CONTENTS

S. No Topic Name Page No

1. Introduction to Grammar and MDCAT Pattern 01

2. Conditional Sentences 02

3. Active and Passive Voices 04

4. Narrations (Direct and Indirect) 10

5. Parts of Speech 16

6. Noun 17

7. Pronoun 21

8. Subject Verb Agreement 25

9. Adjective 29

10. Articles 33

11. Conjunction 37

12. Preposition 41

13. Tenses 44

14. Additional Grammar 49

15. Punctuation 49

16. Clauses 55

17. Phrase and Clauses 56

18. Practice MCQS + KMU-MDCAT 2024 60

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

ALLAH IS THE NAME I BEGAN WITH THE MOST GRACIOUS THE MOST MERCIFUL

Unit 01

Grammar consists of two types:

A. Theoretical perspective
B. Practical perspective

Theoretical perspective consists of definitions and theories like; Define

Adjective, Adverb, Noun, Pronouns, etc.
The practical perspective of grammar consists of the Usage of grammar like;
ETEA, NMDCAT, NTS, EXAM MCQS, etc.

AND & BUT

AND is used when there are positive or negative cases, qualities, or disabilities.
AND: [+, +/-, -]
Example: He is intelligent ____________hardworking. (And, but)
He is stupid ___________ill behaved. (And, but)

But is used when there are positive, negative, or negative aspects (qualities, cases, abilities).
BUT: [+,-/-, +]
Example: He is stupid____________ well behaved. (But, and)
She is intelligent ________ ill-behaved. (But, and)

Usage of WITH and TO

WITH: is used with living things. When comparing living things, we will use WITH between
them.
Example: Compare Zahab khan__________ Amir Khan. (With, to)

TO: Is used with non-living things. When comparing a living and non-living thing/non-living
to non-living we will use between them.
Example: Compare Jack __________ a stone. (With, to)

Usage of Nearby and Near.

Near: is used with two places. When there are two places compared or discussed in a
sentence, then we will use near between them.
Example: Islamia College is _________ QCA. (Near, Nearby)
Peshawar is __________ Islamabad. (Near, Nearby)

Nearby: is used when there is only one place discussed in a sentence.

Example: Quality Coaching Academy is _________. (Nearby, Near)
Danish Abad is ____________. (Near, Nearby)

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar ① Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

 ETEA PAPER PATTERN
 Conditional sentences
 Voices
 Narration
 Parts of speech
 Tenses
 Punctuation
 Vocabulary

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Two words If and When are used in conditional sentences.

It consists of two parts. Cause or Reason and Effect or Result.

 Mainly conditional sentences are of two types. Real and Unreal.
a) Real conditionals Consists of Zero and 1st condition
b) Unreal conditional consists of 2nd and 3rd conditionals

We will use a comma if the cause/reason is before the effect/result in a sentence

and if the cause/reason is after the effect/result then we will not use a comma between
them.
Examples:
A. If I see him, I will inform him.
B. I will inform him if I see him.
Types of conditionals
a) Real conditional Sentences
b) Unreal conditional sentences

A real conditional sentence consists of two types.

Zero conditional sentences and 1st conditional sentence
a) A real conditional sentence can be observed in real life.
Zero conditional sentences
Usage: Universal truth, scientific truth (100 % results when it occurs)
Examples:
When the sun rises, light spreads.
Structure:
if/when + present indefinite + present indefinite(s, es)

Cause/reason effect/result

1. When it rains, the Soil gets wet.

2. When the sun sets, night starts.
3. If you press the button, a machine starts.

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar ② Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

 1st conditionals sentences

Usage: probable actions (70 % chances to occur)

Example: If I see him, I will inform him.

Structure:
if/when + present indefinite + will, shall, may, can, going to, + V1+ (future
indefinite)

Examples:
1. When I receive a call, I will say Assalam-o-Allikum.
2. When she reaches home, she may go to her room directly.
3. He will clean the board when the teacher enters into the class.
4. I am going to buy new books when I shall go to the market.

Unreal conditionals sentences

Unreal sentences consist of two types
a) 2nd conditional sentences
b) 3rd conditional sentences

2nd conditional sentences

Usage: Improbable actions [0 % chances to be occurring]

Note: when is not used in 2nd and 3rd conditional sentences (unreal sentences)

Examples:
If I were a bird, I would fly high.

Structure:
if + past indefinite tense + would, could, should, might, must, ought to + v1

Exception: Instead of was we can use were → (If, would that, as If, as though) is used.
Examples:
1. If I were you, I would forgive him.
2. I would not feel anything If I were a stone.
3. If she won a prize, she would give me a gift.
3rd conditional sentences

Usage: Past regret (0%)

If I had given him money, he would have taken admission.

if + past perfect tense + would have, could have, should have, might have, must have, ought to + v3

Structure:
Cause= had + v3

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar ③ Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

Note: when be/have is used after modal verbs we will always use 3rd form of the verb.

1. If he had studied hard, he would have qualified for the test.

2. He would have bought a new car If he had saved money.
3. If I had money, I would have bought new books.

Note: In case of no verb is used with had it will be considered as 2nd conditional.

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICES

Rules for active and passive voices

Subject: The doer of an action
Object The receiver of an action
Verb Express an action

Identification (s + v+ o)

Subject → object
Object → subject

 Put by before the subject

 Use 3rd form of verb
 Change of tense
Examples:
1. He wrote a novel.
2. A novel was written by him.
3. He has cleaned her room.
4. Her room has been cleaned by him.
5. They will win the match.
6. The match will be won by them.
7. She has washed the clothes.
8. The clothes have been washed by her.

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar ④ Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

Examples:

Active Voice Passive Voice

I called him. He was called by me.
We stopped them. They were stopped by us.
She has captured a picture. A picture has been captured by her.
Father has beaten him. He has been beaten by his father.
He has broken the chair. A chair has been broken by him.
You have knocked on the door. The door has been knocked by you.
Zahab has locked his room. His room has been locked by Zahab.

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar ⑤ Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

 Tense markers / Identification

Present tense conversion

 present indefinite → present continues
 Present continues → present continues+ being
 Present perfect → present perfect continues tense.
Past tense conversion
 Past indefinite tense → past continuous tense
 Past continues tense → past continues tense+ being
 Past perfect tense → past perfect continuous tense
Future tense conversion

 Future indefinite tense → Future continuous tense.

 Future continues tense → No change
 Future perfect tense → future perfect continues tense

Examples:
1. He plays tennis. → Tennis is played by him.
2. They smoke cigarettes. → Cigarette is smoked by them.
3. He is coming. → No change because no object.

10 Tenses Are Those Who Cannot Make Their Sentences Without Tense Makers
Only Two Are: Present And Past Indefinite Tenses.
I. I buy a book.
II. I bought a book.
III. I will buy a book.
IV. I inform the teacher.
V. They will arrange a party.
VI. Zahab has broken the records.

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar ⑥ Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

 VII. I have played cricket.
VIII. She has invited some guests.
IX. They had sent many gifts.
X. He has cleaned the room.
XI. Is he writing her home task?
XII. Mahi is writing a book.
XIII. He will play guitar.
XIV. I invited Ambreen.

Modal verbs

List No:01 List No:02 List No: 03 List No: 04

Can Can be Could have Could have been
May Might be Might be Might have
Could Could have Could have Could have been
should Should be Must have Must have been
Would Would be Would have Would have been
Ought to Ought to be Ought to have Ought to have been
Must Must be Must have Must have been
V1 3rd form of verb 3rd form of verb 3rd form of verb

List No: 01
1. He may come.
2. She may play.
3. They must go to school.
4. We should write.
5. Zahab may call her.

List No: 02,03,04

Always 3rd form of the verb with the list 02, 03, 04 modal verbs

Active to passive voices of modal verbs

Active Voice Passive Voice
I can read novels. Novels can be read by me.
He might play cricket. Cricket may be played by him.
She must have served the guests. The guests must have been served by her.
They could have cleaned the room. The room could have been cleaned by them.
Zahab can edit videos. Videos can be edited by Zahab.
Samad should prepare for the test. The test should be prepared by Samad.
Zohaib should have brought some tea. Tea should have been brought by Zohaib.
I would help them. They would be helped by me.
He is in the class. No Change According to PATAP.
She came late. No Change According to PATAP.
He runs fast. No Change According to PATAP.
He is fast. No Change According to PATAP.
I wrote in copy. No Change According to PATAP.

PATAP stands for: Place expression, Adjective, Time, Adverb, and Preposition.

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar ⑦ Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

Examples:
I. He wrote a story in the classroom.
II. A story was written by him in the classroom.
III. I play cricket in the ground.
IV. Cricket is played by me in the ground.
V. She cleans her room very quickly.
VI. Her room is cleaned by her very quickly.
VII. She wrote examples in the notebook.
VIII. Examples were written by her in the notebook.

Exceptions in Active and Passive Voices

Instead of by we can use the following words in some cases.
List no : 01 List no: 02 List no :03 List no :04
Astonished +at Covered +with interested+in Know + to
Annoyed +at Crowded +with contained+in Married+to
Agitated +at disgusted+with Consists+in
Alarmed +at lined+with
Disappointed+at overgrown+with
Displaced +at thronged+with
Rejoiced +at pleased+with
Vexed +at Filled+with

Examples:
1. His presence astonished me.
2. I was astonished at his presence.
3. The result disappointed them.
4. They were disappointed at the result.
5. Snow has covered the hills.
6. The hills have been covered with snow.
7. Water fills the tub.
8. The tub is filled with water.
9. This bottle contains milk.
10. Milk is contained in this bottle.
11. Zahab married Mahi.
12. Mahi was married to Zahab.
13. I know him.
14. He is known to me.
15. Hajra married Amir.
16. Amir was married to Hajra.

17. Imperative sentences

In imperative sentences, the LOB3 formula is used .
LOB3 stands for: Let, object, be, verb 3rd form.
Note: An imperative sentence always starts with 1st form of the verb.

Examples:
1) Call the teacher.
2) Let the teacher be called.

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar ⑧ Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

3) Stop the car.
4) Let the car be stopped.
Exceptions: move, start (no object is present)
Formula: you are (suitable words+v3) + to____________
 Move. You are ordered to move.
 Start. You are requested to start.
In negative sentences NOT is used between OBJECT and BE.
a) Don't create disturbance.
b) Let the disturbance not be created.
c) Don't tease him.
d) Let him not be teased.
e) Don't talk.
f) You are ordered not to talk.
g) Invite the guests.
h) Let the guests should be invited.
i) Don't talk.
j) You are forbidden to talk.
Interrogative sentences
 There are three ways to make interrogative sentences
Who+ AV (auxiliary verbs)+ MV(main verb)+? To By whom+AV+object+v3+?
1. Who is knocking on the door?
2. By whom the door is knocked?
3. Who has written the letter?
4. By whom has the letter been written?
5. Whom did you invite?
6. Who was invited by you? (who+AV+MV+by+subject)
7. Who has the principal awarded?
8. Who has been awarded by the principal?
[When, why, how, what]
9. When + object+ MV+by+sub+?
10. When will they announce the result?
11. When will the result be announced by them?
12. Why do you create disturbance?
13. Why is disturbance created by you?
14. Is Samad creating a disturbance?
15. Is disturbance being created by Samad?
16. Have you qualified the test?
17. Has the test been qualified by you?

