ANCIENT INDIA “9 PREHISTORIC PERIOD + Pre - historic period is divided into three sections- Stone age, Bronze age and Iron age. + Stone age is divided into three periods, ic. Palacolit ‘Age, Mesolithic Age and Neolithic Age. + Lower Palaeolithic Age covers the greater part of the Ice Age, + Its people used to eat fruits, birds and raw animal flesh, ete. + The tools were usually made of hard rock. + In Middle Palaeolithic age a bit change occurred in the shape of tools made of stones or bones. + In Upper Palaeolithic age, human lived as nomadic hunter gatherers + Mesolithic Age was an intermediate stage in the stone age. It ended with the introduetion of agriculture. Neolithic age was an age of polished tool culture. Tool making became an important profession and a variety of polished tools were manufactured. + They learnt the art of pottery and their pots were well ‘made and decorated with paintings. + They discovered the art of producing fire by the friction of stones and the wheel was also an important discovery of this age. Chaleolithic Age is marked by the use of copper as conner age The economy was based on subsistence ture, stock-raising, hunting and fishing + Toe Chaleeie npenie snag pent ainels r fod, Neither they milked animals for dairy products nor did they practise cultivation, +" It-was the transitional stage when both bronze, copper and stone tools were used and humans started living settled life. The Iron age is usually associated with the Painted Grey Wares (P.G.W), + The adoption of Iron brought various changes in society including agricultural practices, religious beliefs and attractive artistic styles. “INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION . ‘The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) was a unique Bronze Age civilization (2500-1700 B.C.) based on Carbon-14 dating + The Civilization flourished around the Indus river basin and its tributaries, consisting of modem Pakistan and northwestern India. ‘Town Planning ‘The main streets ran from north to south varied from 9 to 34 feet in width. Roads, especially in Mohenjo-Daro hhad a width of 10.5 meter. The Harappa had wide roads of width of 30 feet. + There was an impressive building which was used as a public bath. The overall dimension of the Bath is 180 fect by 108 fect used for religious both. + Houses, often two-storey and spacious, lined up on the streets; there was well drainage system resulting in the brick-lined sewers. In town planning, grid system, underground drainage and ‘eranaries were found, oo Lothal, Balakot, Suktagendor and Allahdin (Pakistan) in the cities of the Harappan civilization were the major ports. + Domesticated animals included dogs and cats, humped and sea cattle, poultry, and possibly pigs, camels and Buffalo, Elephant, probably, too, was domesticated, and his bones and tusks were freely used Women were given high honour in society. Family was regulated in the name of mother. + The Indus Civilization bad four different classes in which the society was divided, i.e. Scholars, warriors, businessmen and labourers. In the valley of the Indus people used imrigation-based agriculture. + Harappan people had features of Hinduism, such as worship of the mother Goddess, Pashupati Shiva, Sacred animals, trees, etc. Sites thelr Location + Mohenjodaro- Sindh, Pakistan + Harappa- Punjab Province, Pakistan + Dholavira- Rann of Kutch in Gujarat + Lothal- Gulf of Khambat in Gujarat + Rakhigarhi- Haryana + Ganweriwala- Punjab, Pakistan"Veda and their Brahmans Atharva Veda — Gopath (A treatise on medical science, Banawali- Haryana Chanhudaro- Kutch in Gujarat Kalibangan- Rajasthan Kot Diji- Sind, Pakistan Ropar- Punjab (India) Surkotada- Kutch, Gujarat + __ Suktagendor— Bank of Dast, Balochistan “THE VEDIC PERIOD. ‘The Vedie Period or the Vedic Age refers tothe petiod when the Vedic Sanskrit texts were composed in India. Literally ‘Aryans’ means - the “best’or ‘eminent’. ‘The Aryans are supposed to have migrated from Central Asia into the Indian Subcontinent in Several stages during 2000 to 1500 B.C. In order to prove their supremacy the Aryans called themselves “The Aryas’ and they called their opponents “Anarya’, ‘Dasyu’ or ‘Das’. ‘The Rigveda (1500-1000 BC) consists of 1028 hymns. These hymns were sung in honour of various gods and were recited by Hott. The Gaytri Mantra had been discovered ftom the Rig Veda. The Sindhu and its tributaries are called Sapta Sindhu. The Yajur Veda is a book of sacrificial prayers. It is written in both verse and prose. ‘The Sama Veda consists of 1549 hymns. It is a book of chants for singing during sacrifices. The Atharva Veda is a book of magical formulae which reflects the popular conventions and rituals of that period. The Brahmans were composed after the Vedas to explain the hymns of the Vedas. They are written in prose and ritualistic in mature. | Rigveda ~ Aitareya and Kaushitiki or Shankhyan. |Samveda - Panchvisa_(Tandya_~ Mahabrahman), ‘Shadvinsh Brahman, Jaiminiya Brahman. Yajurveda © — Shatapath (the oldest and the largest Brahman) and Taittariya. charms and magic). ‘The Aranyakas were written mainly for the hermits and the jungle living students, ‘The Upanishadas are anti ritualistic discussing about the relations between Brahma (God) and Jiva (Creature), Upanishadas are philosophical texts and are called ‘Vedanta as they came towards the end of the Veda Vrihadaranyaka is the oldest Upani-shadas among all the 108 Upanishadas. According to Rigveda, the famous Dasrajan Yuddha or the battle of ten kings was fought between Sudas, a Bharat King of the Tritsu family, and the confederacy of ten well-known tribes - Puru, Yadu, Turvasa, Amu, Druhyu, Alina, Paktha, Bhalnas, Siva and Vishanin. In the bloody and decisive battle on the banks of river Parushni, the Bharatas emerged victorious. Sabha and Samiti (Popular Assemblies) controlled the affairs of Vedic states. These two assemblies were called the two daughters of Prajapati Important Terminoloy ‘The Kula -the family ‘The Gram -the village | ‘The Visha- the clan The Jana- the people ‘The Rashtra -the nation The Vedic Aryans worshipped the forces of nature such as Earth, Fire, Wind, Rain and Thunder; their main ‘occupation was cattle rearing. ‘The King was responsible for the protection of the tribe. ‘Vedang were composed during post-vedic period. Shiksha, Kalpa, Vyakaran, Nirukta, Chhanda and Jyotish are the six vedangas. Vedang it in | Shiksha — Phonetics Kalpa = - Rituals Wakarana — Grammar Nirukta — Etymology Chanda = - Metrics Jyotish Upvedas were composed after Vedangas. | Four Upvedas are : Ayurveda (medicine); Gandharvaveda (Music); Dhanurveda (Archery) jaa Shilpaveda (Craft and Wealth). juranas means “the old” and they are 18 in number. Ashtadhyayi is the first grammar of the world written by Panini. The Ramayana and the Mahabharata are the two Indian epics. Darshans are the auxiliary treatise of the Vedas. The six schools of Indian philosophy are called Shad Darshan. ‘Nyaya Darshana ~Akshpad Gautam Vaisheshik Darshana -Maharshi Kanad | Shankhay Darshana —Kapil Muni | Yoga Darshana ~Patanjali | Purva Mimamsa —Jamini Uttar Mimansha —Badrayan Rishi Literally ‘Smriti? means ‘remembrance’. All the Smritis ‘were composed during Gupta’s period Rivers and Thelr Ancient Names Ancient “Modern Vitasta Jhelum Askini_ Chenab Parushini Ravi Vipasa Beas Sutudri Sutlej ‘Gomati ‘Gomal[Kubha Kabul Sadanira ‘Gandak Saraswati Ghaggar i RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS: + Came into existence around 600 B.C. ‘The main cause being reaction against domination of Brahmins and spread of agricultural economy in North- East. Jainism + Founder ~ Rishabhadeva (First