v to D1.
k. Connect R1 to transformer secondary any voltage tapping. i.e 6v or 12v or 24v and
48v.
l. Keep 200w bulb in holder.
3. Now Set the Relay parameters
a. The display in Relay will be
i. Biased type
ii. Un Biased type
b. Press UP Key for Biased type selection
c. Enter bias setting value by using front panel keys
d. Enter tripping time value by using front panel keys

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KITS(S) POWER SYSTEMS LAB

4. Now Press the START Button – This will make fault on transformer secondary side
(SHORT CIRCUIT) & Simultaneously the stop clock is start to indicate counting time
5. The relay is tripped after some time (PRE SET TIME)
6. Once the RELAY is tripped and the STOP CLOCK is automatically stopped and indicate
the relay trip time , note down this trip time in table
7. The difference of Bias Value in % will be display in LCD, & Trip time also indicate In
Same LCD in Relay note down this trip time in table
8. Repeat the above procedure ( Procedure 1 to 8 ) with different BIAS Setting and Time
setting
9. Repeat the above procedure with DIFFERENT FAULT ON TRANSFORMER BOTH
PRIMARY & SECONDARY SIDE
10. Tabulate the reading

TABULAR FORM:
BIASED TYPE:
Fault Type : Short in secondary side ( 48 & 0v tappings)
S.N Set % Bias Value Set Time Tripping Tripping
(in relay lcd) (in relay lcd) time Bias
(stop clock) (in relay lcd)
AFTER
RELAY
TRIPPING

RESULT:

Viva Questions:

1. Why identical CTs are required in this scheme.

2. How would you take into account CT imbalances?
3. What do you understand by internal fault?
4. What is mean by differential Protection?
5. Where we will use differential relays?

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KITS(S) POWER SYSTEMS LAB

EXPERMENT NO: 3

CHARACTERISTICS OF MICRO PROCESSOR BASED OVER VOLTAGE/UNDER

VOLTAGE RELAY
AIM:
To Plot the IDMT Characteristics of over voltage and under Voltage Relay.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. PLT-VR1 Module
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Keep the MCB is in off condition
2. Keep the Autotransformer is in Minimum Postion
3. Keep the ON/OFF switch is in off position

Circuit Diagram:

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PROCEDURE FOR OVER VOLTAGE:

1. Connect front panel connector P1A to P1 By using connecting wires
2. Connect front panel connector P2A to P2 By using connecting wires
3. Switch ON the Power using Power ON/OFF Switch (IRS SWITCH)
4. Relay display will
“Power lab instruments
Chennai-96”
“Over voltage relay
Under voltage relay”
5. Press UP key for Over voltage relay (or) press down key for Under voltage relay
6. Press Enter Key
7. Then the display will be
“ DMT
IDMT ”
8. Press down key for IDMT Function
9. Press Enter Key
10. Set the time value by pressing keys ( 0.1 to 50ms)
11. Press Enter Key

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KITS(S) POWER SYSTEMS LAB

12. Apply voltage ------ VAC Which should be GREATER THAN SETTING VALUE
(voltage value is Indicated by front panel voltmeter) by Adjusting the Front panel
Autotransformer
1. Now the fault voltage of ------- VAC is set
13. Press the START Button
14. Now RELAY is tripped after calculated time
15. Once the RELAY is tripped and the STOP CLOCK is automatically stopped and indicate
the relay trip time , note down this trip time in table
16. Repeat the above procedure ( Procedure 1 to 10 ) with different voltage Setting and Time
setting
17. Draw graph Applied fault voltage Vs Measured tripping time- It gives IDMT Characteristics
18. Repeat the same with different TMS & PS
TABULAR FORM:

S.N Applied Fault Calculated indicated Time setting Voltage

Voltage tripping Time Tripping setting
in ms Time in ms
01
02
03 0.1 sec

04

S.N Applied Fault Calculated indicated Time setting Voltage

Voltage tripping Time Tripping setting
in ms Time in ms
01
02
03 0.5 sec

04

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KITS(S) POWER SYSTEMS LAB

PROCEDURE FOR UNDER VOLTAGE:

1. Connect front panel connector P1A to P1 By using connecting wires
2. Connect front panel connector P2A to P2 By using connecting wires
3. Switch ON the Power using Power ON/OFF Switch (IRS SWITCH)
4. Relay display will
“ Power lab instruments
Chennai-96”