Sentence with two objects

a) Gull Khan sent a gift to Gull Mina.
Non-living + living obj.
b) A gift was sent to Gull Mina by Gull Khan.
c) Gull Mina was sent a gift by Gull Khan.

A. He gave him a certificate.

Living obj + non-living obj.
B. She was given a certificate by him.
C. A certificate was given him by her.

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar ⑨ Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

 NARRATION
DIRECT AND INDIRECT
Narration: Saying
 It has two basic types.
 DIRECT: without change.
 INDIRECT: with changing
He said," ……………………….." ……………."I am coming"
Reporting speech reported speech.
Reporting verb reported verb.
["..…………."] direct speech […………………." "] indirect

Reporting speech: The part of the sentence which is giving information.

Reported speech: The information part of the sentence is enclosed in the inverted commas.

Rules/steps of narration=Identification
 Identification of reporting and reported speech
 Removal of inverted commas
 Put that in place of the inverted commas
 The starting of the reported speech should be made small
 Change of pronouns
 Change of tense
 Change of certain words

Changes of pronouns
SON:- formula is used
Persons pronouns SON formula
1st person I ,we 1st person according to the subject
2nd person you 2nd person according to the object
3rd person He ,she,they, it 3rd person will no change

Examples:
1. He said, "I am coming".
2. He said that he was coming.
3. They said," We are playing".
4. They said that they were playing.
5. Zahab said," I am coming".
6. Zahab said that he was coming.
7. The players said," We have some demands".
8. The players said that they have some demands.
9. He said to me," You are late".
10. He said that I was late.
11. He said to them, "You are intelligent".
12. He said to them that they were intelligent.
13. I said," He is playing".
14. I said that he was playing.
15. I said," She is writing".
16. I said that she was playing.
17. We said," It is raining".
18. I said that it was raining.

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar ⑩ Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

 CHANGE OF TENSES
There are three types of situations.

 He says," She is coming". [reporting speech is in present tense]

 He says that she is coming.
 He said," The sun is a star". [reporting speech is in past tense]
 He said that the sun is a star.
 They will say," We are playing". [reporting speech is in future tense]
 They will say that they are playing.

Present Past Future

Indefinite Do, does Did Will, shall
Continues Is,am are Was,were Will have, shall have
Perfect Has, have Had Will have, shall have
Perfect continues Have been, has been Had been Will have been,shall have been

Tense markers
The horizontal arrow technique is used in narrations to convert a tense.
1) He said," I play tennis".
2) He said that he was playing.
3) He said," I am playing soccer".
4) He said that he was playing soccer.
5) She said," He has been playing chess".
6) She said that he had been playing chess.
7) She said," They were reading".
8) She said that they had been reading.
9) We said," It has been raining".
10) We said that it had been raining.
11) Zahab said," I completed it".
12) Zahab said that he had completed it.
13) Mahi said," I had completed it"
14) Mahi said that she had completed it.
15) Ambreen said," I had been completing it".
16) Ambreen said that she had been completing it.
17) They said," She will come".
18) They said that she would come.
19) We said," He will be reading".
20) We said that he would be reading.
21) He said," We shall have been doing it".
22) He said that they should have been doing it.
23) He said," I shall have done it".
24) He said that he would have done it.
25) They said, "We shall have been doing it".
26) They said that they should have been doing it.
27) He said to me," You will come".
28) He said to me that I should come.

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar ⑪ Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

 Modal verbs

Can Could
May Might
Must Must/had to
Could,would,should,might,ought to No change

Examples:
i. He said," She may come".
ii. He said that she might come.
iii. Zahab said," I might arrange a party".
iv. Zahab said that he might arrange a party.
v. Amir said," I must kill the snake".
vi. Amir said that he must kill the snake.
vii. He said," Madam I am coming".
viii. He said respectfully he was coming.
ix. She said," Sir has reached the class".
x. She said respectfully he had reached the class.
xi. Note: Sir, Madam ======>into====> respectfully
xii. She said," Sir they are playing tennis".
xiii. She said respectfully that they were playing.
xiv. He said;" Yes I am coming".
xv. He said that he was coming.
xvi. She said," Well I will inform them".
xvii. She said that she would inform them.

Omitted words or words to be omitted

Yes He said,” yes I am coming” He said that he was coming.
No
Hi
Hello
Please
Kindly
Alright
Well She said,”Well I will handle him” She said that she would handle her

Good morning He said,”Good morning” He greeted.

Good noon She said,” Good noon” She greeted
Good afternoon They said,” good afternoon every one”
Good evening I said,” Good evening” I greeted

No change may occur to convert into an indirect in the following cases.

Good night He said,”Good night” He said good night
Good bye Mother said to me,” Good bye” Mother said good bye to me.
Farewell They said,” Farewell” They said farewell

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar ⑫ Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

 He said," I am sorry" ======>>>>> He apologized

Imperative sentences
The sentences in which an order, command, advice, and suggestion is given.
a) The teacher said to me," Get out of the class".
b) The teacher ordered me to get out of the class.
c) Father said, "Always speak the truth".
d) Father advised them to speak the truth.
e) He said to me," Respect elders".
f) He ordered me to respect elders.
g) He said," Kindly forgive me"
h) He requested to forgive him.
i) He said," Please help them"
j) He requested to help them.
k) The teacher said, "Don't create disturbance".
l) The teacher ordered not to create disturbance.
m) Mother said," Don't spit on the floor".
n) Mother forbade spitting on the floor.
o) He said to his friend," Stand up".
p) He told his friend to stand up.
q) I said to the shopkeeper," Give toffees to me".
r) I asked the shopkeeper to give toffees to me.
s) He said," Let us go outside"
t) He suggested to go outside.
u) I said," Let us write a letter"
v) I suggested writing a letter.
w) The commander said," Stay in line"
x) The commander commanded to stay in line.

Interrogative sentences
The sentences in which a question is asked or something is to be demanded.
In this type of sentence,
 SAID is changed into ASKED, WANTED TO KNOW, INQUIRED TO, INTERROGATED.
a. He said to me," Where are you going? "
b. He asked me where I was going.
Note: whenever an interrogative direct sentence is converted into an indirect (?)
question mark is changed into a full stop. (.)
i. She said to me, "What is your name?"
ii. She inquired to me what my name was.
iii. He said," Are they coming?"
iv. He wanted to know if they were coming.
v. She said, "Is it easy?"
vi. She interrogated whether it was easy.
vii. He said," Is it good?"
viii. He asked if it was good.
ix. He said," Is it good or bad?"
x. He asked if it was good or bad.
xi.
Optative sentences

Those sentences, in which we express, wish, desire, prayer, and sorrow.

This type of

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar ⑬ Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

 SAID is converted into WISHED, PRAYED, and DESIRED.
a) Mother said," May you live long"
b) Mother prayed that I might live long.
Note: Might will be after pronoun.

1. The teacher said," May they qualify for the test".

2. The teacher wished that they might qualify for the test.
3. The old man said," Would that I was a young boy".
4. The old man said that he had been a young boy.
5. She said," Would that they were present".
6. She wished that they had been present.
7. He said," Would that she had passed the test".
8. He wished that she had passed the test.
9. I said," Would that he had worked hard".
10. I desired that he had worked hard.

Exclamatory sentences
The sentences in which happiness, joy, or sorrow is expressed
In these types of sentences
 said is converted into exclaimed with joy.
1. She said," Hurrah! I have passed the test".
2. She exclaimed with joy that she had passed the test.
3. He said," Oh Yeah! He has topped the class".
4. He exclaimed with joy that he had topped the class.
5. The poor man said," I have no money".
6. The poor man exclaimed with sorrow that he had no money.
Note: WHAT, HOW ] + verb = Interrogative pronoun
What is your name? How is it?
Note: WHAT , HOW ]……………..verb(verb is used at last)= interrogative adjective
a) How dark the night is. How tall the mountains are.
b) The captain said," What! A shot it will be"
c) The captain exclaimed with joy or surprise that it would be a great shot.
d) The climber said, "How! Tall the mountains are".
e) The climber exclaimed with wonder that the mountains were very tall.
f) The girl said," Oh God! The house is burning".
g) The girl exclaimed with fear that the house was burning.
h) The child said," How! Dark the night is".
i) The child exclaimed with fear that the night was very dark.

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar ⑭ Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

 Change of certain words
This That
These Those
Here There
Now Then
Today That day
Tonight That night
Tomorrow The next day, the following day
Yesterday Last day, previous day, the day before
Hence Thence
Ago Before
Examples:
1. He said," This is a book".
2. He said that that was a book.
3. He said, "This is a new book".
4. He said that the book was new.
5. She said," This is my bag".
6. She said that that was my bag.
7. They said," This bag is white"
8. They said the bag was white.

Note: if the verb is used just after the THIS it will be a DEMONSTRARTIVE PRONOUN. If the
noun is used just after THIS it will be DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVE.
CASE 1: DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN this will be changed into THAT
CASE 2: DEMOSNTRATIVE ADJECTIVE This will be changed into THE.

i. He said," These are good boys".

ii. He said that those were good boys.
iii. She said, "This is an interesting topic".
iv. She said that that was an interesting topic.
v. Javeria said," This topic is interesting".
vi. Javeria said that the topic was interesting.
vii. Zahab said," She is coming today".
viii. Zahab said that she was that day.
ix. She said," Now I am going to school".
x. She said that then she was going to school.

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar ⑮ Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

 Parts of speech
Def: The division of words based on their function in a sentence is known as parts of speech.

Two types of questions may be asked from parts of speech.

Usage
Identification
Usage:-
 He is a boy. Here He (pronoun) is (verb) a(article) boy(noun).
 Which way is right? Here Which works as an interrogative adjective.
 Which is the right way? Here Which works as an interrogative pronoun.
 I bought a book which is new. Here which works as a Relative pronoun.

Its usage depends upon its function in a sentence.

 He has not arrived yet. Here yet works as an adjective.

 Although he is poor yet he is honest. Here yet works as a conjunction.

Usage of SOME and ANY

 SOME Is used with Positive aspects.