Tirthankara). + Mahavira was the last of the 24 tirthankaras. + Jainism was divided into two sects: Shwetambaras and Digambaras. + The First Couneil was held at Pataliputra by Sthulababu. + The Second Council was held at Valabhi under the leadership of Devaradhi Kshamasramana, Teachings . Jainism was based on 5 doctrines a Ahinsa, i.e. non-violence; (ii) do not speak a lie, (iii) do not steal. (iv) do not acquire property, and (v) ob- serve continence (Brahmacharya). + Only the fifth (v) doctrine was added by Mahavir. + Jainism recognizes the existence of the Gods but regarded them lower than the jina, + Jainism did not condemn the Varna system, Three Gems of Jainism (Ratnatrya) these are : () Right faith (Samyak Vishwas) Gi) i) Five Categories of Siddhas @ —Tirthankara - who has attained salvation. Gi) Arhat - who is about to attain Nirvana, (iil) Acharya - The head of the ascetic group. Gv) Upadhyaya - teacher or saint, and (¥) Sadhu - an ordinary ascetic. Buddhism Gautam Buddha was the founder of Buddhism, + His real name was Siddhartha, + His father was a king named Suddodana Tharu and ‘Mother was Mahamaya, + He was born at Lumbini. + He discovered enlightenment under the peepal tree (Bodhi Vriksha) in Gaya, Bihar at the age of 35, + He gave his first sermon at the Deer Park in Sarnath. + Itwas divided into three main sects: Hinayana, Mahayana and Vajrayana. + There are three tripitak : Vinay Pitak (rules and regulations, which the Buddha promulgated), Sutta uses delivered by Buddha himself) and Abhidhamma Pitak (religions discourses of Buddha). + Milindapanhs (dialogues between Menander and Buddhist saint Nagsen). + Jatakas are the pre-birth stories of Buddha. + He died at Kushinagara in U-P. the capital of mallas. + Buddha means enlightened or the awakened or the wise one. + Nirvana means to blow out or extinguish fires of greed, hatred and delusion. + The followers of Hinayana believed in the original teaching of Buddha. + Hinayanas did not believe in idol-worship. + Hinayanas believed in the heavenliness of Buddha. + Mahayanas sought solution through the grace of Buddha, Mahayanas believes in idol-worship. + Vajrayana believes that salvation’ can be attained by magical power (Le. Vajra) + Vajrayana became popular in Bihar, Bengal, Tibet. Buddhist Councils + First Couneil at Rajgir where Vinaya Pitaka & Sutra Pitaka were compiled. + Second council at Vaishali in 383 B.C. + ‘Third Couneil at Patliputra in 250 B.C. during Ashoka’s reign. + Fourth Couneil in Kashmir during Kanishka’s reign. The Haryanaka Dynasty (544 - 412 B.C.) + Bimbisara was the first ruler and founder of Haryanka dynasty. The capital of the kingdom was Raj ; + He strengthened his position by matrimonial alliances. He took three wives: daughter of the king Kosala, Chellana (Lichhavi Princess) and daughter of the chief of the Madra clan of Punjab. + Bimbisara Sent Jivaka to Ujjain for the treatment of King Pradyota, the king of Avanti. + Bimbisara was succeeded by his son Ajatasatru who killed his father and seized the throne for himself. + He was contemporary to Lord Mahavira and Lord Buddha and a follower of Buddhism. + Ajatasatru was succeeded by Udayin, + He built the fort upon the confluence of the Ganga and Son at Patna, + He shifted the capital from the Rajagriha to Pataliputra. + Ajetasatru was killed by his son Udayin. Shishunaga Dynasty (412 - 344 B.C.) + The last Haryanka ruler, Nagadasaka, was killed by his ‘courtier Shishunaga in 430 B.C, who became the king and founded the Shishunaga dynasty. + Shishunaga was succeeded by his son Kalashoka. The Second Buddhist Council was organised at Vaishali under the sponsorship of Kalashoka in 383 B.C. + The last ruler of Shishunaga dynasty was Nandivardhan, Nanda Dynasty (344-321 B.C.) + Mahapadmananda established the Nanda dynasty into a powerful empire. + The Nanda dynasty had a huge army consisting 2,00,000 infantry, 20,000 cavalry, 2,000 war chariots and 3,000 war elephants. + Last ruler of Nanda dynasty was Dhanananda. He was contemporary of Alexander.+ Alexander invasion of India took place in 326 B.C. Sunga Dynasty (185 to 73 B.C.) uring the reign of Dhananands Mauryan Empire (322 - 185 B.C.) + Founder— Chandragupta Maurya + He defeated the king Dhanananda with the help of Chanakya + Its capital was Pataliputra, + Greek and Latin name of Chandragupta was Sandracottos” or “Andracottus. ‘Megasthene (Greek Ambassador) came to his court. Chandragupta Maurya embraced Jainism. He died at Sravanbelagola of Chan-dragiri hill, Chandragupta Maurya was succeeded by his son Bindusara + Greek sources refer to him as Amitrochates or in Sanskrit amitraghata (“destroyer of foes”). + The palace of Chandragupta was made of wood. + Bindusara was followed by his son, Ashoka (273-232 BC). + The war of Kalinga (BC 261) was the turning point of Ashoka’s life. The mass death of the war changed his mind and he became a follower of Buddhism. + Ashok Stambh of Sarnath was adopted as national emblem of India, + Sanchi Stupa was built by Ashoka, + Constructions carried out by Ashoka: Dhamek Stupa (Samath, Uttar Pradesh), Bharhut stupa (Madhya Pradesh), Mahabodhi Temple (Bihar), + Ashoka’s Dhamma was a code of conduct (a set of Principles like respect to elders) mercy to slaves & emphasis on truth, non-violence & tolerance. + Last Mauryan King: Brihadratha (Killed by his general Pushyamitra). + Pushyamitra founded Sunga Dynasty. + Important Sources of History of Mauryan Empire: Arthshastra (Kautilya), Indie (Megasthenes), Rajtarangini (Kalhan), Mahabhasya (Patanjali) + Other Sources: Puranas, Buddhist Texts, Asoka’s Inscriptions, Rocks & Pillar Edicts of Mauryas. ‘Number | Name of Emperor Regn T |Chandragupta Maurya [322 BC-298 BC 2 [Bindusara 298 BC-272 BC 3 {Ashoka 274 BC-232 BC 4 |Dasaratha [232 BC-224 BC 5 |Samprati L224 BC-215 BC 6 {Salisuka l21s BC-202 BC 7 |Devavarman [202 BC-195 BC 8 |Satadhanvan 195 BC-187 BC 9 |Brihadatha 187 BC-185 BC Categories of Ashoka’s Inscription + Bhabru~ Conversion of Buddhism + Barabar Hills ~Enjoins toleration + Tarai Pillars ~ Respect to Buddhism + 14 Rock Ediets — Administration and ethics. + Minor Rock Ediets ~ Personal history of Ashoka & summary of Dhamma. + 7 Pillar Rock Ediets ~ Appendix to Rock Edicts. Pushyamitra Sunga was the senapati of last king of Mauryan empire Brihadratha, He killed Brihacatha and founded the Sunga dynasty in 187 B.C. It was a Magadha dynasty and its capital was Pataliputra but, later Vidhisha was the capital of Sunga rulers. Patanjali (grammarian of Sanskrit) was patronized by Pushyamitra Sunga, Kanva Dynasty (73-28 B.C.) Sal Founder-Vasudeva Kanva, ‘Vasudeva was @ Brahmin and follower of lord Vishnu. Other Sunga Rulers: Bhumimitra, Narayana, Susarman. Susarman was put to death by Satavahana ruler. tvahana Dynasty It ruled in the Deccan and Central India after Mauryans. Founder- Simuka Andhra dynasty was situated between the region of Krishna and Godavari River. Most powerful Satavahana king - Gautamiputra Satakami (AD. 106-130) He defeated the Sakas, Yavanas (Greeks) and Pahlavas (Parithans) ‘Temples & their location The Kailash Temple retiora The Hoysala temple /Belur and Halebid ‘The Chenndkesava temple || Belur The Hoysaleswara temple | Halebid [Whe Ratha and Shore temple | Mahabalipuram ‘The Brihadeshwara temple _| Tanjavur The Vithala temple Hamp ‘The Meenakshi Temple Madurai The Gupta Empire (AD 320-467) Founder - Sri Gupta Nalanda University was built by Kumargupt. The great Mathematician Aryabhata lived during this age. He discovered the number “0” and value of Pi. He wrote “Aryabhatiya” and “Suryasiddhanta”, Kalidas the great poet also belonged to this period, ‘The great Physician Dhanvantari was also bom in this er= During this age Sanskrit language and literature were 2 its peak. Poets Kalidasa, Dandi, Visakhadatta, Shudrake. and Bharavi —all belonged to the Gupta Age. Chandragupta (320-335 AD) was the sonof Ghatotkach= and grandson of Sri Gupta. He married to Kumaradevi, the Lichhavi princess of the ric ruling family in Magadha which helped the Gupta Empire to become a powerful empire. Sumudragupta (AD 335-375) Harisena described hir= as the “Hero of a Hundred Battles.” He was the greatest ruler of Gupta dynasty. He is called “Indian Napoleon”. Prayag Prashasti (Written by Harisen) is the mais source of information on his reign. ‘Samundragupta was succeeded by his son Chandragup:= Vikramaditya (or I).