“Over voltage relay

Under voltage relay”
5. press down key for Under voltage relay
6. Press Enter Key
7. Then the display will be
“ DMT
IDMT ”
8. Press down key for IDMT Function
9. Press Enter Key
10. Set the time value by pressing keys ( 0.1 to 50ms)
11. Press Enter Key
12. Apply voltage ------ VAC Which should be LESS THAN SETTING VALUE
(voltage value is Indicated by front panel voltmeter) by Adjusting the Front panel
Autotransformer
1. Now the fault voltage of ------- VAC is set
13. Press the START Button
14. Now RELAY is tripped after calculated time
15. Once the RELAY is tripped and the STOP CLOCK is automatically stopped and
indicate the relay trip time , note down this trip time in table
16. Repeat the above procedure ( Procedure 1 to 10 ) with different voltage Setting and
Time setting
17. Draw graph Applied fault voltage Vs Measured tripping time- It gives IDMT
Characteristics
18. Repeat the same with different TMS & PS

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KITS(S) POWER SYSTEMS LAB

TABULAR FORM:
S.N Applied Fault Calculated indicated Time setting Voltage
Voltage tripping Tripping setting
Time in ms Time in ms
01
02
0.1 sec
03
04

S.N Applied Fault Calculated indicated Time setting Voltage

Voltage tripping Tripping setting
Time in ms Time in ms
01
02
0.5 sec
03
04
Model Graph:

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.
CALICULATIONS: = × ( . ))
(

Where ---- T → Trip Time ,TMS → Relay Time setting (user set time)
=

V = Actual Voltage (applied voltage to relay)

Vs = Relay set Voltage (user set Voltage)

RESULT:

Viva Questions:

1. What is relay?

2. What are the different types of Relays?

3. What is the deference between Static and Electromagnetic relays?

4. Define TMS?

5. Explain working principle of Over and Under voltage Relays?

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KITS(S) POWER SYSTEMS LAB

EXPERMENT NO: 4

A,B,C,D CONSTANTS OF A LONG TRANSMISSION LINE

AIM:

To find the ABCD Constants of a Long Transmission line Model.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Ac transmission line Trainer kit

TRANSMISSION MODEL:

1. Long transmission Line

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect voltage source to long transmission model by connecting [P1 & P5], [P2 & P6],
[P9 & C ] and [P10 & C3].
2. Switch on the power supply
3. Fix input voltage Vs to 20V by varying the auto transformer.
4. Observe the sending end, receiving end voltage and current for both open and short
circuit.

Tabulation:

CIRCUIT VS VR IS IR VS/VR VS/IR VS/IS

OPEN

SHORT

Calculation:

A=VS/VR , B=VS/IR , C=IS /VR , D=IS / IR

% Regulation(VReg) =

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KITS(S) POWER SYSTEMS LAB

RESULT:

Viva Questions:

1.Define Regulation of Transmission lines?

2.Define Transmission parameters?

3.Why capacitance will not consider in short transmission parameters?

4.What is the difference between T and π section methods?

5. What is the difference between open and Short circuit methods?

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KITS(S) POWER SYSTEMS LAB

EXPERMENT NO: 5

FINDING THE SEQUENCE IMPEDANCES OF 3-Φ SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE

AIM: To Measure the following sequence impedance of Alternator

i) Positive sequence impedance

ii) Negative sequence impedance
iii) Zero sequence impedance
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
i) AC generator
ii) Fault analysis of 3-phase alternator kit
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Measurement Positive sequence impedance:

Measurement Negative sequence impedance:

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Measurement Zero sequence impedance

PROCEDURE:

I. Measurement Positive sequence impedance

i) Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
ii) Apply Certain (i.e less than 20v) Single Phase Voltage to R&Y(two phases) Terminals of
star connected alternator.
iii) Rotate the alternator shaft by manually and keep the shaft position at the position of
maximum field current value.
iv) Reduce the voltage to zero and again increase the voltage in steps and note down the
ammeter and voltmeter readings in table up to 2A or until rotor will slipped.
v) The single phase voltage input to Alternator terminal R&Y is assumed as X1
vi) Repeat the above procedure with single phase ac input to alternator terminal Y&B is
assumed as X2.
vii) Repeat the above procedure with single phase ac input to alternator terminal B&R is
assumed as X3.
II. Measurement Negative sequence impedance
i) Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
1) Field winding is short circuited through an ammeter.
2) Short any two phase (R&Y) of alternator.
ii) Switch on single phase supply.
iii) Run the alternator by using RUN Button in VFD.