 ANY Is used in Negative aspects and Interrogative.

a. I need ___________ books. (Some, any)

b. I don't need__________books. (Some, any)
c. Do I need ____________book? (Some, any)

Usage of MANY and MUCH

 Many Is used with countable Noun
 Much Is used with uncountable Noun

a. I need __________books. (Many, much)

b. I need _______sugar. (Many, much)

Identification of parts of speech:

 Noun
 Pronoun
 Verb
 Adverb
 Adjective
 Articles
 Preposition
 Interjection

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar ⑯ Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

Conjunction

Noun
Any naming word is called Noun. It may be the name of a person, place, thing, or idea.
 Person: Zahab khan, Aiman, Haseena, Mahi etc
 Animal: cow, bird, tiger
 Place: Pakistan, Peshawar, Waziristan, Chishtian.
 Thing: Marker, board, laptop, pen
 Idea: Two-nation theory, Big Bang Theory

Types of Noun

Proper noun Common noun

Individual / Group • Individual • Group
• Ali is a boy • Ali is a boy
Plural / singular • Singular • Plural
• Peshawar is a city • UK has many cities
Articles × cannot be used • Can be used
×He is a Imran • She is a girl
× The Zahab is playing • I need the book
Capital letters/ small Always use capital Use small letters
letters In case of start of a sentence

Examples: Zahab is a doctor Hina is my friend

Waziristan is a beautiful area He is going to school

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar ⑰ Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

Exceptions: Due to quantifiers (many, much, numbers) we can make the plural form of a
proper noun.
Examples:
a. There are many Haseens in the class.
b. There are four Hinas in the class.
Case 2: when two proper nouns are compared (Article will be used with the second noun)
I. Rida is the Sherbanu of Pashto literature.
II. Khan is the Ragu of QCA.
III. Ghani Khan is the John Keats of the Pashto language.
IV. Zahab is the Sheikh Atif of the class.

Material and Concrete noun

Material noun Concrete Noun

Can be seen • •

Can be touched • •

Can be shown to others • •

Other things can be formed • ×

Articles × •

Plural × •

Examples:
1. I need a wood (×) 2. I need a chair
3. I need a plastic (×) 4. I need a plastic table.
5. I need waters (×) 6. I want woods. (×)

Concrete noun and abstract noun

Concrete noun Abstract noun

Can be seen Yes No
Can be touched Yes No
Can be shown to others Yes No
Can be felt Yes Yes
Plural Yes No (sometime)
Shadows, ghosts, souls etc
Articles Yes No

Examples:
a) A love is a part of life (×)
b) The hate was shown (×).
c) The ghosts were disappeared at once. (×)

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar ⑱ Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

 Countable and uncountable

Countable Noun Uncountable Noun

Can be seen Yes No
Can be counted on finger tip Yes No
Articles Yes No
Plural Yes No
Many will be used Much will be used

Many and Much

Examples:
 I need a marker.
 I need a sugar. (×)
 Tables, computers, boards
 Waters, rices (×)
1. He brought many books. (Many, much)
2. He bought much sugar. (Many, much)

 All liquids are an uncountable noun

 Gases are an uncountable noun
 Substances with many small particles are uncountable nouns.

Possessive case of the noun

The apostrophe is used in this case.

Examples:
I. Ali's car is new
II. Ali and Wali`s cars are new.
III. Ali`s and Wali`s cars are new.
IV. Sudais` car is new. (no apostrophe is used due to S at the last)
V. The chair`s leg is broken.(is wrong) due to (apostrophe is only used with the living things)
VI. Samad, Imran, Abd ullah and Zahab`s house is marvelous.
VII. Samad`s, Imran`s, Abd Ullah's, and Zahab`s houses are big.

Examples:
a) Keat`s poetry is interesting.
b) Zahab`s writing is fantastic.
Possessive case of non-living things
We will use the word OF before the thing.
Examples:
a. The leg of the chair is broken.
b. The screen of the laptop is black.
c. Pages of the book are torn.

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar ⑲ Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

 Genders of the noun

Masculine Male, boy, man Examples: Bacha khan, Manzoor Pashteen

Feminine Female, girl, woman Example: Saima, Rida, Nosheen etc
Neuter Non-living things Example: Board, class, pen
Common Both male and female Example: Doctor, teacher,Nurse etc

Examples:
1. A boy is coming._________ is a student.
A) He b) she c) they d) it
2. A girl is going to school. _______ is a good girl.
A) she B) he c) they d) it
3. I bought a pen. ______ is made up of plastic.
A) it b) he c) its d) none

Exception cases:
Natural things that are powerful, destructive, and damaging (they will be considered as
Masculine gender).
1) The sun has spread __________ light.
A. His b. its c. her d. none
2) Hate has shown ____________ power.
A. Its b. his c. her d. none
3) Storm has spread _____________destruction.
A. Its b. her c. his d. none
4) Pakistan is a Muslim atomic country.___________ has five provinces.
A. She b. he c. it d. they

Case No: 02
Natural things that are (fragile, constructive, beautiful, freshness) will be considered as
Feminine.
I. The moon has revealed_____________ beauty.
A. His b. her c. its d. none
I. Breeze has spread___________ freshness.
A. His b. her c. Its d. none
II. The Titanic was a ship.__________ drowned in the sea.
A. She b. he c. his d. none
I. He hits the ball. _______________ is moving towards the boundary.
A. He b. she c. it D. they

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar ⑳ Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

 Pronoun
Def: Pronouns are the words that are used instead or in place of nouns.
 To avoid repetition
Types of Pronoun
 Subject pronoun
 Object pronoun
Note: if [pronoun] is used before the verb will be considered a subjective pronoun
If [pronoun] is used after the verb will be considered an objective pronoun.

Subject pronoun Use Object pronoun

I Both Me
We Both Us
You Both You
He Male Him
She Female Her
It Neuter It
They Both Them

Reflexive and Emphatic pronoun

Self: Singular
Salves: plural
 If Myself/ourselves etc, are used before the verb it will be an Emphatic Pronoun.
 If Myself/ourselves etc is used after the verb it will be a Reflexive Pronoun.

Subject pronoun Reflexive/Emphatic pronoun

I Myself/myself
We Ourselves
You Yourselves
He himself
She herself
It itself
They Themselves

Examples:
a) I did it myself. (RP)
b) I myself did it. (EP)
c) They themselves played the game. (RP)
d) They played the game themselves. (EP)

1. He did it________________
A. Herself b. himself c. himselves d. none
1. I _____________ did it.
A. My selves b. myself c. himself d. itself
2. I served the guests______________
A. My self b. myself c. itself d. myselves
3. She has completed her task___________________
A. Her selves b. her self c. herself d. himself

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar 21 Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

 Possessive Pronoun/Possessive Adjective

Possessive pronoun Possessive Adjective

It shows temporary ownership It shows permanent ownership
Mine My
Ours Our
Yours Your
His His
Hers Her
Its Its
Theirs Their

Examples:
 It is mine
 This is yours.
 Yours obediently.
Note: Apostrophe is not used in Possessive Pronoun/Adjective
1) This is my car.
2) This car is mine.
3) This is my friend Mahi.

Relative Pronoun
 WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT
i. Who, Whom, Whose [human beings ]
ii. Which [animal]
iii. That [Non-Living things]
Examples:
1) I met Aslam ______________is my best friend. [Who, whom, whose, that]
2) He met Aslam_____________he appreciated a lot. [Who, whom, whose, which]
3) She saw Zabih______________is a teacher. [Who, whom, whose, that]
4) I bought a cat____________is expensive. [Which, that, who, whose]
5) She bought a book_____________is precious. [That, which, who, whom]

Indefinite pronoun
There is no space between the Indefinite pronouns except (No One).
Someone Anybody Everyone Nobody
Somebody Anyone Everybody No one(space between )
Something Anything Everything One

Examples:
a. Someone is coming
b. Everybody has gone to school
c. Anyone of you can tell me the address
d. Nobody is absent today.

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar 22 Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

 Reciprocal pronoun
Space is present between Reciprocal Pronouns
Each other Used for two persons
One another Used for more than two persons

Examples:
1) The teacher and the student looked at_____________
A. Each other b. Eachother c. one another d. oneanother
2) The teacher and the students looked at _________________
A. Each other b. Eachother c. One another d. oneanother
3) The captain and coach discussed the the issue with______________
A. Each other b. Eachother c. One another d. oneanother
4) The captain and the players discussed the issue with_________________
A. Each other b. Eachother c. One another d. oneanother

Demonstrative pronoun
This Singular and near These Plural and far
That Singular and near Those Plural and far

Examples:
a. This is a marker.
b. These are markers.
c. These are chairs.
d. This is my laptop.

Demonstrative Pronoun
 When the verb is used directly after [this, that, these, those] it will be a
demonstrative pronoun
Demonstrative Pronoun: This, That, These, Those + Verb
 When a noun is used just after the [this, that, these, these] it will be a demonstrative
adjective
Demonstrative Adjective: This, That, These, Those + Noun
Examples:
a) This is a chair.
b) This chair is mine.
c) That is a good book.
d) That book is good.
e) These are good questions.
f) The questions are good.
Interrogative pronoun
Interrogative Pronoun Relative pronoun Interrogative adj Exclamatory Adj.
Who Who Which How
Whose Whom What What
Whom Whom
When Whose
Why Which
Where
Which
What

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar 23 Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

 Interrogative
Pronoun
Who
Whose
Whom
When
Why
Where
Which
What

When it comes in the start of a sentence and verb is used after it. Then it will be considered
an Interrogative Pronoun. + Verb= Interrogative Pronoun
Relative pronoun

Who
Whom
Whom
Whose
Which

When it comes in the middle of a sentence it will be a Relative Pronoun

Interrogative adjective

Which
What

When a noun is used just after [which, what] it will be an adjective.

Exclamatory Adjective
How
What

When [how, what] comes at the start of a sentence and the verb is used at the last of the
sentence (!). Then it will be EXCLAMETORY ADJECTIVE
Examples:
1) I saw Zahab Khan who was writing a letter.
2) Who is coming?
3) When will they reach here?
4) Which is the right way?
5) Which way is right?
6) Which class is yours?
7) What! A book it is.
8) How! Nice a man Zahab is.
9) What! A beautiful car it is

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar 24 Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

 Subject-verb Agreement

There are many rules for subject-verb agreement:

1. A singular noun takes a singular verb.
2. The plural verb takes the plural verb.
3. Two nouns connected by `and` take the plural verb
4. Two nouns connected by `and` and referring to a singular person/thing take a singular
verb.
5. Two nouns connected by `and` but qualified by `each` every` take a singular verb.
Examples:
a. A boy and a girl are talking.
b. Each boy and girl is talking.
Note: When (Each, Every) comes at the start of sentence of a sentence we will use a
singular verb.
Example:
a) Each boy and man is responsible for himself.
b) Every boy and girl knows very well about this issue.

a. A boy is coming.
b. They are playing.
c. He plays cricket.
d. Zahab types fast.
e. Boys ask questions.
f. Zahab and Mahi are good partners.
g. A boy and a girl were talking in the class.
6. The coach and captain is coming. (When it refers to the same person).
7. The coach and the captain are discussing. (When an article is used with the nouns it
will be plural. Means refers to two persons).
a) The director and secretory is coming.
b) The director and the secretary are coming.
c) A teacher and a shopkeeper is standing outside.
d) A teacher and a shopkeeper are standing.
Either , Or
Neither, Nor
Not only, But also

I. Either the coach or the players were respected.

II. Neither the students nor the teacher was present.
III. Not only his brother but also his parents are opposing.
IV. The books or the notebooks were burnt.
V. Neither the teacher nor the students are happy.

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar 25 Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

 As well as
Together with
Along with
With
In accordance with
Besides
After
Like
Unlike
Rather than
No less than

8. In these cases verb agrees with the first noun.

a) Zahab along with his friends was enjoying the party
b) The subjects besides the topics are interesting
c) He in accordance with the rules is working hard.
d) The minutes like the leader are honest.
e) The children unlikely like their parents.