(Chandragupta II married his daughter Prabhavati with 1a Vakataka prince who belonged to the Brahmana caste and ruled in central India, His court had Navaratna (Nine Jewels). Kalidasa was one of the jewels among this Navaratna, He conquered westem Malwa and Gujarat, which had ‘been under the rule of the Saka Kshatrapas for about four ‘centuries by that time. Nine Gems in the Court of Chandragupts-If [ dia ESE Ea pists Work: [1 _[Kshapanaka [Astrology —_| Jyothisyashastra 2 |Dhanvantsi Medicine | Ayurveda (Book of Medicine) 3.) Kalidasa Drama & | Abhijnana Poetry Shakuntalam, Moghadutta 4 [Amarasimha —|Lexicography | Amarakosha (Glossary) 3. [Varahamihira [Astrology | Brihadsamhita 6 _[Vararuchi__ [Grammar | Vyakama (Sanskrit) 7__ [Sank ‘Architecture | Shilpashastra &__[Vetalabhatta [Magic Mantrashastra 9,_| arisen Poet = ‘Kumaragupta (AD 415-455) isthe son of Chandragupta I. Kumaragupta’s dominion suffered severely from the invasion of Huna Hordes, all over North India, ‘Skandagupta is the son of Kumaragupta. He defeated the Pushyamitra who had become powerful during the period of Kumaragupta, He also defeated the ‘White Hunas, aera Gape Dy SrguptT—270AD-250AD Gtwotacha—290AD-319D Chandraguptal 319AD -335 AD Samudragupta 335 AD -375AD CChandagupa 1 375AD-814AD KumaragupalaISAD ASSAD Skandagupta. 455 AD- 467 AD. ‘Tamralipt, a port in Bengal was an important trade centre during Gupta period. ‘The most important officers in the Gupta empire were the kuimaramatyas The empire was divided into divisions: bhuktis (under the charge of an uparika) and vishayas (Districts) under the ‘charge of vishyapati Gupta Period is also known as the ‘Golden Age of Ancient India’, + The Maukhari king Grahavarman assassinated Rajyavardhan’s brother-in-law and imprisoned his sister Rajashree with the help of Devagupta of Malava and Shashanka of Gauda. + Rajyavardhan inflicted a crushing defeat on Devagupta and was killed by Shashank of Gauda. + Harshavardhana (AD 606-647) was the last Hindu king of North India. + Harsha himself wrote the Ratnavali, Naganandam and Priyadarshika plays in Sanskrit, + His court poet Banabhatta wrote his biography, the Harsha Charita + Harsha united thé two kingdoms of Thaneswar and Kannauyj and transferred his capital from Thaneswar to Kannauj. SOUTHERN INDIA Capital of Chalukyas (AD 543-753)-Badami (Bagalkot, district of North Karnataka) + Pulakeshin I is generally attributed to be the first ‘Chalukyan king. + Pulakeshin TI was the most prominent ruler of the dynasty who ruled from 608 A.D. and was a contemporary of Harshavardhan, He stopped Harshavardhan to march into the Deccan. + The Pallavas initially conquered the region of ‘Thondaimandalam. + Narasimhavarman completed the beautiful temples of The Post Gupta Period (550 AD - 647 AD) NORTHERN INDIA Pushyabhuti dynasty: Pushyabhuti (Founder) + ‘The Pushyabhuti dynasty came in power in Thaneswar (Kamal in Haryana) in the beginning ofthe 6th century AD. + The first important king of this dynasty was Prabhakaravardhan (580-605 AD). Mahablipuram. Ancient Indian Books and Authors juddhacharita 71h) ASvaghosba 7 a IKirtarjuniya - Bharavi IRavanavadha °°) Bhatti) - 0 ‘ean [Ratnavali --Harshavardhana lprivacashika oc larehavartha 2 |Uttar Ramacharita = Bhavabhuti [Britidt Katha Matijati ‘Kheinendral"/ \Katha Sarita Sagara Somadeva waka Sanita) chiara! INatya Sasa) sti‘ S*S*«é Ta [Patisistaparvati 9) /9Hemiehanidta! 9) (9/7) Mahavir Chi - Hemchandra Iprabhanda Chinitainani Metuitniga [Padma Charita ~— Vimalasuri itakstiara | © Vijnaneswata’ i [Raghuvamsa - Kalidasa i [Meghadutta = Kalidasa’ IMalavikagnimitra - Kalidasa lastyaatiyayi 1") Pani ey |Mahabhashya = Patanjali ? | Mattavilasa Panes ‘wiatenians veri [Mahavir Charita Bhavabhuti [Painchataitta 9) ‘Visti Statiia 07775] |Harekali Nataka VighraharajaMEDIEVAL INDIA g ‘MEDIEVAL INDIA)“ The Delhi Sultanate (1206 - 1526 AD) Dynasties of Delhi Sultanate (Slave Dynasty: 1206-1290 AD Gi) Khilje 1290-1320 AD Gi) Tughlag ” 1320-1414 AD (iv) Sayyid”: 1414-1451 AD (| Lodhi "1451-1526 AD + Sources of Medieval Indian History: Tarikh i Firoze Shahi (Ziauddin barani); Tuzuk-i-Mubarak Shahi (Yahaya bin Ahmed Sirhindi); Futuhat-i-Firoze Shahi (Firoze Shah ‘Tughlug), ete. +The invasions of Mahmud of Ghazni and Muhammad Ghori introduced a new political chapter in India. + The campaigns of Muhammad Ghori paved the way for the rule of the Turks and the Afghans. + Mahmud of Ghazni targeted the North Indian temple cities for wealth and iconoclastic fervour. + Muhammad Ghori nominated his trusted and prominent slave, Qutubuddin Aibak as his representative to gover the newly conquered regions in India. It was the beginning of slave dynasty. + Delhi became the centre ofthe Turkish and Afghan power. + The Turkish rule from Delhi came to be known as the Delhi Sultanate. + The phrase ‘Delhi Sultanate’ is applied to the history of Northern India extending from 1206 to 1526. The Mamluk Dynasty orThe Slave Dynasty (1206-1290 AD) Reign (Qutbuddin Aibek (1206-1210 AD) 'Aram Shah (1210-1211 AD) |Shamsuddin Titutmish (1211-1236 AD) [Ruknuddin Firuz (1236 AD) Raziyatuddin Sultana (1236-1240 AD) Muizuddin Bahram (1240-1242. AD) ‘Alauddin Masud (1242-1246 AD) 'Nasiruddin Mahmud (1246-1266 AD) |Ghiyasuddin Balban (1266-1286 AD) /Muizuddin Qaigabad (1286-1290 AD) Kayumars (1290 AD) +” Qutubuddin Aibak was the founder of Slave Dynasty. * He also began the construction of Qutub Minar, in the honour of famous Sufi Saint Khwaja Qutubuddit Bakhityar Kaki, He was given the title of Lakh Bakhsh (giver of Lakhs). He died in 1210 while playing Chaugan or Polo. Shamsuddin Iitutmish was a slave of Qutubuddin Aibak. He organised Iqta system. He established the official nobility slaves known as ‘Chahalgani/Chalisa (a group of forty). Iitutmish stopped the Mongol attack in 1221 A.D led b ‘Chenghiz Khan, : Titutmish nominated his daughter Razia as the successo= She was the first and only Muslim lady that ever rules in India. ‘ She married Altunia and they both headed towards Delt: She further offended the nobles by her preference for == ‘Abyssian slave Yakut. In 1240 A.D, Razla was the victim of a conspiracy and was killed near Kaithal (Haryana), After Razia, rulers were Bahram Shah, Masud Sha Nasiruddin Mahamud. Ghiyasuddin Balban ascended the throne in 1266. He ended the influence of Chalisa. He introduced the practice of sijda and paibos. Kaiqubad, grandson of Balban Killed by the Khilji family Jalaluddin Khilji founded Khilji dynasty. Invaded the fort of Ranthambhor in 1290 and defeates Mongols in 1292, Alauddin Khilji was the nephew and son-in-law of Jalaluddin Khilj He killed Jalaluddin Khilji and took over the throne i= 1296. He was the first Turkish Sultan of Delhi who separated religion from politics. Alauddin took control of Gujarat (1298), Ranthambhor (1301), Mewar (1303), Malwa (1305), Jalor (1311). Is Decean, Alauddin’s army led by Malik Kafur defeated Ram ‘Chandra, Pratap Rudradeva, Vir ballal-IIl and Vir Pandya. He appointed Diwan-i-Riyasat and Shahna-i-Mandi to regulate the fixed price market He abolished Iqtas of royal troopers and the payment of their salaries in cash, He constructed monuments like Ala-Darwaza anc Sirifort in Delhi. Ghazi Malik with the name of Ghiyasuddin Tughlug became the Sultan of Delhi in 1320. His son Jauna (Ulugh Khan) succeeded him with the ttle “Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq”. Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq organised better system. Ghiyasuddin Tughlag ascended the throne in 1325. He tried to introduce many administrative reforms such as taxation in the Doab (1326), transfer of Capital to Daulatabad (1327), introduction of Token Currency (1329), ete. He established the city of Jahanpanah and created Diwan- i-Kohi. Firoz Shah Tughlag established Diwan-i-Khairat (Gepartment for poor and needy people), and Diwan-I- ‘Bundagan (department of slaves). ‘He constructed some canals for irigation, He repaired Qutub Minar in 1368 which had got damaged in an earthquake, Khizr Khan was the first Sultan of the Sayyed Dynasty The other rulers of this dynasty were Mubarak Shah (1421-1434), Muhammad Shah (1434-1443), Alam Shak (1443-1451). postalBahlol Lodhi (1451-88 A.D.) was an Afghan Sardar who founded the Lodhi dynasty. Sikandar Lodhi shifted his capital from Delhi to Agra and conquered Bihar and Westen Bengal. He introduced the Gaz-i-Sikandari (Sikandar’s yard) of 32 digits for measuring cultivated fields. Ibrahim Lodhi was the last king of Lodhi dynasty and the last Sultan of Delhi At last Daulat Khan Lodhi, the governor of Punjab ‘Causes of the decline of Delhi Sultanate (i) Weak system of government, (ii) The invasion of Taimur. (ii) Lack of clear cut succession policy. (iv) Ibrahim Lodhi was a foolish emperor. (¥) Greed for wealth and luxury among nobles. invited Babur to overthrow [bral Lodhi, Babur accepted the offer and inflicted a crushing defeat on Ibrahim Lodhi in the first battle of Panipat in 1526. Department Function Diwan-i-Risalat (Foreign Department of appeals Minister) Diwan-i-Ariz Military department Diwan-i-Bandagan ‘Department of slaves Department of justice ‘Department of pensions | Diwan-t-Mustakhraj Department of arrears Diwan-i-Khairat Department of charity | Diwan-i-Kohi ‘Department of agriculture Department of correspondence Diwan-i-Insha [Bari mumalik mumalik | Sadr-us-sudur | Kazi-ul-kazat + There were five types of taxes. (i) Ushra (i) Khams (iv) Wazir The Chief Minister of the State-in Charge of revenue and finances, controlled by other departments. |Ariz-i-Mamlik Head of Military | department. Qazi Legal Officer (dispensed civil law based on Muslim law Shariat) |Wakil-i-dar Controller of the royal household. Majlis-i-am Council of friends and officers consulted on important affairs of the state. Dah Head of the royal correspondence. Sadr-i-jahgn __Officers-in-charge of religious and charitable endowment, |Amir-idad Public prosecutors, Naib wazir. Deputy Minister Masheit Accountant general | mumalie Amiri-hazib — Officer-in-charge of the royal court, Kazi-i-mumalik Chief Justice Important Central Officials Head of the state news agency. Officer-in-charge of royal feasts, conference and festivals. Dealt with the religious matters and endow- ments, Head of the Central Judicial department ii) Kharaj Gi) ) Jazia(v) Zakat. Vijaynagar Empire (1936-1565 AD) The Vijayanagar Empire was a South Indian dynasty based in the Decean on the South bank of Tungabhadra River. There were four dynasties ruled over Vijaynagar — Sangama Dynasty, Salva Dynasty, Tuluva Dynasty and Aravidu Dynasty. Hariharan I (Hakka) and Bukka (the sons of Sangama) established Vijaynagar kingdom. ‘Harihara I was the founder of the Sangama dynasty. Harihara was controlling northem portion of Hoysala kingdom. Bukka Raya ruled the kingdom for about twenty one years. Bukka died in about 1380 and was succeeded by Harihara IL Other kings of Vijaynagar Kingdom are Harihara Raya Il, ‘Virupaksha Raya, Bukka Raya II, Deva Raya T, Deva Raya TL, Mallikarjuna Raya, Virupaksha Raya Il ‘Virupaksha’s son, Praudharaya was a weak king and his general Saluva Narasimha took control of the empire in 1485. Saluva Narasimha was the founder of Salva Dynasty, ‘Thimma Bhupala was the elder son of Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya. Narasimha Raya It (Immadi Narasimha) was the second son of King Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya, The real power was in the hands of the empire’s able commander ‘Tuluva Narasa Nayaka till his death in 1503. Sri Krishna Deva Raya was the most famous king of Vijayanagara Empire. He belonged to the tuluva bunt community. Rama Raya was popularly known as “Aliya” Rama Raya, was the progenitor of the “Aravidu’” dynasty of Vijayanagar Empire. Later Kings of Vijaynagar: Tirumala Deva Raya, Sriranga Deva Raya, Venkatapati Deva Raya, Sriranga lil, Bahmani Kingdom The Bahmani Kingdom of Deccan’s capital was Gulbarga, Twas founded by Hasan Gangu (original name-Ismail Mukh). He took the tittle of Alauddin Hasan, Bahaman Shah, He ruled from AD 1347 to 1358. His son, Mahmud Shah I ruled from AD 1358 to 75. He was succeeded by his son, Ala-ud-din Majahid Shah, Firoz Shah was the most important ruler who ruled from AD 1397 to 1422. Ahmed Shah succeeded his brother in AD 1422 and ruled upto AD 1436. He was sueceeded by his son Alauddin-II (AD 1436-58), Kalim Ullah Shah (AD 1524-27) was the last ruler of Bahmani Kingdom,RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS Bhakti Movement Bhakti means personal devotion to God. It stresses the Union of the individual with God, Bhakti movement originated in South India between the 7 and the 12 centuries AD. ‘The Nayanmars, who worshipped Siva, and the Alwars, who worshipped Vishnu, preached the idea of Bhakti Saints like Sankara, Ramanuja and Madhwa gave their concepts of God and the individual soul. Teachings of Ramanuja were based on the Upanishads and Bhagwad Gita, Ramananda was disciple of Ramunaja. He was the first reformer to preach in Hindi. Kabir was an ardent disciple of Ramananda, He wanted unity between the Hindus and the Muslims. He preached that both the Hindus and the Muslims are the children of single God. The devotees of Kabir were known as Kabir Panthis. Namdeva was a waterman by birth. He composed beautiful hymns in Marathi. [Nanak was the founder of the Sikh religion. Nanak’ teachings were in the form of verses. They were collected in a book called the Adi Granth. Later Adi Grantham was written in a script called Gurmukhi. Chaitaniya, a great devotee of Lord Krishna, was a saint from Bengal. Meerabai was a Rajput princess. She married the Rana of Mewar. She was a pious devotee of Lord Krishna Chatrapati Shivaji, the great Maratha ruler, was a follower of Ramdas, Tukaram was a saint who lived in Maharashtra. He composed a large number of verses called Abhangas. Tulsidas composed the famous Rameharitamanas in Hindi, expounding the various aspects of Hindu dharma, Surdas was a devotee of Lord Krishna and Radha. ‘works include Sursagar, Sahitya Ratna and Sur Sarawali Dadu Dayal was a disciple of Kabir. His followers were known as Dadu Panthis Eknath was a devotee of Vithoba. He wrote commentary ‘on verses of the Bhagavad Gita, The Sufi Movement Khwaja Moinuddin Sufism is basically a religion based on the truth of life. ‘The mysties of Islam are called Sulis It emerged in India in 11" & 12 century A.D. Itestablished brotherhood between Hindus & Muslims. It isa socio-religious movement, ‘The founders of the most important Sufi lineage Chisti, Suhrawardi, Qadiri, Naqshbandi originally came from central and west Asia. The prominent sufi saints were Khwaja