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iv) Set the frequency to Max 50Hz i.e rated speed 1500RPM.
v) Apply single phase voltage to short phases (R&Y) and open phase B and note down the
reading of ammeter and voltmeter in table up to 2.5A.
III. Measurement of Zero Sequence impedance.
i) Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
ii) Switch on single phase supply.
iii) Run the alternator by using RUN Button in VFD.
iv) Set the frequency to Max 50Hz i.e rated speed 1500RPM.
v) Apply single phase voltage to phases (R&B) and note down the reading of
ammeter and voltmeter in table up to 2.5A.

Observation Table:

1) Measurement of Positive Sequence impedance.

Combination (R,Y):

Voltage (V1) Current(I1) X1

Average (X1)

Combination (Y&B):

Voltage (V2) Current(I2) X2

Average (X2)

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Combination of (R&B):

Voltage (V3) Current(I3) X3

Average (X3)

II) Measurement of Negative sequence Impedance.

Voltage (V) Current(I) Z2

Average (Z2)

III) Measurement of Zero sequence Impedance.

Voltage (V) Current(I) Z0

Average (Z0)

Caliculations:

I) Measurement of Positive Sequence impedance.

X1=V1/2I1 X2=V2/2I2 X3=V3/2I3

1+ 2+ 3
=
3
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( ! ")# $( % &)#
%
M=

II) Measurement of Negative Sequence impedance.

Z2 =
√& (

X2 = )(Z )% − (, )%
R2 (Resistance of Alternator) =2.88Ω

III) Measurement of Zero Sequence impedance.

Z0 = X0 =
&(

Precaution: Should not connect 1-2 and 3 -4

Result:

Viva Questions:

1. What are different types of faults? Give classification

2. Which one is severe fault?

3. What are symmetrical components? Why only 3 sets?

4. How do you recognize a type of fault from given sequence component?

5. What is the frequency of Positive, Negative zero sequence component of current, how they
affect machine performance.

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KITS(S) POWER SYSTEMS LAB

EXPERMENT NO: 6

FINDING THE SEQUENCE IMPEDANCES OF 3-Φ TRANSFORMER

Aim: Determine the Sequence impedance of 3 Phase Transformer.
Apparatus required:
1. 3 Phase Isolation Transformer-1KVA
2. 3 Phase autotransformer
3. Digital Voltmeter (0-5A)
Procedure:
i) Positive Sequence impedance Measurement
1) Make the connections as per the circuit diagram
2) Switch on 3Phase Supply and apply certain voltage to primary side of transformer by using
variac.
3) Take the readings of voltmeter and ammeter
4) Increase the voltage in steps by using variac and take the readings up to rated current is
reached.
ii) Negative Sequence impedance Measurement
1) Make the connections as per the circuit diagram
2) Switch on 3Phase Supply and apply certain voltage to primary side of transformer by using
variac.
3) Take the readings of voltmeter and ammeter
4) Increase the voltage in steps by using variac and take the readings up to rated current is
reached.

iii) Zero Sequence impedance Measurement

1) Make the connections as per the circuit diagram
2) Switch on 3Phase Supply and apply certain voltage to primary side of transformer by using
variac.
3) Take the readings of voltmeter and ammeter
4) Increase the voltage in steps by using variac and take the readings up to rated current is
reached.

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KITS(S) POWER SYSTEMS LAB

Circuit Diagram:
i) Positive Sequence Impedance Measurement

ii) Negative Sequence Impedance Measurement

iii) Zero Sequence Impedance Measurement

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Tabulation:
i) Positive sequence impedance Measurement.

Primary Voltage (V) Primary Current(I) Impedance(Z)

ii) Negative sequence impedance Measurement.

Primary Voltage (V) Primary Current(I) Impedance(Z)

iii) Zero sequence impedance Measurement.

Primary Voltage (V) Primary Current(I) Impedance(Z)

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Calculations:

i) Positive sequence impedance Measurement.

-./012/3

X1/ph=);! − ,%
√4 %
Z1 = ,
( 567896:
, R=2.8Ω

ii) Negative sequence impedance Measurement.

567896:
X2/ph=);% − ,%
%
Z2 = ,
√& × ( 567896:
, R=2.8Ω

iii) Zero sequence impedance Measurement.

& × 567896:
Z0 = , X0/ph=);<% − ,%
( 567896:
, R=2.8Ω

Result:

Viva Questions:

1. Define symmetrical components.

2. What is the importance of sequence impedances?
3. The impedances of rotating machines to currents of the three sequences will generally be
a) Same for each sequence
b) Different for each sequence
4. What is the utility of three-phase three-winding transformer?
5. Why is tertiary winding connected in delta?