9. Indefinite pronouns take singular verbs.

Someone Anybody Everyone Nobody
Somebody Anyone Everybody No one(space between )
Something Anything Everything One

a) Someone is coming.
b) No one is playing.

10. Paired nouns take plural verbs.

i. My spectacles are new.
ii. Scissors are used for cutting.
Note: we cannot make directly the plural of paired nouns. We will use number/quantity
and word pair will be used.
11. A plural proper noun takes a singular verb.
i. Great Expectations is hurting.
ii. Great expectations are hurting.
iii. The Arabian Nights is full of fun.
iv. The Arabian nights are full of fun.
Names of
Subjects Biology, Phyics, Maths, English, Urdu etc
Games Football,Soccer, Cricket, Tennis, Squash etc
Colors Green, Blue, Black, White, Red etc
Days Friday, Monday, Sunday, Tuesday,
Months January, February, March, April , May, June, July etc
Countries Pakistan, Afghanistan, Indonesia, Pakhtoonistan, China etc
Cities Waziristan, Peshawar, Wana, Abbottabad etc
Seasons Winter, Summer, Autumn, Spring
Meals Lunch, Brunch, Dinner etc

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar 26 Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

12. These all take SINGULAR VERB after it.
1) Biology is interesting.
2) Football is good for health.
3) Blue is my favorite color.
4) Monday is a rainy day.
5) August is the month of my birth.
6) Pakistan has five provinces.
7) Peshawar is the city of flowers.
8) Spring reveals flowers and beauty.
9) Dinner is late tonight.
13. Nouns such as Hundred, Thousand, Million, Dozen, etc. Are used as plural when alone
and used as singular when preceded by a number.
1. _______________students protested against the bill.
A. Hundred b. hundreds
2. Five _________________students protested against the bill.
A. Hundred b. Hundreds
3. The department has solved____________________ of cases.
a. Thousands b. thousand
4. The department has solved has solved ten_______________of cases.
a. Thousand b. thousands
5. He bought ________________ of eggs.
a. Dozen b. dozens
6. She brought two __________________of eggs.
a. Dozen b. dozens
One + of+plural noun+ singular verb.
One, None, Either, Neither, All, Each + of + Plural Noun+ Singular verb
1. One of my _________________has contacted me.
a.Friends b. friend
2. Each of the_____________________ should be solved.
a.Problems b. problem
3. Either of the parents' ______________present.
a. Were b. Was
4. Neither of the players____________happy.
a.Am b. is c. are
14. The verb agrees with the real subject when two nouns are connected by a preposition.
The verb agrees with the first noun.

a) The knowledge of social series is important.

b) The theories of language are important.
c) Kingdom after the kingdom was conquered.
d) Zahab Khan besides his other activities is sparing time for other activities.
15. A number of + plural verb / a majority of + plural verb.
A number of students' _____________unhappy.
a. is b. are c. Am
a. A majority of players are unfit.
b. The number of students is increasing day by day.
c. The majority of players are unfit.
16. There/Here +verb+Noun
i. Here is the solution to this problem.

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar 27 Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

ii. There are solutions to these problems.
iii. There is a player outside the ground.
iv. There are players outside.
17. After Gerund singular verb is used.
Ing form acting as a noun.
a) He is smoking.
b) Smoking is a bad habit.
c) listening improves our understanding.
d) He is listening.

18. After infinitive singular verb is used.

a. To walk is a good habit.
b. To listen improves our understanding.
19. If a mathematical No is used before money.
Money, Time, distance, volume, weight, measurement etc + singular verb
I. Five million dollars is a huge amount.
II. Ten hours of discussion was conducted.
III. A minute's walk is good for health.
IV. Five Kilometers is a very long distance.
V. A twelve feet long rod was bought.
VI. A five kg bag was given to a poor.
VII. A ten-inch rod is required.
20. Adjective of Number :
It is of two types:
1. Cardinals used for numbers 2. Ordinals (used for order).
One, two, three, four, etc First, 2nd, 3rd, etc
 The first student was stopped.
Before ordinals, the word "The" is used.
a) 2. The tenth chapter is easy.
b) 3. The twenty-first century is the century of science.
=> Cardinals: one, two, three, four ................ + plural verb.
i. One boy called me.
ii. Two girls asked me.
iii. A three-day seminar was conducted.
iv. A ten-student delegation was sent.
Note: IF hyphen is used between cardinals and Noun + singular verb will be used.
v. A twelve-man group was received.
vi. A twelve-man group was called on.

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar 28 Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

 ADJECTIVE

[QQ.SAS.COM] order of adjective.

The adjective is a word that talks about......
 Quantity-----------two, some.
 Quality-------------Intelligent, Attractive
 Size----------------Big, small
 Age--------------Old, Young
 Shape---------- Round, Square, Circle
 Color------------Reb, Yellow, Blue
 Origen-----------Pakistan, Pakhtoonistan, Iran
 Purpose--------Driving, dining
 Material--------------Wooden, silk
Examples:
1. He is fast.
2. He runs fast.

Adjective Adverb
Adjective Noun
Adverb Pronoun
Verb
Examples:
1) I saw a big boy.
2) I met an Afghani student.
3) He is dining at the dining table.
4) Dining is a part of life.
Fill According to the Order of Adjective.
5) I saw ______________students
a. Some b. Afghani c. Tall d. Young
6) A baby was wearing _____________________shirt.
a. an b. silk c. Expensive d. brown e. small
7) There are _________________cars in the street.
a. Japanese b. old c. big d. white e. beautiful
8) He is dinning on a _______________table.
a. wooden b. Iranian c. Strong d. round e. brown

Degrees of adjective

Positive Degree: Talks about the quality of a person, place, thing, or animal.
Examples:
I. Zahab is a strong boy.
II. Peshawar is a big city.
III. A knife is a sharp instrument.
IV. Leopard is a fast animal.
Comparative Degree: Compares between two (Things, Places, Animals, Persons)
 Then is used.
I. Zahab is stronger than Amir.
II. Peshawar is bigger than Mardan.
III. A knife is sharper than a sword.
IV. A leopard is faster than a lion.

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar 29 Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

Superlative Degree: Compare one with a group of; persons, places, things, animals
"The" is used before the superlative degree
a) Habib is the tallest boy in the class.
b) Peshawar is the biggest city of KpK
c) DeepSeek is the fastest browser.
Note: the adjective who ends at (ior) eg. Senior, junior, Inferior, superior, interior, exterior,
etc
Instead of THAN word PREFER will be used followed by TO.
a. He prefers tea to coffee.
b. She prefers me to him.

The makeup of Degrees of adjective:

Positive Comparative Superlative
Tall Taller Tallest
Big Bigger biggest
Intelligent More intelligent Most intelligent
Beautiful More beautiful Most beautiful
Good Better Best
Bad Worse Worst

No double comparative degrees are used together. Like

 He is more sharper than you.
 She is faster than you.
 She is the fastest girl in the class.

Qualifiers

Qualifiers are words or phrases that modify or limit the meaning of another word,
often an adjective or adverb.

Some and Any

 Some is used in positive sentences (+)

 Any is used in negative sentences (-) and interrogative sentences (?).
Examples:
a. I need some sugar.
b. I don`t need any sugar.
c. Do I need any sugar?
d. She gives me some books.
(As---As), (So-----As)
 As---as: Will be used in positive sentences.
 So---as: Will be used in negative sentences.
Examples:
a. Zahab is as fast as jole.
b. Mahab is not good as Mahi.

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar 30 Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

 Much and Many
 Much: is used with uncountable nouns.
 Many: is used with countable nouns.
a. I need much sugar.
b. I need many markers.
He asked many questions. It will be considered wrong
Nouns after MANY must be plural. To emphasize comparative degree we use MUCH.
1) This place is much better than that place.
2) He is much sharper than you.
3) She is much more intelligent than you.

Amount, Number
 Amount: Is used with an uncountable noun
 Number: This is used with countable nouns.

1. A great number of students are playing.

2. A great amount of sugar is required.

Too, Very
 Too: is used in a positive sense.
 Very: is used in a negative sense.
1. The temperature is very hot but I will go for a walk.
2. The temperature is too hot that I can`t even go outside.

BOTH, NONE, ALL

 BOTH: is used for two things. (Always plural verb)
 All: is used for 100% (always plural verb)
 None: is used for 0 % (singular verb).
Examples:
1. Both are playing.
2. Both will reach on time.
3. All are running.
4. None is here playing.
5. None of these is correct.

SEVERAL, A LOT OF
 SEVERAL: Normal range
 A lot of: exceeding the normal range
1. Zahab remained well dressed. He has several dresses.
2. Mahi wears new clothes daily. She has a lot of dresses.

EITHER, NEITHER

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar 31 Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

 EITHER: One of the two
 NEITHER: None of the two
1. They asked one person to come either of the parents should.
2. They asked one person to come neither of the parents should.

EACH, EVERY

 EACH: is used for the definite countable noun

 EVERY: is used for indefinite countable nouns.
Examples:
1. Every apple turns red in October.
2. Each apple in the bag is red.
3. She wears a ring on each finger.

Few, a few/ little, a little

 Few, a few: is used with countable nouns

 Little, a little: is used with an uncountable noun
 Few, little: these both are used with not sufficient.
A few, a little: these both are used with sufficient
Examples:
1. There are five chairs and seven students.
2. There are few chairs.
3. There are five students and three chairs. A few
4. There are 5 cups of tea and 50 spoons of sugar. There is a little.
5. There are 5 cups of tea and 2 spoons of sugar little.

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar 32 Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

 Articles
An article is a word used before a noun to show whether it refers to something specific or general.

It consists of two types.

Definite Article (known) used for specific, particular "The"
Indefinite Article (unknown) used for General, common "An, A"

Examples:
1) Open a book. (unknown)
2) Open the book. (known)
3) A boy is coming.
4) The boy is coming.
Indefinite (a, an)
(Used with the vowels sound)
1. I need a pen.
2. I need an umbrella. They have made a union.
3. He is an honest man.
4. He has registered an FIR.
5. His father Is an S.S.P
6. He is a DSP.
7. I saw a lion.
8. I saw an eagle.

Indefinite articles are not used in the following cases.

1) I need marker.
2) He brought oranges.
3) I play football.
4) She died from T.B
5) Today is Monday.
6) This is spring season.
7) It is August.
8) I met Zahab.
9) I had breakfast.
10) I need sugar.
11) Oxygen is a gas.
12) He drank water.
13) She brought gold.
14) Honesty is the best policy.
15) I like brown color.
Definite:
For the unique things in nature, we will use definite articles
1. The sun is a star.
2. Earth is a planet.
3. Venus is the hottest planet.
We can use articles only with Earth Planet.
4. I met Bilal.
With proper nouns, we shall use no articles.
5. Bilal is the Newton of the class 21st century.