Nizamuddin Aulia, Ganj-e-Shakar Fariduddin, Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki and Hamuddin Nagori Hazrat Nizam-ud-Din was the disciple of Fariduddin Ganj-i-Shakkar, Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki was the disciple and the spiritual successor of Moinuddin Chishti Chishti (1142-1236 AD) The Chisti order of Sufism was founded in village Khwaja Chishti near Herat in Persia, i. Iran, + InIndia, Chist silsla was founded by Khwaja Moinudd:= Chishti (born 1142 AD). + He came to India around AD 1192 + Hemade Ajmer the main centre for his teachings. + He died in Ajmer in 1236, ‘The Mughals (1526-1540 and 1555-1857), EMPERORS OF MUGHAL DYNASTY ‘Ruling Period (| Name? 1526 - 1530 Zahiruddin Muhammad Babar 1530-1540 and Humayun 1555-1556 1356 - 1608 Akbar 1605-1627 Jahangir 1628 - 1658. Sh Jahan 1658-1707 Mohamamed Aurangzeb 1707 (Mar 14 - Apr 27) Quiib-ud-din A'zarn Sha 1707-1712 ‘Shah Alam Bahadur Shab i2-1713 Mohammad 1713-1719 Furrukhsiyar 1719 (Mar 1 - Jun 7) 1719 (Mar 30 - Aug 13) Rafi ul Darjat “Mohamamd Shah Nikusiyar 1719 (Jun 8 - Sep 6) ‘Mohammad Shah Jahan Sant 1719-1748) ‘Mohammad Shah 1720 (Oct 12 - Nov 19) ‘Mohammad Ibrahim 1748-1754 ‘Alimad Shah Bahadur 1754 un 3 - Nov 29) Alamgir 1759 (Dee 11 - Dee 25) Shah Jahan IHL 1759 - 1806 Shah Alam TL 1806 - 1837 ‘Mohammad Akbar Shah I 183721857 Bahadur Shah Zafa + The Mughul era began with the Babur’s victory over Ibrahim Lodi in the First Battle Of Panipat in 1526.” + Babur (AD 1526-30) Babur was the first, Mugh Emperor of India, He was from the princely family of mixed Mongol and Turkish blood. + He defeated Mewar ruler Rana Sanga in the Battle ‘Of Khanwa in 1527 and Medini Rai in the Battle of Chanderi (1528). + He died in 1530. + Babur wrote his biography Baburnama which is = known as Tuzk-e Babri. ‘Humayun (AD 1830-40 & 55-56) Humayun succeeded Babur at the young age 1530. + He was defeated in the Battle of Chausa (1539) anc Battle of Kanauj (1540) by Sher Shah Suri who became the ruler of Agra and Delhi. + The Humayun’s Tomb was built by his widow He; Begum in Delhi.Humayun's sister Gulbadan ‘Humayunnama. + He died in 1556. * The real name of Sher Shah was Farid, During the siege of the fort of Kalinjar one of the cannons accidentally went off killing him on 26th of May 1535, * He was buried in Sasaram (Bihar) + He built Purana Qila in Delhi + He constructed important roads: (Grand Trunk (G.T) road from Sunargaon to Peshawar, (ii) Agra to Multan Via Burhanpur and Delhi (ii), Multan to Lahore. (iv) Mandu to Agra Begum wrote Departments of central government Diwan-e-Vizarat : Financial matters. Diwan--Arz: Department of Military aff. Diwan-i- Rasalat : Religious and Foreign matters, Diwai Diwan mnsha : Royal orders. arid : Postal System. Diwan-i-Qaza : Chief Justice of the Empire + Balram Khan became the Wakil of the kingdom with the title of Khan-i-Khana. Akbar (AD 1556-1605) Akbar was crowned at Kalanaur at the age of 13 years in 1556. + Akbar reoccupied Delhi and Agra in the second battle of Panipat with Hemu, a general of Adil Shah in 1556. + Akbar’s armies had conquered Kashmir, Sindh, Orrisa, Central India and also conquered Gujarat (1572-1573) and Bengal (1574-1576). Akbar’s last campaign was against Asirgath, resulting in the annexation of Khandesh (1601). + He built the Buland Darwaza at Fatehpur Sikri. + Bhagwan Das and Maan Singh enjoyed a privileged position in the Mughal court. Akbar built many buildings like Agra Fort (1565), Lahore Palace (1572), Fatehpur Sikri, Buland Darwaza, and Allahabad Fort (1583). He died in 1605. Main Events During the reign of Akbar Year | Major Events : # 1562 __| Abolition of Slavery 1563 | Abolition of Pilgrimage Tax. 1564 | Abolition of Jaziya, 1575 | Toadatkhana was built in Fatehpur Sik 1578 | Parliament of Religions in Jbadatkhana. 1579 _| Proclamation of “Marhar? 1582___ | Proclamation of Tawhid-i-illahi, 1575-76 | Entire empire divided into 12 provinces (After “Dahsala system’ introduced by Todarmal “Mansabdari system’ introduced after victory over Gujarat, 1573-74 ‘Nine Jewels or Nav-Ratnas of Akbar Abdul Rahim — Hindi Scholar Abdul Fazal — Chief Advisor Birbal — Tansen ~ Singer ‘Todar Mal — Mullah Do Piaza ~ Advisor Wittiness Finance Minister Raja Man Singh ~ General (Senapati) Faizi—Poet Hamim Humam — Physi Jahangir (AD 1605-1627) The real name of Jahangir was Salim, + Jahangir married Mehr-tn-Nisa who assumed the title of ‘Nur Jahan’ (Light of the world) + Jahangir’s most irksome foe was the Rana of Mewar, Amar Singh who finally capitulated in 1613 AD to Khurram’s forces. + He conquered three Kingdoms - Mewar, Kangra and ‘Ahmadnagar in South India. + His wife Nur Jahan built Itimad-ud-Daula’s (another name of Mirza Ghiyas Beg) Marble tomb at Agra. + He built Moti Mahal in Lahore and his own Mausoleum at Shahdara (Lahore). + He crushed the rebellion of his own son Khusro and made him blind. + His son Khurram (Shah Jahan) rebelled against him at the end of his reign. Shah Jahan + Shah Jahan became emperor in 1627 and exhibited modemization as a ruler. + He faced revolts in the Deccan and Bundelkhand by Jujhar Singh, the son of Bir Singh Bundela, + He was married to the daughter of Asaf Khan named ‘Arjumand Bano Begum, also known as Mumtaz Mahal. + He built the Taj Mahal in Agra and the Jama Masjid (sand stone) in Delhi + Ustad Isa was the master architect under whose guidance the Taj Mahal was designed and constructed in Agra. + Hebuit the Red Fort and Tagt-4Taus (Peacock Throne) in Shahjahanabad, Auranzeb (AD 1658-1707) + Aurangzeb was also called as Zinda Pir (the living saint). + He had to face many problems such as problems of the Marathas in the Deccan, the Jats, and Satnamis andRajputs in north India, and that of Chip Khans and Sikh in the north-west. + His direct attention was concentrated on the affairs of north India but during 1681, the affairs of the South Central around the rise of the Marathas power under Shivaji. + The Mughul conquest reached a climax during his reign. + The second coronation of Aurangzeb took place when he defeated Dara (1659), + He forbade inscription of Kalma on the coins and banned ‘musiciin the court, + He ended Jarokha Darsha , celebration of Navroz but Saziya (tex on non-Muslims) was reintroduced by him. + Prince Azam Shah built Bibi Ka Makbara, which is the tomb of his mother Rabbia-ul-Daurani at Aurangabad (1651-1661 AD). + He died in 1707 AD. ‘Maratha State (1674-1818) + Shivaji was born at Shivner, Poona and died on April 3, 1680 in Rajgarh. + He was founder of the Maratha kingdom of India. + Shahji Bhonsle was the father and Jija Bai was the ‘mother of Shivaji + Shivaji inherited the Jagir of Poona from his father in 1637. + After the death of his guardian Dadaji Kondadev Shivaji took over full charge of his Jagir. + In 1659, Shivaji killed Afzal Khan who was deputed Adil Shah to suppress him. + Ashta Pradhan Mandal was the C: Ministers in the court of Shivaji. + Ashta Pradhan- Peshwa (Prime Minister), Muzum (Finance Minister), Sumnis (Minister for Land Revenue ‘Vaknis (Minister for Internal and External Intelligence inet of Bigh Dabir (Minster for External Affairs), Sarnaubs (Commander-in-Chief), Nyayadhish (Chief Justice). Sikh Gurus : + Nanak (1469-1539) founded Sikh religion. + Angad (1538-52) invented Gurmukhi. + Amardas (1552-74) struggled against sati system az purdah system and established 22 Gadiyans to propag: religion. + Ramdas (1574-81) founded Amritsar in 1577. Akb: granted the land, + Arjun (1581-1606) founded Swarn Mandir (Golde= Temple) and composed Adi Granth, + Hargobind Singh (1606-45) established Akal Takht and fortified Amritsar. + Har Rai (1645-66) + Harkishan (1661-64) + Tegh