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KITS(S) POWER SYSTEMS LAB

PART-B

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KITS(S) POWER SYSTEMS LAB

EXPERMENT NO: 1

FORMATION OF YBUS

AIM: -
To write a MATLAB program to Formation of YBUS for given power system network.

SOFTWARE REQURIED:-
1. MATLAB R2015b.
2. Windows XP/7/8/10.
THEORY:-
PROCEDURE:-
1. Open MATLAB
2. Open new M-file
3. Type the program
4. Save in current directory
5. Compile and Run the program
6. For the output see command window\ Figure window.
Program:
% YBUS PROGRAM %
clear all;
clc
% | From | To | R | X |
% | Bus | Bus | pu |pu |
linedata = [1 2 2 3
1 3 5 4
1 4 5 4
2 4 8 6
3 4 5 6];
fb = linedata(:,1); % From bus number...
tb = linedata(:,2); % To bus number...
r = linedata(:,3); % Resistance, R...
x = linedata(:,4); % Reactance, X...
z = r + i*x; % z matrix...
y = 1./z; % To get inverse of each element...

nb = max(max(fb),max(tb)); % No. of buses...

nl = length(fb); % No. of branches...
Y = zeros(nb,nb); % Initialise YBus...

% Formation of the Off Diagonal Elements...

for k = 1:nl

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Y(fb(k),tb(k)) = Y(fb(k),tb(k)) - y(k);

Y(tb(k),fb(k)) = Y(fb(k),tb(k));
end

% Formation of Diagonal Elements....

for m = 1:nb
for n = 1:nl
if fb(n) == m
Y(m,m) = Y(m,m) + y(n);
elseif tb(n) == m
Y(m,m) = Y(m,m) + y(n);
end
end
end
Y % Bus Admittance Matrix

Output:

Y=

0.3977 - 0.4259i -0.1538 + 0.2308i -0.1220 + 0.0976i -0.1220 + 0.0976i

-0.1538 + 0.2308i 0.2338 - 0.2908i 0 -0.0800 + 0.0600i

-0.1220 + 0.0976i 0 0.2039 - 0.1959i -0.0820 + 0.0984i

-0.1220 + 0.0976i -0.0800 + 0.0600i -0.0820 + 0.0984i 0.2839 - 0.2559i

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What are the methods to formation of YBUS?

2. What is necessity of Ybus?

3. Which method is better to find Ybus?

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EXPERMENT NO: 2

LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS USING GAUSS SEIDAL (GS) METHOD

AIM: -
To write a MATLAB program to calculate the voltage magnitude, Phase angle of voltage using
Gauss Seidal (GS) Method.
SOFTWARE REQURIED:-
1. MATLAB R2015b.
2. Windows XP/7/8/10.
THEORY:-
PROCEDURE:-
1. Open MATLAB
2. Open new M-file
3. Type the program
4. Save in current directory
5. Compile and Run the program
6. For the output see command window\ Figure window.
Program:
% Program for Gauss - Seidel Load Flow Analysis
% |Bus | Type | Vsp | theta | PGi | QGi | PLi | QLi | Qmin | Qmax
|
busdata = [ 1 1 1.2 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0;
2 2 1.1 0 0.5 0 0 0 -1 1.0;
3 3 1.0 0 0 0 0.6 0.3 -0.5 1.5;
4 3 1.0 0 0.0 0 0.6 0.3 0 0;
5 3 1.0 0 0.0 0 0.5 0.2 0 0];
% | From | To | R | X |
% | Bus | Bus | | |
linedata = [ 1 2 0.02 0.2
1 4 0.02 0.2
2 3 0.02 0.2
3 4 0.02 0.2
3 5 0.02 0.2
4 5 0.02 0.2];
fb = linedata(:,1); % From bus number...
tb = linedata(:,2); % To bus number...
r = linedata(:,3); % Resistance, R...
x = linedata(:,4); % Reactance, X...
z = r + i*x; % Z matrix...
y = 1./z; % To get inverse of each element...

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nbus = max(max(fb),max(tb)); % no. of buses...

nbranch = length(fb); % no. of branches...
ybus = zeros(nbus,nbus); % Initialise YBus...