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar 33 Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

When there is a comparison of two proper nouns we will use an article with the second P
Noun.
I. Ghani Khan is the John Keats of Pashto literature.
II. The Arabian Sea flows through Pakistan.
Name of the sea:" THE" will be used
Only sea: "A" will be used
III. I saw a boat in a sea.
IV. The Pacific Ocean is very deep.
Name of the ocean: THE
Only Ocean: An
V. An Ocean is very deep.
VI. The Pacific Ocean is very deep.
Name of the gulf: THE
Only Gulf: A
VII. The Persian Gulf is famous for trade.
VIII. A Gulf is used for trade.
Name of the river: THE
Only River: A
IX. The Ravi is a river.
X. A river is very deep.
XI. The Sahara is a desert.
XII. A desert is a dry place.
Name: THE Only Desert: A
XIII. The Turkish island is very beautiful.
XIV. An island is a beautiful place.
Name of Island: THE Only Island: An
XV. The Swiz Canal is a busy trade.
XVI. A canal is used for trade.
We will use "THE" with water bodies whose names are mentioned, while for those in which
only water bodies are mentioned, we will use "A" with them.
XVII.The Himalayas have many high mountains.
Mountains Ranges: THE
………. K.2 is the 2nd highest mountain in the world.
No article is used.
We will not use any article with the single name of mountains.
We will use THE'' with the historic place.
i. The Qilla Balla Hissar is in Peshawar.
ii. The Islamia College is a historic college.
iii. The migration to Madina was a good step.
Historical Events: THE
iv. The independence of Pakistan took place in 1947.
v. I need The NEWS.
We will use definite articles with NEWS.
I read………DAWN. Zero articles.
We will use THE with all the names of the Newspaper except "DAWN" newspaper.
vi. I read the New York Times.
vii. I read a magazine.
We will use "the" with the names of the magazines.

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar 34 Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

 Definite Articles
Adjectives of numbers are of two types:

 Ordinals: 1st, 2nd, 3rd We will use THE

 Cardinals: one, two, three, four We will use no article ZERO ARTICLE
For example:
1) We discussed the fourth chapter.
2) We discussed ____five chapters. (zero article)
3) His house is on the 10th floor.
4) Millions of people died in the World War 1.
Name of war: we will use THE
1. Millions of people have died in _____wars. (Zero Article)
2. We are living in the 21st century.
Name of the century: ''THE" is used
We are living in the modern age.
Name of age: we will use "THE"
3. The Stone Age is famous for barbarism.
4. The subcontinent has a lot of countries.
Name of Geographical location: THE will be used
5. The situation in the Middle East is not good.
6. I saw a boy, the boy was playing. Indefinite article + definite article
Names of directions: THE is used
7. Turn towards the East.
8. The car turned towards the left.
9. The British fought against the Sikhs.
Names of express/train: THE will be used
The Wazir Express provides good services.
Names of Airplanes: THE will be used
The Emirates provides good facilities during travel.
Names of Musical Instruments: The will be used
10. The Rabab is played along with the Mangi.
11. The Violin is a musical instrument.
A. I live in _____ Waziristan. No Article is used.
B. I live in the Republic of Pakistan. The is used
C. He visited ______USA. The is used
D. He visited the KSA.

THE is used before abbreviations

They are staying in the UK.

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar 35 Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

 Definite articles

We will not use any definite article in the following cases.

1) _____hate has revealed his aspects.
2) _____wood is used for making chairs.
3) I met _____ Ambreen.
4) ____mother called me.
5) ____man is mortal.
6) I took _____lunch.
7) Today is ____Friday.
8) It is _____ August.
9) It is __________summer.
10) I like _____brown color.
11) She died from _______fever.
Note: we will use no article when (TO+ BUILDING) comes in a sentence.
He is going to _____school.

Repetition of article
I. The captain and the opener are coming. Two nouns + plural verb
II. The captain and ____ opener is coming. Two nouns + singular verb
III. The Black and the white shirts are expensive. Adj+and+adj+P. Verb(are) = THE will
be used
IV. The higher you go, the cooler it gets.
V. The more you read, the more you learn.
VI. The later, the better.
VII. The healthier you the more you receive.
Note: when there is a comparison of two comparative degrees we will use the ARTICLE
"THE" with both the adjectives.

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar 36 Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

 CONJUNCTION
Def: A word that joins words, phrases, idioms, and clauses.
Examples:
1. He is intelligent.
2. He is hardworking
3. He is intelligent and hardworking.
4. She is stupid.
5. She is intelligent but stupid.
Types of conjunction
Coordinating conjunctions: are used to join two independent clauses.
FANBOYS formula is used in this case. FANBOYS
F For

A And

N Not

B But

O Or

Y Yet

S So

AND, BUT
And: used in the aspects when both are positive or both the aspects are negative.
Means: +, + or -, -
But: is used when one of the aspects is positive and the other one is negative.
Means: +, - or - , +

Examples:
i. He is intelligent________hardworking. (and, But)
ii. He is stupid __________dull. (and, but)
iii. She is intelligent ________ ill-behaved. (But, And)
iv. Aslam is stupid___________ well behaved. (And. but)
General sentences
I. He is playing and she is writing.
II. He is not playing and she is not writing.
III. He is playing but she is not interested.
IV. He is not playing but she is writing.
OR, NOR
 OR: is used when something is possible. Means used for possibility.
 NOR: is used there is zero percent possibility.
a. Zahab or Amir is coming.
b. Ali nor Aslam is coming.
FOR, SO
 For: is used for effect and cause. (Inference)
 SO: is used for cause and effect.
1. I was _____ tired when I left the class. (For, So)
2. I left the class ______ I was tired. (For, so)
3. There is noise in the class for the students are fighting.

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar 37 Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

 BECAUSE
 Because: is used when something is confirmed.
1. The teacher is not coming for he is not in Peshawar.
2. The teacher is not coming because he is not in Peshawar as he has texted me.

YET, STILL
 YET: opposite to expectation
When we are considering that it will be done but it does not occur.
 STILL: is when we are considering that it will not occur but it occurs.
1. He is qualified yet he did not get the job.
2. He is not qualified still he got the job.
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Used to join independent and dependent clauses
 Still
 Although
 Since
 Unless
 As
 While
 When
 Because
 Consequently
 Otherwise
 Furthermore
 Therefore
Note: Until, Till: is used when the end is known. (Known end)
Since: is used for the start of time.
1. I stayed there until I finished my work.
2. I haven't seen him since he left for abroad.

 Unless: (Shows the condition)

 As, when, while: (used for two actions).
1. You can`t pass the exam unless you work hard.
2. A stranger entered as I opened the door. (Used for completed actions)
3. The teacher is writing while the students are talking. (used for incomplete actions
going at the same time).
4. The student stopped writing when the teacher entered the class. (1st action is
interrupted due to the 2nd action)
5. Imran came late (effect) because he was stopped (Reason) by Usman. (because: for
confirm reason)
 Although, Though:
Is used for any weakness, both have no difference Although is used in the start while
though is used at the last.
 Consequently: used as a result (by force done).
There was a rush in the street, consequently, we changed the route.
 Otherwise: is used for two actions. (due to the 1st action 2nd action can or can`t be
completed)
You should hurry up; otherwise, you will miss the train.
 Furthermore, Moreover: used to help in addition to anything.
Zahab is intelligent furthermore he is cooperative.

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar 38 Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

 Therefore: is used for logical conclusion
He wore rain boats, therefore his feet remained dry.

Paired/ Correlative Conjunctions

Either Or

Neither Nor

Not Only But also

Whether Or

Rather Than

So That

Both And

So As

As As

As, much As

No Sooner Than

Hardly When

Scarcely When

Such That

Although Yet

If That

Examples:

1. Although he is poor, yet he is honest.

2. No sooner had I reached my office than I received a call.
3. Scarcely had he reached his destination, when he was stopped by some people.
4. Both the students as well as (no use here) the teachers were happy.
And: is used here in this case.
5. Both the students as well as (no use due to plural verb). And is used

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar 39 Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

6. The student as well as the teacher is happy.
7. Wait until the rain does not stop. (Wrong)……… wait until the rain stops. (correct)

 Till, until, lest, least,( forbidden) [ negative sentence can`t be formed] is always a
positive sentence.
1. Asad is forbidden not to create disturbance. (No use of not here).
2. Khan Niaz is forbidden to waste his time.
3.
Till, Until, lest, least ] only should will be used after these.
4. Help Aftab least he should call the police.
5. Call him until she should wait for you.
6. Neither Asad nor Aslam is coming either.
7. Either Asad or Khan Niaz is not arranging the breakfast.

 Either-----Or, Neither----Nor, Both----And, Not Only------But also] No negative

sentence.
1. Neither Asad nor Khan is arranging the breakfast.
2. He is so poor that he can`t educate his child.

 So----that, So----as] No positive sentence always Negative sense

1. He behaves as, if he is a king.
2. She talked as though she were the owner of the house.
 If, would that, as if, as though] were rather, singular or plural

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar 40 Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

 Preposition
A preposition is a word that shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other
words in a sentence. It usually indicates direction, location, time, or method.

Pre: before but here (to show) Position: place, position

1. The book is on the table.

2. The book is in the table.
3. The book is under the table.
4. All these cases show different locations of things.
Prepositions are of two types:
 Static preposition: Stationary
 Dynamic preposition: moveable
1. The book is on the table. Static Preposition
2. He threw the book onto the table. Dynamic Preposition
3. She is in the room.
4. She entered into the room.
5. There was some meat on the table so the cat jumped onto the table.
6. There was some meat on the floor on the table so the cat jumped off the table.
7. Samad jumped off the table.
 From: is used for starting an action
 To: End of action
a) The flight reached to Karachi from Kabul.
b) The flight moved from Karachi to Kabul.
c) The bank will be open from 9:00 to 5:00
d) The Express bus provides services from Peshawar to Islamabad.

 Besides: used for a place/ somewhere near.

 Besides: in addition to for extra details.
1. He sat beside me.
2. We discussed voices besides narrations.
 At: small/short time
 On: medium/ middle time
 In: long time.
1. I will come on Sunday.
2. I will come at 4PM
3. I will come in summer.
4. He lives on QCA Street.

5. He lives in Peshawar.
6. He lives at 96 B Sector A Phase 6.
 At: small place On: medium In: long time/ large

1. He was killed by a man. By: the doer of an action

2. He was killed with a knife. With: used with the instrument used by the doer
3. This paper is made from wood. From: used for invisible source
4. This chair is made of wood. Of: source visible
5. Human is made from clay.
6. This wall is made of clay.

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar 41 Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

Between &Among
 Between: is used for definite numbers means the exact number is known
 Among: is used for indefinite numbers means the exact number is not known. If they are
less but unknown
1. Maheen is sitting between two trees.
2. Mahab is sitting between two girls.
3. Anila is sitting among trees.
4. Abd Ullah is sitting between Zahab, Anas, Amir, and Irshad.
5. He distributed the sweets among the boys.
6. She distributed the sweets amongst us.
 Among: Is used before Consonant sound.
 Amongst: Is used before vowel sound.