Bahadur (1664-75) + Gobind Singh (1675-1708) was the last Guru we: founded the Khalsa. After him Sikh guruship ended MODERN INDIA la Portuguese * On 17th May 1498, Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese navigator, came to Calicut + He found new trade route from Europe to Asia via Cape of Good Hope. + He became the first European to re-establish trade relations with India, + He was welcomed with honour by the Zamorin of Calicut. + He returned back to Portugal in AD 1499. + His second visit in 1502 established Portuguese Trading Centres at Calicut, Cannanore and Cochin. + Cochin was the first capital of the Portuguese in India which was shifted to Goa later on. Dutch + Dutch arrived in India as a beginning of Portuguese decline in 1605. * The Dutch East India company of Netherlands was formed in 1592 to trade with East Indies. + Comelis Houtman was the first Dutch who came to India. + The Dutch established trading centres at Nagapatnam in ‘Tamil Nadu; Machlipatnam in Andhra Pradesh, Chinsora in Bengal & at Mahe on the Malabar coast. IVAL OF EUROPEANS IN INDIA + Their headquarter in India was at Nagapatnam. + They could not compete with Portuguese & English and so left India French + In AD 1664 French came to India as a last Europesn ‘Community. + The French East India Company was founded by Je: Baptiste Colbert + In 1667, the first French Factory was established at Surat + The second Factory was established at Masulipatnam ix 1669. + Franco Martin was the well-known French Viceroy is India. + Joseph-Francois Duplex was the most powerful Frenc Governor, appointed in 1742. + The Anglo-French rivalry can be acknowledged by the three Camatic wars fought between French & Englist during 1745 & 1763. Danes + In 1616 the Danes came to India, + They established at Tranquebar (Tamil Nadu) in 162¢ and Serampore (Bengal) in 1676. + They made Serampore as their headquarters. + In 1854 they were pressured to sell their establishment to the British,EAST INDIA COMPANY Company rule in India effectively began in 1757 after the Battle of Plassey. In the Battle of Plassey, Nawab of Bengal surrendered hii dominions to the Company. Company was granted the diwani, or the right to collect, revenue, in Bengal and Bihar in 1765 When the Company established a capital in Calcutta, ‘Warren Hastings was appointed the first Governor General Company’s rule lasted until 1858 after Indian rebellion of 1857 Siraj-ud-Daula was the last independent Nawab of Bengal who succeeded Alivardi Khan to the throne. ‘The end of his reign marks the end of the independent tule in India and beginning of the company’s rule that continued unabated over the next two hundred years. Mir Jafar Ali Khan Bahadur, commonly known as Mir Jafar, (c.1691—February 5, 1765) was the first Nawab of Bengal under Company rile in India. After Siraj decline Mir Jafar was installed as the Nawab in 1757 by the British East India Company. Mir Qasim ( May 8, 1777) was the Nawab of Bengal from 1760 to 1763. The Battle of Buxar was fought on 23 October, 1764 between East India Company led by Hector Munfo and the combined army of Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal: the Nawab of Awadh and the Mughal King Shah Alam If RULE OF THE BRITISH GOVERNORS AND GOVERNOR GENERALS Lord Clive ~ After the victory of the English in Buxar, Clive was appointed the governor and commander-in-chief of the English possessions in Bengal. He settled relations with Oudh by the Treaty of Allahabad in 1765 Warren Hastings He was appointed the Governor of Bengal in 1772. To bring forth a reform in the affairs of revenue Warren Hastings introduced a five year settlement of land revenue in 1772, In 1773 the Regulating Act was passed which provided for the setting up of a supreme court to try all British subjects, Wairen Hasting faced an uphill task in dealing with the Indian rulers. He faced stiff resistance from the Marathas in the North and Hyder Ali in the South Lord Cornwalis The court of Directors sent Cornwallis in 1786 to carry out the policy of peace outlined in Pitts in India Act to reorganise the administrative set up of the country. This Permanent Settlement was introduced by Cornwallis, Other incidents: Treaty of Seringapatam (1792), third Anglo-Mysore War - defeat of Tipu Sultan (1790-92) Six John Shore “= John Shore succeeded Corvallis and followed a policy of -intervention in the affairs of the native states, Lo: xd Wellesley He is considered to be one of the most brilliant Governor Generals of Bengal. He introduced the Subsidiary Alliance system to undo ith the French influence and bring the Indian states within the purview of the British power of Jurisdiction, On 3rd July 1805, Lord Cornwallis came back as the Governor General for the second time. He died on Sth Oct. 1805, George Barlow (1805-1807) was followed by Lord Minto who was the president of the Board of Control before he became the governor general of the Company. Lord Minto-I (1807-13) was followed by Lord Hastings who governed from 1813 to 1823, His rule is famous for a treaty with Shah of Persia and ‘Treaty of Amritsar (1809) with Ranjit Singh. Marquess of Hastings (1813-1823)- He was the first to appoint Indians to the highest posts of responsibility. The first vernacular newspaper Samachar Patrika published uring his time. Lord Amherst (1823-1828)- His reign is known for the first Anglo Burmese War (1824-26) and mutiny of Barrackpur (1824). Lord William Bentinck (1828-35)~ English accepted as. the medium of instruction after the famous Macaulay's recommendation; Medical colleges at Calcutta in 1835; Charter Act of 1833 was passed and he was made the first Governor General of India; Abolition of sati in 1829 Sir Charles Metcalfe (1835-36)- He removed the restriction on the vernacular press. Lord Auckland (1836-42) Important events of his regime included the outbreak of first Afghan war and the signing of a Tripartite Treaty among the English, Ranjit ‘Singh and Shah Shuja of Afghanistan, Lord Ellenborough (1842-44)- His period is known for the end of the first Afghan war, annexation of Sindh to the British Empire (1843). Lord Hardinge (1844-48)- The most important event of his tenure is the First Sikh War (1845-1846), Lord Dalhousie (1848-56)— Doctrine of Lapse, The Second Burmese war, The Second Anglo Sikh War, Shimla made the summer capital, First railway line was laid from Bombay to Thane, in 1853. Lord Canning (1856-58) - Annexation of Avadh, enactment of Hindu Widow Remarriage Bill, 1857, establishment of universities at Calcutta, Madras. and Bombay, revolt of 1857. Following the Queen's recommendation in 1858, transferring the Government from the company to the British Crown, Lord Canning was made the first Viceroy of India Lord Elgin Ist (1862) - Suppression of the Wahabi tribe, Lord John Lawrence (1864-69) Two famines hit India; first in 1800 in Orisa and second in 1868-69 in Bundelkhand and Rajputana, ‘A Famine Commission was set up under the chairmanship of Sir Henry Campbell. Lord Mayo (1869-72)- Organised first census which was held in 1871 and started the process of financial decentralisation in India. Established the Department of Agriculture and commerce.Lord Northbrook (1872-76) The Kuka movement; visit of Prince of Wales, famine in Bihar and Bengal in 1873-1874. Lord Lytton (1876-80) The Delhi Durbar, January 1, 1877 and the Vernacular Press Act, 1878. Lord Ripon (1880-84)- First factory Act of 1881. Local Self - Government was introduced in 1882. Repeal of Vernacular Press act. + Lord Dufferin (1884-88)- Third Anglo Burmese war, Establishment of Indian national congress in 1885. + Lord Lansdowne (1888-94)- Factory Act of 1891 granted weekly holiday