% Formation of the Off Diagonal Elements...

for k=1:nbranch
ybus(fb(k),tb(k)) = -y(k);
ybus(tb(k),fb(k)) = ybus(fb(k),tb(k));
end

% Formation of Diagonal Elements....

for m=1:nbus
for n=1:nbranch
if fb(n) == m | tb(n) == m
ybus(m,m) = ybus(m,m) + y(n);
end
end
end
ybus; % Bus Admittance Matrix
zbus = inv(ybus); % Bus Impedance Matrix
ybus = ybusppg(); % Calling program "ybusppg.m" to get Y-Bus.
busdata = busdata6(); % Calling "busdata6.m" for bus data.

bus = busdata(:,1); % Bus number.

type = busdata(:,2); % Type of Bus 1-Slack, 2-PV, 3-PQ.
V = busdata(:,3); % Initial Bus Voltages.
th = busdata(:,4); % Initial Bus Voltage Angles.
GenMW = busdata(:,5); % PGi, Real Power injected into the buses.
GenMVAR = busdata(:,6); % QGi, Reactive Power injected into the buses.
LoadMW = busdata(:,7); % PLi, Real Power Drawn from the buses.
LoadMVAR = busdata(:,8); % QLi, Reactive Power Drawn from the buses.
Qmin = busdata(:,9); % Minimum Reactive Power Limit
Qmax = busdata(:,10); % Maximum Reactive Power Limit
nbus = max(bus); % To get no. of buses
P = GenMW - LoadMW; % Pi = PGi - PLi, Real Power at the buses.
Q = GenMVAR - LoadMVAR; % Qi = QGi - QLi, Reactive Power at the buses.
Vprev = V;
toler = 1; % Tolerence.
iteration = 1; % iteration starting
while (toler > 0.00001) % Start of while loop
for i = 2:nbus
sumyv = 0;
for k = 1:nbus
if i ~= k
sumyv = sumyv + ybus(i,k)* V(k); % Vk * Yik
end
end
if type(i) == 2 % Computing Qi for PV bus
Q(i) = -imag(conj(V(i))*(sumyv + ybus(i,i)*V(i)));
if (Q(i) > Qmax(i)) || (Q(i) < Qmin(i)) % Checking for Qi
Violation.
if Q(i) < Qmin(i) % Whether violated the lower limit.
Q(i) = Qmin(i);
else % No, violated the upper limit.

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Q(i) = Qmax(i);
end
type(i) = 3; % If Violated, change PV bus to PQ bus.
end
end
V(i) = (1/ybus(i,i))*((P(i)-j*Q(i))/conj(V(i)) - sumyv); % Compute
Bus Voltages.
if type(i) == 2 % For PV Buses, Voltage Magnitude remains same,
but Angle changes.
V(i) = pol2rect(abs(Vprev(i)), angle(V(i)));
end
end
iteration = iteration + 1; % Increment iteration count.
toler = max(abs(abs(V) - abs(Vprev))); % Calculate tolerance.
Vprev = V; % Vprev is required for next iteration,V(i) =
pol2rect(abs(Vprev(i)), angle(V(i)));
end % End of while loop / Iteration

iteration % Total iterations.

V % Bus Voltages in Complex form.
Vmag = abs(V) % Final Bus Voltages.
Ang = 180/pi*angle(V) % Final Bus Voltage Angles in Degree.

Output:
V=

1.0500

1.0479 - 0.0658i

1.0672 - 0.0779i

0.9867 - 0.0715i

0.9814 - 0.0895i

0.9992 - 0.1026i

Vmag =

1.0500

1.0500

1.0700

0.9893

0.9855

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KITS(S) POWER SYSTEMS LAB

1.0045

Ang =

-3.5947

-4.1764

-4.1427

-5.2099

-5.8620

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the necessity of power flow studies?

2. What are the iterative methods for power flow studies?

3. Explain about bus classification?

4.What is the importance of GS Method?

5.What we will determine by using GS Method?

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KITS(S) POWER SYSTEMS LAB

EXPERMENT NO: 3

LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS USING FAST DECOUPLED (FD) METHOD