Across, along, through

 Across: is used to cross or go from one location to another but not along.
 Along: is used to go with means side by side.
 Through: is used to go inside means it has in and out like a pipe or tunnel.
1. He was walking along the road.
2. The boat went across the river.
3. The bus went through the Kohat Tunnel.
4. Water runs through the forest.
In front of, opposite to, behind
 In front of: in Urdu samny
 Opposite to: face to face
 Behind: one face and the other one's backside.
 An in front of B.
 C is opposite to D.
 E is behind D.
With, In
 With: if the material of expression is solid "With" is used.
 In: if the material of expression is liquid "In" is used.
1. He wrote with a pen.
2. He wrote it in ink.
On, Onto, In
 On: static preposition, used when the thing lay on another back in front.
 Onto: dynamic preposition used when the thing lies on another back in front but
changes its position.
 In: if both front and back come inside.
1. He threw a book onto the table.
2. The book is on the table.
3. The pen is in my hand.
4. The stone is in water.
5. He threw a stone onto the water.

With, To
 With: is used when there is a comparison between persons or between things.
 To: Is used when there is a comparison between Idea, view, suggestion, proposal, or
comparison of living with No living.
1. I agree with you.
2. I agree to your proposal.
3. Compare Maheen with Nosheen.

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar 42 Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

4. Compare Pathan to a rock/stone.
5. He corresponded with my servant.
6. He corresponded to my letter.
In, At, Over, above
 In: is used with common nouns.
 At: is used with proper nouns.
 Over: is used with when the things touch us
 Above: is used when the things didn`t touch.
1. I am in the college.
2. She is at Peshawar University.
3. The blanket is over her.
4. The clouds are above my head.
5. He wears a sweater over a shirt.
 Over & under: both touch us or things together.
 Above& below: both don`t touch us or together.
1. He was not selected as he is overage and he is over 19.
2. Over and Above: used for age
3. His age is low as he was rejected in under 18.
4. Below and above: used for temperature
5. The temperature is below 20 C and I am feeling cold.
6. I am wet with sweats as the temperature is above 36 C.
Over & above
 Over: is a dynamic preposition
 Above: is a static preposition
1. The plane went over my head.
2. He jumped over the wall.
Within & without
 With In: is used with time
 Without: is used with the person
1. I will come within 10 minutes.
2. I will come without him.
At, For
 At: is used for target and skill or capability
 For: is used to show the function
1. She was staring at me.
2. He threw the book at her.
3. He is good at English.
4. He is good at dancing.
5. A knife is used for cutting.
6. A lecture is given to make points easy.
By
Used in swear, division, multiplication
I. I swear by her love.
II. Twenty multiplied by two is fourty.
III. Two divided by one is two.
Fixed prepositions: surrender to, time over::: are used in phrasal verb

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar 43 Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

IN, ON, AT
 IN: Is used with place, continent, country, province, city, village. In general used with:
century, decade, year, month
 ON: is used specifically with street, avenue, and with date or day.
 AT: Is used with more specific terms means giving us a full specific address.
1. I live in Pakistan.
2. Zahab has studied in Lahore.
3. QCA is located on University Road Street.
4. QCA is located at 52 B Street Phase 6.
5. The plane stopped at Peshawar in Pakistan.
6. He called a meeting at QCA in Peshawar.
7. We are living in the 21st century.
8. Aliza will come here on Sunday.
9. I will them on 10th August.
10. My birthday is on 14th August.
11. He will complete it at 5 o'clock.
12. Kusar meets his friend on Saturday.
 Each, every, next, coming, previous, next here with these words no preposition is
used.
Preposition in parallel form:
Preposition of the same category used in one sentence one preposition will be omitted.
1. He will come here on Sunday and Monday. Noun+Noun
2. We tried to solve the issue on June and July. Verb + verb +prep
3. He was amazed and annoyed at the situation.
4. She was staring and looking at me.
5. He comes here on Sunday in June.
6. He was satisfied with the event but later annoyed at the reach of the public.

TENSES
Def: Tenses are grammatical forms that indicate the time an action or event takes place —
whether it is in the past, present, or future.

 Tenses help us understand when something happens.

Main Types of Tenses:

Present Tense – Describes actions happening now or regularly.

Example: She walks to school.

Past Tense – Describes actions that happened before now.

Example: He watched a movie yesterday.

Future Tense – Describes actions that will happen later.

Example: They will visit us tomorrow.

1.

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar 44 Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

Examples:
1) He does not play.
2) They don`t write a letter.
3) He plays cricket.
4) We write a letter.
Did(+v or V2)
5) He did not come.
6) They did not come.
7) I played soccer.
Will, shall + V1 I, we: shall He, she, it, they, we, you: will
8) I shall play.
9) They will write
10) You will read the book.
Am: I Is: He, she, it Are: You, they, we, Plural noun.
11) He is playing cricket.
12) I am playing.
13) They are teaching.

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar 45 Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

Was: Singular pronoun Were: plural pronoun
Was + verb+ ing
14) He was sleeping
15) They were reading
16) I was writing
Note: if, As if, as though, would that + were will be used with these words.
 Will be: he, she, it, they, you
 Shall be: I, we
1. He will be playing soccer.
2. We shall be learning English.
 Has: singular pronoun
 Have: plural Pronoun
1. He has written the novel
2. They have read the novel.
 Had: with all pronouns
 Had+ V3
1. I had gone to school.
2. They had written the novel.
 He, she, it, they =Will have +V3
 I, WE =Shall have+V3
1. They will have written some points.
2. I shall have read the text.
 He, she, it = Has been+V1+ing
 They, we, you, I= have been+ V1+ing
1. I have been searching for a signal.
2. They have been writing a letter.
3. She has been reading a book.
 Had been= V1+ing with all pronouns
1. They had been playing soccer.
2. She had been writing letters.
 Shall have been= I, We
 Will have been= He, she, it, they, You
1. I shall have been walking.
2. They will have been listening.

POINTS
a) I play football.
b) He is sitting in the class.
c) He is a teacher. Present indefinite Tense
1 2 3 4 , ing
Is, am, are Was,were Been Being
Has/have Had Had Been, had

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar 46 Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

 Quick Table of all tenses

VERB
Helping verb: when it is used in tense
Main verb: when used or show an action
1) I am coming late.
2) I am late.
3) They are going there.
4) I played.
5) I was playing.
6) I was absent.
7) They were absent.
8) They were busy.
9) They were looking busy.
10) I have a car.
11) I have bought a car.
12) She has a book.
13) She has received a book.
14) I had solved some issues.

 Indefinite Tense: used for permanent actions or habitual

Present, past, future] indefinite = used for permanent or habitual tasks
Universal truth:
1. The sunrise at 6:00 AM (official times, or planned)
2. The class starts at 3:00 PM
3. Zahab hits the ball and Amir catches it

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar 47 Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

 Present, past, future] Continuous= for temporary actions
1. I am teaching grammar.
2. I was reading a book.
3. I will be teaching Biology.

 Present, past, future] Perfect= for completed actions

1. I have completed the exercise.
2. I have been teaching voices.
3. I had finished it
4. She will have done her homework.

 Present, past, future] perfect when the start is not known but the end is known.
They will have been writing till class ends.
Present, past, future] perfect: Incomplete actions when the start is known but the end is
unknown
I have been writing since 10 O'clock.

SINCE, For
 Since: used for exact time or given known time
 For: used for unknown time
1. I took lunch. This means I can`t eat more
2. I have taken Lunch. This means I have no capacity to eat anymore

 Past Actions that are affecting the present will be perfect

 Past Actions which are not affecting the present will be past indefinite tense.

1. I played football. This means I can play

2. I have played football. This means I can`t play anymore
3. Past perfect past Indefinite
4. I had taken lunch before I entered into the class.
5. The patient had died when the Doctor arrived

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar 48 Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

 Additional Grammar
I need to include very important topics for MDCAT in these notes.
 Punctuation
 Sentence completion
 Idioms
 Phrase
 Clause

Punctuation

Punctuation is the use of symbols in writing to clarify meaning and separate ideas.
Common punctuation marks include:
Capitalization, periods, commas, full stops, semicolons, apostrophes, question marks, and
exclamation points are a few more.

 CAPITALIZATION

Rule: 01
1. The first letter of a sentence is always capitalized.
2. he is cleaning the room. (Incorrect)
3. He is cleaning the room. (Correct)
4. they are playing chess. (Incorrect)
5. They are playing chess. (Correct)
Rule: 02
6. The first letter of a proper noun is always capitalized.
7. He lives in pakistan with their two children. (Incorrect)
8. He lives in Pakistan with their two children. (Correct)
Rule: 03
9. The first letter of reported speech (that is within inverted commas) is always capitalized.
10. Rida shrugged, "fine with me." (Incorrect)
11. Rida shrugged, "Fine with me." (Correct)

Rule: 04
Capitalize the titles of high-ranking government officials when used with or before their
names.
12. Lieutenant governor ishaq, attorney general kiani, and senators aitziz .(Incorrect)
13. Lieutenant Governor Ishaq, Attorney General Kiani, and Senator Aitzaz.(Correct)

 FULL STOP (End Mark, Termination mark)

Rule: 01
Use a Full Stop at the end of a command. In the case of quotation marks, a full stop is
placed before quotation marks.
1. "See this steep hill slope" (Incorrect)
2. "See this steep hill slope." (Correct)
Rule: 02
Use a Full Stop at the end of an indirect question.
3. Margaret was wondering what she could do to help.? (Incorrect)
4. Margaret was wondering what she could do to help. (Correct)

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar 49 Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

Rule: 03
Use a Full Stop with abbreviations:
5. Mr and Mrs Arthur Lewis are the two main characters in the story. (Incorrect)
6. Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Lewis are the two main characters in the story. (Correct)
Rule: 04
Abbreviations (which are usually made up of the first letter from a series of words that we
pronounce as words, not a series of letters) usually do not require Full Stops:
 NATO, WASA, MEPCO, LASER, and NASA
1. N.A.T.O. troops were tasked with keeping the peace. (Incorrect)
2. NATO troops were tasked with keeping the peace. (Correct)
Rule: 05
Abbreviations we pronounce by spelling out the letters may use Full Stops. U.S.A., B.A.,
M.A., etc.
3. These days, he is trying to get citizenship in the USA. (Incorrect)
4. These days, he is trying to get citizenship in the U.S.A. (Correct)

 QUESTION MARK
Rule: 01
Use the question mark after direct questions, and the question mark should be placed
within the inverted commas, if there are any.
5. "What are you trying to sell," she said. (Incorrect)
6. "What are you trying to sell?" she said (Correct)
7. "What are you talking about," Arthur asked him. (Incorrect)
8. "What are you talking about?" Arthur asked him. (Correct)
Rule: 02
A sentence having an interrogative tone may be converted into a direct question.
9. "Mrs. Lewis." he inquired politely. (Incorrect)
10. "Mrs. Lewis?" he inquired politely. (Correct)
Rule: 03
Use a question mark when a sentence is half statement and half question.
11. You do care, don't you? (Incorrect)
12. You do care, don't you? (Correct)

 COMMA

Rule: 01
Use a comma to separate the elements in a series (three or more things), including the
last two.
13. Norma picked it up unlocked the door and went into the apartment. (Incorrect)
14. Norma picked it up, unlocked the door, and went into the apartment. (correct)
The Joining Comma
The joining comma is only slightly different from the listing comma. It is used to join two
complete sentences into a single sentence, and it must be followed by a suitable connecting
word. The connecting words that can be used in this way are coordinating conjunctions ie.
FANBOYS.
 For, And, Not, But, Of, Yet, So
1. I did not really doubt his care but it is always pleasant to chat about one's self.
(Incorrect)
2. I did not really doubt his care, but it is always pleasant to chat about one's self (correct)
3. She looked at him and he seemed almost as young as their eldest son. (Incorrect)
4. She looked at him, and he seemed almost as young as their eldest son. (correct)

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar 50 Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

Rule 2.
Use a comma to set off introductory elements, as in
5. After dinner Arthur went into the living room. (Incorrect)
6. After dinner, Arthur went into the living room. (Correct)

Rule 3.
Use a comma to separate quoted elements from Reporting speech

(1) Arthur shrugged "Could be." (Incorrect)

(2) Arthur shrugged, "Could be." (Correct)

Rule 4.
Use a comma to separate dependent clauses.
(3) After she put the lamb chops in the broiler she sat down to ope (Incorrect)
(4) After she put the lamb chops in the broiler, she sat down to ope (Correct)
Note: Dependent clause may begin with after, before, when, while, although, etc.

