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LECTURE 13 - Increasing and Decreasing Functions-Concavity - With Samples

The document discusses the concepts of concavity and inflection points in relation to functions, emphasizing the use of the second derivative test to determine intervals of concavity. It outlines the steps to identify inflection points and provides examples of calculating critical numbers and testing for concavity. Additionally, it includes specific function examples to illustrate the application of these concepts.

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Chloe Xeeanne L. Batnag
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9 views14 pages

LECTURE 13 - Increasing and Decreasing Functions-Concavity - With Samples

The document discusses the concepts of concavity and inflection points in relation to functions, emphasizing the use of the second derivative test to determine intervals of concavity. It outlines the steps to identify inflection points and provides examples of calculating critical numbers and testing for concavity. Additionally, it includes specific function examples to illustrate the application of these concepts.

Uploaded by

Chloe Xeeanne L. Batnag
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Increasing and

Decreasing
Functions
CONCAVITY
2 ND DERIVATIVE TEST
Concavity
The increase and decrease of tangential slope will be
described in terms of a graphical feature called concavity.
Concavity
Concavity
Concavity
Determining Intervals of Concavity Using the Sign
of 𝑓′′
1st: Find all values for which 𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑓′′(𝑥) does not exist.
2nd: Identify the intervals and choose a test number 𝑐 from the
interval.
3rd: Test for Concavity:
Concavity
Inflection Points
An inflection point (point of
inflection) is a point 𝑐, 𝑓 𝑐
on the graph of a function 𝑓
where the concavity changes.
Inflection points occur at
“twists” on a graph.

 At such point, either 𝑓 ′′ 𝑐 = 0 or 𝑓′′(𝑐) does not exist.


Concavity
Inflection Points
a.) Compute 𝑓′′(𝑥) and determine all points in the
domain where 𝑓 ′′ 𝑐 = 0 or does not exist.
b.) For each number 𝑐, determine the sign of 𝑓′′(𝑐) to
the left of 𝑥 = 𝑐 and to the right of 𝑥 = 𝑐.
If 𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 > 0 on one side of 𝑥 = 𝑐 and
 𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 < 0 on the other side of 𝑥 = 𝑐, then
 𝒄, 𝒇 𝒄 is an inflection point for 𝑓.
Concavity
Inflection Points
A function can have an inflection point
only where it is continuous.
If 𝑓(𝑐) is not defined, there cannot be an
inflection point corresponding to 𝑥 = 𝑐
even if 𝑓′′(𝑥) changes sign at 𝑥 = 𝑐.
Just knowing that 𝑓(𝑐) is defined at
𝑓 ′′ 𝑐 = 0 does not guarantee that
𝑐, 𝑓 𝑐 is an inflection point.
Concavity
Determine intervals of concavity for the function
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 3 + 18𝑥 2 . Find all inflection points.

Critical numbers
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 4𝑥 3 − 24𝑥 2 + 36𝑥 (x – 1)(x – 3) = 0
𝑓′′ 𝑥 = 12𝑥 2 − 48𝑥 + 36 x–1=0 x–3=0
x=1 x=3
12𝑥 2 − 48𝑥 + 36 = 0
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3 = 0

Test points @ x = 0; f ’’(0) = 12(0)2 – 48(0) + 36 = + 36 Domain: (-∞, 1)


@ x = 2; f ’’(2) = 12(2)2 – 48(2) + 36 = – 12 Domain: (1, 3)
@ x = 4; f ’’(4) = 12(4)2 – 48(4) + 36 = + 36 Domain: (3, +∞)
Inflection Points
@ x = 1; f (1) = (1)4 – 8(1)3 + 18(1) = 11; (1, 11)
@ x = 3; f (3) = (3)4 – 8(3)3 + 18(3)2 = 27; (3, 27)
Concavity
Inflection Point

(3, 27)
(1, 11)
The Second Derivative Test
The Second Derivative Test

Determine the open intervals on which the graph is


concave upward or downward and any relative maximum
or minimum and inflection points.
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 − 7
Critical numbers
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 6𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 12
6x2 + 6x – 12 = 0
x2 + x – 2 = 0 (x + 2)(x – 1) = 0
x+2=0 x–1=0
x=–2 x=1
Critical numbers
𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 = 12𝑥 + 6
12x + 6 = 0
1
2x + 1 = 0; 𝑥= −
2

Test points:
@ x = – 1; 𝑓 ′′ −1 = 12(−1) + 6 = – 6 Domain: (-∞, -1/2)
@ x = 0; 𝑓 ′′ 0 = 12(0) + 6 = + 6 Domain: (-1/2, +∞)
Inflection point:
1 1 𝟏 𝟏
@ 𝑥= −2 f (– ½) = 2(– ½)3 + 3(– ½)2 – 12(– ½) – 7 = − ; (− 𝟐 , − 𝟐)
2

Relative extrema: The x-values will come from the first derivative equation.
@ x = – 2; f ’’(– 2) = 12(– 2) + 6 = – 18
f (– 2) = 2(– 2)3 + 3(– 2)2 – 12(– 2) – 7 = 13
(– 2, 13) Relative maximum
@ x = 1; f ’’(1) = 12(1) + 6 = + 18
f (1) = 2(1)3 + 3(1)2 – 12(1) – 7 = – 14
(1, – 14) Relative minimum
The Second Derivative Test

Determine the open intervals on which the graph is


concave upward or downward and any relative maximum
or minimum and inflection points.
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = −2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 72𝑥
2
2. f(x) = 3 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 1

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