AIM: -
To write a MATLAB program to calculate the voltage magnitude, Phase angle of voltage using
Gauss Seidal (GS) Method.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:-
1. MATLAB R2015b.
2. Windows XP/7/8/10.
THEORY:-
PROCEDURE:-
1. Open MATLAB
2. Open new M-file
3. Type the program
4. Save in current directory
5. Compile and Run the program
6. For the output see command window\ Figure window.
Program:
clc
clear
format short g
% |From| |To | | R | | X |
% |Bus | |Bus|
Linedata=[ 1 2 0.042 0.168;
1 5 0.031 0.126;
2 3 0.031 0.126;
3 4 0.084 0.336;
3 5 0.053 0.210;
4 5 0.063 0.252];
% |Voltage||Angle||Generated||Generated||Load ||Load ||Type|
% |Per ||Per ||Real ||Reactive ||Real ||Reactive||of |
% |Unit ||Unit ||Power ||Power ||Power||Power ||Bus |
Busdata=[ 1.04 0 0 0 65 30 1;
1.00 0 0 0 115 60 3;
1.02 0 180 0 70 40 2;
1.00 0 0 0 70 30 3;
1.00 0 0 0 85 40 3];
n1=max(Linedata(:,1));
n2=max(Linedata(:,2));
n=max(n1,n2);
x=size(Linedata);
a=x(1);

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for k=1:a
b=Linedata(k,:);
f=b(1);
t=b(2);
R=b(3);
X=b(4);
z(f,t)=R+j*X;
y(f,t)=1/(z(f,t));
y(t,f)=y(f,t);
end
y;
for k=1:n
Y(k,k)=sum(y(k,:)); %Diagonal element
end
for p=1:n
for q=1:n
if p~=q
Y(p,q)=-y(p,q); %Off-diagonal element
end
end
end
Ybus=Y; % Admittance matrix
[n,m]=size(Busdata);
Ym=abs(Ybus); %Magnitude of Admittance matrix
YTheta=angle(Ybus); % Angle of admittance matrix in radian
Vm=Busdata(:,1); %Known voltage magnitude
Delta=Busdata(:,2); %Known angle in radian
type=Busdata(:,7); %Type of buses 1 for slack bus, 2 for P-V bus, 3 for P-Q
bus
Pg=Busdata(:,3)/100; %Generated real power in per unit, base is 100 Watt
Pl=Busdata(:,5)/100; %real power for load in per unit, base is 100 Watt
Qg=Busdata(:,4)/100; %Reactive power for generation in per unit, Base is 100
MVA
Ql=Busdata(:,6)/100; %Reactive power for load in per unit, base is 100 MVA
P=Pg-Pl; %Real power
Q=Qg-Ql; %Reactive power
pa=find(type>1); %Position to determine angle
o=length(pa); %How many quantaties to determine angle
pv=find(type>2); %position to determine voltage
l=length(pv); %How many quantaties to determine voltage
pq=find(type==1|type==2); %Position to determine reactive power
pp=find(type==1); %Position to determine real power
r=length(pq); %How many quantaties to determine reactive power
s=length(pp); %How many quantaties to determine real power
P=P(pa,:);
Q=Q(pv,:);
disp(' Angle Voltage Real_Power_Generation
Reactive_Power_Generation Real_Power_Load Reactive_Power_Load')
Iter=0;
while (1) %Iteration start
for ii=1:o
SumP=0;
for ii=1:o
SumP=0;
for t=1:n %There is one slack bus

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SumP=SumP+Vm(pa(ii))*Vm(t)*Ym(pa(ii),t)*cos(YTheta(pa(ii),t)-
Delta(pa(ii))+Delta(t));
F(pa(ii),1)=SumP;
end
end
F=F(pa,:);
for ii=1:l
SumQ=0; %Calculation of reactive power
for t=1:n
SumQ=SumQ-Vm(pv(ii))*Vm(t)*Ym(pv(ii),t)*sin(YTheta(pv(ii),t)-
Delta(pv(ii))+Delta(t));
G(pv(ii),1)=SumQ;
end
end
G=G(pv,:);
dP=P-F;
dQ=Q-G;
Pm=[dP;dQ]; % Power mismatch
Vmp=Vm(pa,:);
Vmdp=Vm(pv,:);
V=[Vmp;Vmdp];
Pc=Pm./V;
for ii=1:o %Calculation of Jacobian matrix
for k=1:o
for u=1:l
for v=1:l
if(pa(ii)~=pa(k)|pa(ii)~=pv(u)|pv(u)~=pa(ii)|pv(u)~=pv(v))
%Off-diagonal element
Bprime(pa(ii),pa(k))=-
1*Ym(pa(ii),pa(k))*sin(YTheta(pa(ii),pa(k)));
Bdoubleprime(pv(u),pv(v))=-
1*Ym(pv(u),pv(v))*sin(YTheta(pv(u),pv(v)));
else
sumBprime=0; sumBdoubleprime=0; % Diagonal Element
for t=1:n
if (t~=pa(ii)|t~=pv(u))
sumBprime=sumBprime+Ym(pa(ii),t)*sin(YTheta(pa(ii),t));
Bprime(pa(ii),pa(k))=sumBprime;
sumBdoubleprime=sumBdoubleprime+Ym(pv(u),t)*sin(YTheta(pv(u),t));
Bdoubleprime(pv(u),pv(v))=sumBdoubleprime;
end
end
end
end
end
end
end
Bprime=Bprime(:,pa);
Bprime=Bprime(pa,:); % Bprime Matrix
L=zeros(o,l); % L Matrix
M=zeros(l,o); % M Matrix
Bdoubleprime=Bdoubleprime(pv,:);
Bdoubleprime=Bdoubleprime(:,pv);% Bdoubleprime Matrix
J=[Bprime L;M Bdoubleprime]; % Jacobian Matrix
R=J\Pc; % Result
RAngle=R(1:o); %Result angle in radian