Rule 5.
Use a comma to separate the title or name to be addressed
(5) "But Jess" He almost whispered. (Incorrect)
(6) "But, Jess," He almost whispered. (Correct)

(7) "Norma we will," he said. (Incorrect)

(8) "Norma, we will," he said. (Correct)

Rule 6.
Use a comma to separate expressions yes, no, oh from rest of the sentence.
(9) "Yes I did," 1 answered. (Incorrect)
(10) "Yes, I did," I answered. (Correct)

Rule 7.
Use a comma to separate tag Question from rest of the sentence.

(11) You did hear the news, the other day didn't you? (Incorrect)
(12) You did hear the news, the other day, didn't you? (Correct)

Rule 8.
Use a comma when an -ly adjective is used with other adjectives.
(1) Ali was a lonely young boy. (Incorrect)
(2) Ali was a lonely, young boy (Correct)
(3) I get headaches in brightly, lit rooms. (Incorrect)
(4) I get headaches in brightly lit rooms. (Correct)
(Brightly is not an adjective because it cannot be used alone with rooms, therefore, no
comma is used between brightly and lit.)

Rule 9.
Use a comma to separate the day of the month from the year and after the year. If any part
of the date is omitted, leave out the comma.
(5) They met in December, 2003 in Mill Valley. (Incorrect)
(6) They met in December 2003 in Mill Valley (Correct)

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar 51 Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

Rule 10.
Use a comma after phrases of more than three words that begin a sentence. If the phrase
has fewer than three words, the comma is optional.
(7) To apply for this job you must have previous experience. (Incorrect)
(8) To apply for this job, you must have previous experience (Correct)

Rule 11.
Use a comma to separate contrasting parts of a sentence.
(9) That is my money not yours. (Incorrect)
(10) That is my money, not yours. (Correct)

Rule 12.
Use commas surrounding words such as therefore and however when they are used as
interrupters.
1. I would therefore like a response (Incorrect)
2. I would, therefore, like a response. (Correct)

 SEMI COLON

Rule 1.
Use a semicolon in place of a full stop to separate two sentences where the conjunction has
been left out.
1. Call me tomorrow, I will give you my answer then. (Incorrect)
2. Call me tomorrow; I will give you my answer then. (Correct)

Rule 2.
Use the semicolon to separate units of a series when one or more of the units contain
commas.
3. Chips remembered an April evening, windy and rainy, the fourth form construing Virgil,
not very intelligently, young Grayson, a nervous boy. (Incorrect)
4. Chips remembered an April evening, windy and rainy; the fourth form construing Virgil,
not very intelligently; young Grayson, a nervous boy. (Correct)

Rule 3.
Use the semicolon between two sentences that are joined by a conjunction but already have
one or more commas within the first sentence.
5. When I finish here, I will be glad to help you, and that is a promise I will keep(Incorrect)
6. When I finish here, I will be glad to help you; and that is a promise I will keep (Correct)

 COLON
Rule 1.
Use a colon before a list or an explanation that is preceded by a clause that can stand by
itself. Think of the colon as a gate, inviting one to go on.

1. The following things were found from the pockets of his overcoat; a small black comb, a
handkerchief, six annas. (Incorrect)
2. The following things were found from the pockets of his overcoat: a small black comb, a
handkerchief, six annas. (Correct).

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar 52 Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

 QUOTATION MARKS

Rule 1.
Use quotation marks to set off material that represents quoted or spoken language.
1. But, Jess, He almost whispered, anything grown in new ground like this has a better
flavor. (Incorrect)
2. "But, Jess," He almost whispered, "anything grown in new ground like this has a better
flavor." (Correct).
Colon can also be used in the place of comma to separate quoted elements.

 APOSTROPHE
An apostrophe is a punctuation mark (') used to indicate possession (e.g., "the dog's
leash") or to form contractions by showing the omission of letters (e.g., "don't" for "do not").
Rule: 01
We use it for contractions in some cases.
 I am = I'm
 You are you're
 She is she's
 It is it's
 Do not don't
 She would she'd
 Let us let's
 Who is who's
 She will = she'll
 Would have
 They had they'd

1. "Youve broken my mirror." (Incorrect)

2. You've broken my mirror." (Correct) "
Rule: 02
We use apostrophes to show possession.
3. There was no use of Mr. Huberts protesting, for nobody believed him. (Incorrect)
4. There was no use of Mr. Hubert's protesting, for nobody believed him. (Correct)
Rule: 03
To show plural possession, make the noun plural first. Then immediately use the
apostrophe.
5. Two boy's hats. (Incorrect)
6. Two boys' hats. (Correct)
7. Five women hats. (Incorrect)
8. Five women's hats. (Correct)
9. Two actresses hats. (Incorrect)
10. Two actresses' hats. (Correct)
Rule: 04
With a singular compound noun, show possession with 's at the end of the word.
11. My mother's-in-law hat. (Incorrect)
12. My mother-in-law's hat. (Correct)
Rule: 05
Use the apostrophe and s after the second name only if two people possess the same item.
13. Zahab's and Mahi's home is constructed of redwood, (Incorrect)
14. Zahab and Mahi's home is constructed of redwood. (Correct)

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar 53 Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

15. Zahab's and Mahi's job contracts will be renewed next year. (Indicates separate
ownership)
16. Zahab and Mahi's job contracts will be renewed next year. (Indicates joint ownership of
more than one contract)
Rule: 06
Never use an apostrophe with possessive pronouns: his, hers, its, theirs, ours, yours, and
whose. They already show possession, so they do not require an apostrophe.
17. Sincerely your's. (Incorrect)
18. Sincerely yours. (Correct)

Rule: 07
The only time an apostrophe is used for it is when it is a contraction for it is or it has
19. Its a nice day. (Incorrect)
20. It's a nice day. (Correct)
21. Its your right to refuse the invitation. (Incorrect)
22. It's been great getting to know you. (Correct)
Rule: 08
The plurals for capital letters and numbers used as nouns are not formed with apostrophes.
23. She consulted with three M.D.'s. (Incorrect)
24. She consulted with three M.D.s. (Correct)
25. She went to three M.D.s offices. (Incorrect)
26. She went to three M.D.s' offices. (Correct)
(The apostrophe is needed here to show plural possessive.)
Exception:
Use apostrophes with capital letters and numbers when the meaning would be unclear
otherwise.
1) Please dot your I's.
2) You don't mean Is
Rule: 09
Use the possessive case in front of a gerund (-ing word)
3) Rida skating was a joy to behold. (Incorrect)
4) Rida's skating was a joy to behold. (Correct)

 THE EXCLAMATION MARK

Rule: 01
Use an exclamation point at the end of an emphatic declaration, interjection, or command.
5) "No" he yelled. "Do it now!" (Incorrect)
6) "No!" he yelled. "Do it now!" (Correct)
An exclamation mark may be used to close questions that are meant to convey extreme
emotion or surprise

i. "See that, Jess," he shouted. (Incorrect)

ii. "See that, Jess!" he shouted. (Correct)

 THE DASH (-)

Rule: 01
Use a Dash to interrupt a thought or explanation. An appositive can also be punctuated
between dashes:
1. The package was lying by the front door, a cube-shaped carton. (Incorrect)
2. The package was lying by the front door-a cube-shaped carton. (Correct)

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar 54 Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

Rule: 02
Use a dash at the end of a sentence to introduce an afterthought or a summary of part of
the sentence:
3. Then came a sharp crack from the bush-a branch had snapped off. (Incorrect)
4. Then came a sharp crack from the bush - a branch had snapped off. (Correct)

Rule: 03
Use a dash in place of commas to emphasize the word or phrase:
5. I think-well- you misunderstood me. (Incorrect)
6. I think well-you misunderstood me. (Correct)

SENTENCE COMPLETION
The purpose of sentence completion questions is to build up vocabulary and logical reasoning.
 In sentence completion questions, logic-based completion seems difficult but as such it
is not so, and with the help of the following techniques, the students may able to
understand easily.
Kinds of questions:
 Logic-based completion
 Vocabulary based
 Grammar-based
 CAUSE AND EFFECT
In this kind of sentence completion question sometimes cause is mentioned but its effect is
omitted and the students are required to draw the logical effect of the previously mentioned
action.
• His story was so heartrending that we all started______________
(a) Avoiding (b) laughing (b) mocking (d) weeping
 CONTRAST SIGNALS
Try to find words and phrases that show the contrast between them. It is very easy to
complete the contrast signal sentences in which two words have been omitted. This is
because in each option there will be two words and students are advised to choose two such
words that are opposite to each other.

Following is the list of contrast signals:

Although, despite, in spite of, but, however, even though, on the contrary, in contrast,
nevertheless, nonetheless, on the other hand, rather than, still, yet.
In contrast to the previous night's noise, this was very__________ night.
(a) fervent (b) happy (c) gloomy (d) calm

 PLACING AND REPLACING

If you can't understand which option best completes the sentence, go on using the given
options one by one and use the option that best makes sense.
1. Because he saw no______ to the task assigned him, he worked at it in a very_________
way
(a) system... function (b) method... dutiful (c) point... careless (d) purpose... diligent

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar 55 Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

 EXCLUDING THE OPTIONS
Go on excluding the options that make no sense hence you get the most appropriate option.
The_________ room had not been used over many years.
(a) wide (b) empty (c) decorated (d) attached
 DEFINING CHARACTERISTICS
Sometimes the definition of some word is written and the students are asked to find the
word whose definition has been given.
The chemist tried to produce___________ that could cure all the disease.
(A) symptom (b) medicine (c) injection (d) panacea

 KEYWORDS
Try to find out the keywords or phrases that indicate the option that best completes the
sentence.