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RVoltage=R(o+1:l+o); % Result Voltage

k=1;
for ii=1:n;
if (type(ii)==2 | type(ii)==3)
Delta(ii)=RAngle(k) + Delta(ii);
k=k+1;
end
end
k=1;
for ii=1:n
if type(ii)==3
Vm(ii)=RVoltage(k)+Vm(ii);
k=k+1;
end
end
Iter=Iter+1;
ea=max(abs(Pm)); % Error Accuracy
if Iter>=50|ea<=0.00001 %Test of convergence
end
end
break
end
for ii=1:n %Angle in degree
Angle(ii,1)=((Delta(ii)*180)/pi);
end
Angle;
Voltage=Vm;
for ii=1:s
SumP=0;
for t=1:n
SumP=SumP+Vm(pp(ii))*Vm(t)*Ym(pp(ii),t)*cos(YTheta(pp(ii),t)-
Delta(pp(ii))+Delta(t));
Pcal(pp(ii),1)=SumP;
end
end
Pcal=Pcal(pp,:);
k=1;
for ii=1:n
if type(ii)==1
Pg(ii)=Pcal(k);
k=k+1;
end
end
Real_Power_Generation=Pg*100;
for ii=1:r
SumQ=0;
for t=1:n
SumQ=SumQ-Vm(pq(ii))*Vm(t)*Ym(pq(ii),t)*sin(YTheta(pq(ii),t)-
Delta(pq(ii))+Delta(t));
Qcal(pq(ii),1)=SumQ;
end
end
Qcal=Qcal(pq,:);
k=1;
for ii=1:n
if type(ii)==1|type(ii)==2

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Qg(ii)=Qcal(k);
k=k+1;
end
end
Reactive_Power_Generation=Qg*100;
Real_Power_Load=Pl*100;
Reactive_Power_Load=Ql*100;
disp([Angle, Voltage, Real_Power_Generation, Reactive_Power_Generation,
Real_Power_Load, Reactive_Power_Load])

Result:

Angle Voltage Real Power Generation Reactive_Power_Generation Real_Power_Load

Reactive_Power_Load

0 1.04 170.15 82.075 65 30

-6.3273 0.95877 0 0 115 60

-3.781 1.02 180 89.471 70 40

-10.876 0.90495 0 0 70 30

-6.1129 0.96025 0 0 85 40

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the necessity of power flow studies?

2. What are the iterative methods for power flow studies?

3. Explain about bus classification?

4.What is the importance of FDLF Method?

5.What we will determine by using FDLF Method?

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 39

KITS(S) POWER SYSTEMS LAB

EXPERMENT NO: 4

FORMATION OF ZBUS
Aim: -
To write a MATLAB program to Formation of ZBUS for given power system network by using
building algorithm method.

Software Required:-
1. MATLAB R2015b.
2. Windows XP/7/8/10.
Theory:-
Procedure:-
1. Open MATLAB
2. Open new M-file
3. Type the program
4. Save in current directory
5. Compile and Run the program
6. For the output see command window\ Figure window.
Program:
%Formation of ZBUS%
Zbus = [0];
Quit = 0;
i = 0;
while Quit== 0

Case = input('Which case is to be implemented = ');

if Case == 1
if i == 0
Zb = input('Enter the value of impedance = ');
Zbus = [Zb]
end
if i>0
Zb = input('Enter the value of impedance = ');
ord = length(Zb1);
for d = 1:ord+1
for e = i:ord+1
if d<=ord && e<=ord
Zbus1(d,e) = Zb1(d,e);
end
if d==ord+1 && e==ord+1
Zbus1(d,e)=Zb;