Because his time was limited. Weng decided to read the________ novel War and the Peace
In_________ edition
(a) word ... An unedited (b) lengthy an abridged (c) famous... A modern (d) romantic and
autographed.

 THINK OF A WORD THAT MAKES A COMMON SENSE

Before you look at the given choices, think of some words that make sense. Then look at the
given choices. If the word you thought is the same or similar to any of the choices given,
select it as your answer.

They tried to test the rats to see how the rate adjusted to the changing conditions.
(a) reflection (b) adaptability (c) stamina (d) sociability

 BEWARE OF EYE-CATCHERS
Be suspicious of the answer choice that comes too easily. This type of choice leads you
toward guessing the wrong choice. This type of choice is called eye-catcher and generally,
choice
(A) is the eye-catcher. But, it does not mean that choice (A) can never be your answer.
Eye-catchers are the words that somehow come to mind immediately after reading the
sentence.

Physical laws do not force bodies to act in a specific way, but merely
(a) determine (b) describe (c) commence (d) demand

 CLAUSES

Definition: A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb. It can express a
complete or incomplete thought.

Types of Clauses:

 Independent Clause: Can stand alone as a sentence.

Example: "She is intelligent."

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar 56 Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

 Dependent Clause (Subordinate Clause): Cannot stand alone; needs an independent
clause.

Example: "Because she studies hard..."

Types of Dependent Clauses:

 Adjective Clause: Modifies a noun

Example: The man who called you is my uncle.
 Adverb Clause: Modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb
Example: I will call you when I reach home.
 Noun Clause: Functions as a noun
Example: What she said surprised me.

Practice MCQs.

Q1: Identify the adjective clause:

"The girl who won the prize is my cousin."
A. The girl
B. Who won the prize ✅
C. Is my cousin
D. The prize

Q2: What type of clause is in the sentence:

"I don’t know what he wants."
A. Adverb clause
B. Adjective clause
C. Noun clause ✅
D. Independent clause

 PHRASES

Definition:A phrase is a group of words that does not have both a subject and a verb, and it
acts as a single part of speech.

Types of Phrases:

 Noun Phrase: The tall boy

 Verb Phrase: is running
 Adjective Phrase: full of energy
 Adverb Phrase: in a hurry
 Prepositional Phrase: under the table
 Infinitive Phrase: to win the race

Practice MCQs

Q3: Which is an infinitive phrase?

A. Winning the match
B. To win the match ✅
C. The match is on
D. Match winning

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar 57 Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

Q4: Choose the prepositional phrase:
"He slept on the couch."
A. He slept
B. On the couch ✅
C. Slept on
D. The couch

 IDIOMS AND PHRASES

Definition:An idiom is a fixed expression with a figurative meaning different from its literal
words. It cannot be understood word-for-word.

20 Common MDCAT Idioms & Phrases (with Meanings)

Idiom Meaning
1. A piece of cake Very easy
2. Break the ice Start a conversation
3. Hit the books Start studying seriously
4. Once in a blue moon Very rarely
5. Kill two birds with one stone Achieve two goals with one action
6. Cry over spilled milk Regret something that can't be undone
7. Under the weather Feeling sick
8. Burn the midnight oil Study or work late at night
9. A blessing in disguise Something good hidden in bad
10. Bite the bullet To endure something painful
11. Call it a day Stop working for the day
12. Pull someone’s leg To joke with someone
13. Let the cat out of the bag Reveal a secret
14. Take it with a grain of salt Don’t take it too seriously
15. On cloud nine Extremely happy
16. In hot water In trouble
17. Cost an arm and a leg Very expensive
18. Jump the gun Start too early
19. Cut corners Do something badly to save time/money
20. Back to square one Start again from the beginning

Practice MCQs

Q5: What does “burn the midnight oil” mean?

A. Light a lamp
B. Study or work late at night ✅
C. Sleep early
D. Stop working

Q6: “Let the cat out of the bag” means:

A. Let your pet go
B. Reveal a secret ✅

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar 58 Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

C. Catch a thief
D. Do something risky

Q1: Identify the noun clause in the sentence:

"What she said was surprising."
A. Was surprising
B. She said
C. What she said ✅
D. Surprising

Q2: Which of the following is an independent clause?

A. Before he came
B. While it was raining
C. She wrote a letter ✅
D. Because she was tired

Q3: "He failed because he didn’t study." – What kind of clause is "because he didn’t study"?
A. Noun Clause
B. Adjective Clause
C. Adverb Clause ✅
D. Independent Clause

Q4: Which of the following is an adjective phrase?

A. In the garden
B. Full of hope ✅
C. To win the race
D. After the meeting

Q5: Identify the verb phrase in the sentence:

"She has been reading for two hours."
A. Reading
B. For two hours
C. Has been reading ✅
D. She has
Q6: Choose the noun phrase:
"The loud noise frightened the baby."
A. Frightened the baby
B. The baby
C. The loud noise ✅
D. Loud

MCQs on Idioms

Q7: "She was on cloud nine after hearing the news." – What does "on cloud nine" mean?
A. Very high
B. Extremely happy ✅
C. Confused
D. Afraid

Q8: "He decided to bite the bullet and take the exam." – What does "bite the bullet" mean?
A. Do something enjoyable
B. Avoid a task

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar 59 Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

C. Endure a painful situation ✅
D. Take a risk

Q9: What does the idiom "cut corners" mean?

A. Do something carefully
B. Take a shortcut and reduce quality ✅
C. Drive quickly
D. Decorate beautifully

Q10: Select the correct meaning of the idiom "hit the books":
A. Throw books
B. Start studying seriously ✅
C. Close the books
D. Take rest after studying

Practice MCQS KMU-MDCAT 2024

1. Identify the sentence that contains an ERROR in word order, style, or vocabulary:
a. He has a talent for solving complex problems.
b. She enjoys reading, writing, and to paint.
c. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.
d. They quickly adapted to the new environment.

2. Identify the ERROR in the sentence: The chef quickly prepared, delicious and it served a meal.
a. Punctuation b. Style c. Vocabulary d. Word order

3. Order is the law of civilization as chaos is the law of the ______. The most appropriate word to be
filled
in is:
a. City b. Metropolis c. Universe d. Wilderness

4. Blueprint is to architect as algorithm is to_______

a. Designer b. Engineer c. Physician d. Programmer

5."Regular exercise has been shown to improve overall health by reducing the risk of chronic diseases,
such as heart disease and diabetes. Additionally, exercise enhances mental well-being by reducing stress,
anxiety, and depression. Despite these benefits, many people find it challenging to maintain a consistent
exercise routine due to busy schedules and a lack of motivation." Based on the paragraph, which of the
following
statements can be inferred?

a. Busy schedules and lack of motivation are barriers to regular exercise.

b. Chronic diseases cannot be prevented by regular exercise.
c. Exercise is only beneficial for physical health, not mental health.
d. People who exercise regularly never experience stress or anxiety.

6.Which of the following words is a synonym for "meticulous"?

a. Abhorrent b. Heedless c. Incautious d. Precise

7. A person who sells goods and services is a ______

a. Consumer b. Purchaser c. Patron d. Vendor

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar 60 Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

8.The detective noticed a subtle change in the suspect’s tone when he asked about her whereabouts on
the night of the crime, which hinted at something more significant. What does "subtle" most likely mean?
a. Dramatic b. Notable c. Obvious d. Slight

9.Despite the complicated situation, she remained__________, calmly assessing her options before
deciding. Fill in the blank with the appropriate choice:
a. Composed b. Erratic c. Frantic d. Hysterical
186.
10.Find out synonym of "Elated"
a. Confused b. Disappointed c. Nervous d. Overjoyed

11.Choose the sentence with the correct tense and sentence structure:
a. He is going to the market yesterday.
b. I had been waiting for the bus, and it arrives.
c. She will finish her homework before she went to bed.
d. They were playing football when it started to rain.

12.Choose the correct sentence.

a. My father was talking to his friend on mobile phone when I fall from the bicycle.
b. My father is talking to his friend on mobile phone when I fall from the bicycle.
c. My father was talking to his friend on mobile phone when I fell from the bicycle.
d. My father was talking to his friend on mobile phone when I am falling from the bicycle.
13.Choose the correct sentence:
a. She didn’t knew about the surprise party.
b. She hasn't knew about the surprise party.
c. She didn't know about the surprise party.
d. She doesn't knew about the surprise party.
14. After she______the stairs, her heart almost gave out from exhaustion.
a. Has climbed b. Have climbed c. Had climbed d. Was climbing

15.Punctuate the given sentence correctly. The teacher asked did you complete your homework
a. The teacher asked, did you complete your homework?
b. The teacher asked, "Did you complete your homework?"
c.The teacher asked, "did you complete your homework".
d. The teacher asked, did you complete your homework.

16.Punctuate the following sentence correctly. Lets meet at Sarahs house after school
a.Let's meet at Sarah's house after school.
b. Let's meet at Sarahs' house after school.
c. Lets meet at Sarah's house after school.
d. Let's meet, at Sarah's house after school

17. Do you usually take a bus………………the market?

a. By b. For c. Of d. To

18.He has been working ______ this project for two weeks.
a. At b. By c. To d. On

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar 61 Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

 Writer’s Note
3rd Edition of AC. Naseer Abbas Grammar – Now in Your Hands On the request of many of my fellow
students, I dedicated countless hours—day and night—to compile and organize all of Sir AC. Naseer
Abbas’s lectures into a complete PDF format. Alhamdulillah, I am proud to present to you the 3rd
Edition of this grammar resource in 2025.
The 1st Edition, released in 2023, was prepared in a hurry, and unfortunately, I didn’t have enough
time to thoroughly review and correct all the errors. However, with the invaluable support and
feedback from fellow students and readers, many of those mistakes were identified and reported to
me. I am deeply grateful to all of you who contributed to improving these notes and helped me
produce a more refined, error-free version.

This work has been done completely free of charge, purely for the sake of Allah (SWT),
with the sincere intention of supporting my fellow students preparing for the MDCAT.

Your feedback is always welcome. If you find any remaining errors, please feel free to
contact me via the email or Instagram handle mentioned in the document. Your input will be
highly appreciated.

Email address: zahabwazirizat@gmail.com

Instagram: Izat khan waxir

YouTube Channel: Wisdom with Izat Wazir

 Reviewers
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(Jinnah Sindh Medical College, Karachi)
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(Dow Medical College, Karachi)
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(Ayub Medical College Abbotabad)
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(UOL)
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(Saidu Medical College Swat)
Dr. Gulzar Wazir
(Pharm-D , Gomal University D I Khan)
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(Dow Medical College , Karachi)
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(Sahiwal Medical College Punjab)
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Dr. Mezaj Wazir, Muhammad Amir Khan, M. Mudassir, Khanzala Khan, M. Anas khan,
Irshad Ullah Hadian and Farooq Zada Wazir.

Thank You EveryOne. Jazak Allah Kher

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar 62 Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)

AC Naseer Abbas Grammar 63 Written by: Izat Ullah Wazir(Ex-Danian)