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KITS(S) POWER SYSTEMS LAB

end
if d==ord+1 && d~=e || e==ord+1 && d~=e
Zbus1(d,e)= 0;
end

end
end

Zbus = [Zbus1]
end
end
if Case == 2
Z_new = input('Enter the value of impedance for new bus = ');
m = length(Zbus);
for a=1:m
for b=1:m
Z_temp(a,b) = Zbus(a,b);
end
end
for c = 1:m
Z_temp(c,m+1) = Zbus(c,m);
Z_temp(m+1,c) = Zbus(c,m);
Z_temp(m+1,m+1) = Zbus(m,m)+Z_new;
end
Zbus = [Z_temp]
i = i+1;
end
if Case == 3
Z_new = input('Enter the value of impedance for new bus = ');
m = length(Zbus);
for a=1:m
for b=1:m
Z_temp(a,b) = Zbus(a,b);
end
end
for c = 1:m
Z_temp(c,m+1) = Zbus(c,m);
Z_temp(m+1,c) = Zbus(c,m);
Z_temp(m+1,m+1) = Zbus(m,m)+Z_new;
end
fprintf('Zbus before Kron Reduction:\n')
Zbus = [Z_temp]
m = length(Zbus);
for i=1:m-1
for k = 1:m-1
Z(i,k) = Zbus(i,k) - ((Zbus(i,m)*Zbus(m,k))/Zbus(m,m));
end
end
fprintf('Zbus after Kron Reduction:\n')
Zbus = [Z]
end
if Case == 4
Z1 = input('Enter the value of impedance = ');
j = input('Enter the value of bus j = ');

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KITS(S) POWER SYSTEMS LAB

k = input('Enter the value of bus k = ');

m = length(Zbus);
for a=1:m
for b=1:m
Z_temp(a,b) = Zbus(a,b);
end
end
for c = 1:m
Z_temp(c,m+1) = Zbus(c,j)-Zbus(c,k);
Z_temp(m+1,c) = Z_temp(c,m+1);
end
Z_temp(m+1,m+1) = Z1+Zbus(j,j)+Zbus(k,k)-2*Zbus(j,k);
fprintf('Zbus before Kron Reduction:\n')
Zbus = [Z_temp]
m = length(Zbus);
for i=1:m-1
for k = 1:m-1
Z(i,k) = Zbus(i,k) - ((Zbus(i,m)*Zbus(m,k))/Zbus(m,m));
end
end
fprintf('Zbus after Kron Reduction:\n')
Zbus = [Z]
end
Quit = input('Do u want to quit = ');
Zb1 = [Zbus];
end

Output:
Which case is to be implemented = 1
Enter the value of impedance = 1
Zbus =
1
Do u want to quit = 0
Which case is to be implemented = 2
Enter the value of impedance for new bus = 1
Zbus =
1 1
1 2
Do u want to quit = 0
Which case is to be implemented = 3
Enter the value of impedance for new bus = 1
Zbus before Kron Reduction:
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KITS(S) POWER SYSTEMS LAB

Zbus =
1 1 1
1 2 2
1 2 3
Zbus after Kron Reduction:
Zbus =
0.6667 0.3333
0.3333 0.6667
Do u want to quit = 0
Which case is to be implemented = 4
Enter the value of impedance = 1
Enter the value of bus j = 2
Enter the value of bus k = 1
Zbus before Kron Reduction:
Zbus =
0.6667 0.3333 -0.3333
0.3333 0.6667 0.3333
-0.3333 0.3333 1.6667
Zbus after Kron Reduction:
Zbus =
0.6000 0.4000
0.4000 0.6000
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What are the methods to formation of ZBUS?

2. What is necessity of Zbus?

3. Which method is better to find Zbus?

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KITS(S) POWER SYSTEMS LAB

EXPERMENT NO: 5
SIMULATION OF COMPENSATED LINE
AIM: -
Develop a simulink model to simulation of compensated line using Matlab/Simulink.
SOFTWARE REQURIED:-
1. MATLAB R2015b.
2. Windows XP/7/8/10.
PROCEDURE:-
1. Open MATLAB/Simulink
2. Open new mdl file
3. Connect the elements (blocks) as per the circuit diagram from the Simpower systems.
4. Connect the Voltmeter, Ammeter, Scope, and display and power measurement blocks at
desired places.
5. Save and Run the model.
6. For the output see Scope/Display.
Simulink Model:-

RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Define Compensation.

2. What are the types of compensation techniques?

3. What is the need of compensation in Transmission line.

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