and stipulated working hours for women and children, + Civil services were divided into imperial, Provincial and Subordinate Services. Indian Councils Act of 1892. + The Durand Commission defined the Durand Line between British India and Afghanistan (now between Pakistan and Afghanistan) in 1893. + Lord Elgin If (1894-99)— Southern uprisings of 1899. Great famine of 1896-1897 and Lyall Commission on. famine was established. + Lord Curzon (1899-1905) - Famine Commission, Agriculture Research Institute at Pusa, Partition of Bengal in 1905. + Lord Minto II (1905-10) Minto-Morley Reforms in 1909, Swadeshi movement (1905-08), foundation of Muslim League (1906), Surat session and split in the congress (1907). + Lord Hardinge H (1910-16)- In the honour of King George V and Queen Mary of England, Coronation Darbar was held at Delhi. * Capital of country was announced to be shifted from Calcutta to Delhi + The First World War broke out in 1914. + Lord Chelmsford (1916-21) Government of India Act 1919 (Montague-Chelmsford Reforms), enactment of Rowlatt Act (1919), Jallianwala Bagh Traged y (1919), beginning of the Non-co-operation Movement. Lord Reading (1921-26) — Repeal of Rowalatt Act, Chauri-Chaura incident; Moplah Rebellion (1921) took place Kakori Train Robbery; Communal Riots of 1923-25 in Multan, Amritsar, Delhi, etc. + Lord Irwin (1926-31) Appointment of Simon Commission in 1928. Gandhi-Inwin Pact in 1931; First Round Table Conference (1930). Lord Willington (1931-36) The Second Round Table Conference 1931, The communal award, 1932, the Poona pact, Third Round Table Conference, 1932. + Lord Linlithgow (1936-43) - Beginning of the Second World War. Arrival of the Cripps Mission. Beginning of the Quit India Movement. + Lord Wavell (1944-47)- Wavell Plan and Shimla Conference, Cabinet Mission (Lawrence, Cripps and Alexander), Direct Action Day” on August 16, 1946, Attlee’s Declaration, + Lord Mountbatten, (March 1947-June 1948) Last Viceroy of British India and first-Govemor general of free India, Partition of India in third week of June, 1947; Indian Independence Act, Partition of the count= between two independent states of India and Pakiste= He was succeeded by C. Rajagopalachari. THE REVOLT OF 1857 Political Causes: The policy of Doctrine of Lapse. Nana Sahib was refsed pension, as he was the ado; son of Peshwa Baji Rao I. Rani Laxmi Bai’s adopted son was not recognized by © East India Company as the heir to Jhansi. Bahadur Shah's successor was denied the right to live = the Red Fort Economic Heavy taxation, evict discriminat: policy against Indian produc’ destruction of traditional handicrafts. ‘Military Discrimination: Discri-mination between Indian and the British soldiers, Religious Discrimination: The introduction of En! rifle, the cartridge of which was greased with animal provided the spark, On March 29, 1857, a soldier named Mangal Pande attacked and fired at his senior at Barrackpur in Ben (in 19th and 34th Native infantry). Mutiny spread throughout UP along with some parts of the country. p ‘Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah II was proclaimed Emperor of India. Causes of Failure of the Revolt Lack of plannis organization and leadership. ‘Some Indians supported the British in suppressing « revolt as Seindia of Gwalior, the Holkar of Indore, ‘Nizam of Hyderabad, the Raja of Jodhpur, the Nawad Bhopal, the rules of Patiala, Sindh and Kashmir and © Rana of Nepal. The revolt was mainly feudal in character carrying it some nationalist elements. The control of Indian administration was passed on the British crown by the Government of India Act, | After the revolt, the British pursued the policy of Divide and Rule. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL REFORMS Raja Rammohan Roy established the Brahmo Sam= at Calcutta in 1828 in order to purify Hinduism and « preach monotheism, He established the Atmiya Sabha in 1815. Raja Rammoban Roy is most remembered for helping Lord William Bentinck to declare the practice of Sati = punishable offence in 1829. Henry Vivian Derozio was the founder of the Young Bengal Movement. The Arya Samaj was founded — by ‘Swami Dayanand Saraswati at Bombay in 1875. He believed the Vedas were the source of true knowledge His motto was “Back to the Vedas”. ‘He was against idol worship, child marriage and caste system based on birth, The first Dayanand Anglo-Vedic (DAV) School was founded in 1886 at Lahore. ‘The Prarthana Samaj was founded in 1867 in Bombay by Dr ‘Atmaram Pandurang.‘The original name of Swami Vivekananda was Narendranath Dutta (1863-1902) He was famous Paramahamsa. ‘Swami Vivekananda participated at the Parliament of Religions held in Chicago (USA) in September 1893 and raised the prestige of India and Hinduism very high. ‘The Theosophical Society was founded in New York (USA) in 1875 by Madam H.P. Blavatsky, a Russian lady, and Henry Stee! Olcott, an American colonel. Pandit Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar Bethune to establish the Bethune School Jyotiba Phule founded the Satyashodak Samaj In 1873 The Aligarh Movement was started by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-98) for the social and educational advancement of the Muslims in India. Baba Dayal Das founded the Nirankari Movement. ‘The Namdhari Movement was founded by Baba Ram Singh. THE FREEDOM STRUGGLE The Indian National Congress was founded on 28 December 1885 by Allan Octavian Hume. The first meeting was scheduled to be held in Pune but due to a plague outbreak there, the meeting was later shifted to Bombay. Womesh Chandra (WC.) Bonnerjee was the first President of the INC. The first session of the INC was held from 28-31 December 1885, and was attended by 72 delegates. The decision to effect the Partition of Bengal was announced in July 1905 by the Viceroy of India Lord Curzon. The partition took place in 16 October 1905 and separated the largely Muslim eastem areas from the largely Hindu ‘western areas Bengal was reunited in 1911 ‘Surat Split is mainly known for separation of Congress partymen into moderates and extremists at the Surat session of Congress in 26 December 1907. The extremists were led by Lokmanya Tilak, Lajpat Rai and Bipin Chandra Pal, and the Moderates were led by Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Pheroze Shah Mehta and Surendranath Banerjee. ‘The divided Congress re-united in the crucial Lucknow session of Congress in 1916 The Indian Couneils Act 1909, commonly known as the Morley-Minto Reforms, was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that brought about a limited increase in the involvement of Indians in the governance of British India The act was formulated by John Morley, secretary of state for India (1905-10). Lord Minto was the Viceroy of India (1905-10). The Act amended the Indian Councils Acts of 1861 and 1892. ‘The Swadeshi movement started with the partition of, Bengal by the Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon, 1905. It was the most successful of the pre-Gandhian movements. Its chief architects were Aurobindo Ghosh, disciple of Shri Ram-krishna helped J.D. Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai, V. O. Chidambaram Pillai, Babu Genu. The All-India Muslim League was founded on 30 December 1906. The founding president of Ghadar Party was Sohan Singh Bhakna and Lala Hardayal was the co-founder of this party. ‘The members of this party were the immigrant Sikhs of US and Canada, In 1914, after the Komagata Maru tragedy, Lala Hardayal fled to Europe following an arrest by the United States government for spreading anarchist literature. In 1916, two Home Rule Movements were launched in the country: one under the leadership of Bal Gangadhar Tilak and the other under Annie Besant. The objectives of the Home Rule League were: Establishment of self-government for India in British Empire. Lucknow Pact, (December 1916), agreement made by the Indian National Congress headed by Maratha leader Bal Gangadhar Tilak and the All-India Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, The pact dealt both with the structure of the government of India and with the relation of the Hindu and Muslim communities. August Declaration (1917) ‘After the Lucknow Pact, the British policy was announced Which aimed at “increasing association of Indians in every branch of the administration for progressive realisation of responsible government in India as an integral part of the British empire”. This came to be called the August ‘The Montague-Chelmsford reforms or the Act of 1919 was based on this declaration ‘The Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act, 1919 popularly known as the Rowlatt Act. ‘The Rowlatt Act was passed by the Imperial Legislative Council in Dethi on March 21, 1919. This act effectively authorized the government to imprison any person suspected of terrorism li the Raj for up to two years without a trial, and gave the imperial authorities power to deal with all revolutionary activities. Two leaders of the Congress, Dr. Satya Pal and Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew, were arrested and taken to an unknown place. On April 13, 1919 people from neighbouring villages gathered for Baisakhi Day celebrations in Amritsar, which led to the infamous Jallianwala Bagh ma: of 1919. On the orders of Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer, the army fired on the crowd for ten minutes. On 13 March 1940, at Caxton Hall in London, Udham Singh killed Michael O’ Dwyer. Khilafat movement force that arose in India in the early 20th century as a result of Muslim fears for the integrity of Islam. These fears were aroused by Italian (1911) and Balkan (1912-13) attacks on Turkey—whose sultan, as Caliph, was the religious head of the worldwide Muslim community—and by Turkish defeats in World War. ‘A campaign in defence of the caliph was launched, led inIndia by the brothers Shaukat and Muhammad Ali and by Abul Kalam Azad. The non-co-operation movement was led by Mahatma Gandhi. After the Jallianwala Bagh incident, Gandhi started the Non-Cooperation Movement. Protestors would refuse to buy British goods, adopt the use of local handicrafts, picket liquor shops. On February 5, 1922, in the Chauri Chaura the police chowki was set on fire by the mob, killing 22 of the police occupants. ‘The non-cooperation movement was withdrawn because of the Chauri Chaura incident. ‘Swaraj Party, Indian political party established in late 1922-carly 1923 by members of the Indian National Congress (Congress Party), notably Motilal Nehru, one of the most prominent lawyers in northern India (and the father of political leader Jawaharlal Nehru), and Chittaranjan Das, a nationalist politician from Bengal. ‘Simon Commission was appointed in November 1927 to report on the Working of the Indian Constitution established by the Government of India Act of 1919. The Commission consisted of seven members; Sir John Simon, and Clement Attlee were Joint chairman. On February 3, 1928, the Simon Commission was confronted by throngs of protesters. ‘The Lahore protest was led by Indian nationalist Lala Lajpat Rai, was severely beaten by local police. He died on November 17, 1928. ‘The Nehru Report in August 1928 was a memorandum outlining a proposed new dominion status constitution for India It was prepared by a committee of the All Parties Conference chaired by Motilal’ Nehru with his son Jawaharlal acting as secretary. The Dandi Mareh, also known as the Salt Satyagraha, began on 12 March 1930 and was an important part of the Indian independence movement. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (commonly known as Mahatma Gandhi) led the Dandi March from his base, Sabarmati Ashram to the coastal village of Dandi Gandhi broke the salt laws at 6:30 am on 6 April 1930. The three Round Table Conferences of 1930-32 were a series of conferences organized by the British Government to discuss constitutional reforms in Round Table Conference (November 1930 ~ January 193). + Second Round Table Conference (September — December 1931) + Third Round Table Conference (November ~ December 1932) The Round Table Conference was opened officially by Lord Irwin on November 12, 1930 at London and chaired by the British Prime Minister, Ramsay MacDonald, ‘The second session opened on September 7, 1931. Mahatma Gandhi attended the second session. In the third Conference only forty six delegates attended since most of the main political figures of India were not present, The Gandhi-trwin Pact was a political agreement signed by Mahatma Gandhi and the then Viceroy of India, Lord Irwin on 5 March 1931 twas signed before the Second Round Table Conference in London. The British Government agreed to withdraw all ‘ordinances and end prosecutions and release all political prisoners, ‘The Communal Award was made by the British Prime Minister Ramsay Macdonald on 16 August 1932. According to it, separate representation was to be provided for the Forward Caste, Lower Caste, Muslims, Buddhists, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians, Europeans and Dalits. The Poona Pact refers to an agreement between Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi signed on 24 September 1932 at Yerwada Central Jail in Pune (now in Maharashtra), India, ‘The concept of separate electorates for the Untouchables was raised by Dr. Ambedkar. ‘The British govemment agreed with Ambedkar’s contention, and British Prime Minister Ramsay. MacDonald's Communal ‘Award to the depressed classes was to be incorporated into the Constitution in the governance of British India Gandhi strongly opposed the Communal Award on the ‘grounds that it would disintegrate Hindu society. He began an indefinite hunger strike at Yerwada Central Jail. A compromise was reached on September 24, 1932 between Gandhiji and Ambedkar. In March 1940, Congress passed a resolution offering the British Government support in war, if a provisional National Government is set up at Centre. ‘The Congress did not approve the August Offer, ‘The name “Pakistan” had been proposed by Choudhary Rahmat Ali in his Pakistan Declaration, In 1940 at the Lahore Session of the Muslim League, the ‘demand for a separate state of Pakistan was made. It was based on the two-nation theory. Abul Kalam Azad opposed the demand for a separate state and fought against communal tendencies and for the freeciom of the Indian people. ‘The Cripps Mission was an attempt in late March 1942 by the British government to secure full Indian cooperation and support for their efforts in World Wer I. ‘The Mission was headed by Sir Stafford Cripps. Cripps promised to give dominion status after the war as, well as elections to be held after the war. Both the major parties, the Congress and the League rejected his proposals and the Mission proved a failure. Quit India Movement was a civil disobedience movement launched in India on 8 August 1942 by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Gandhiji gave the slogan “Do or Die” One of the greatest achievements of the Quit India ‘Movement was that it kept the Congress Party united all through these challenging times. ‘The movement was crushed by the British Government. The Indian National Army was an armed force formed by Indian nationalists in 1942 in Southeast Asia during World War IlThe aim of the army was to secure Indian independence with Japanese assistance. Initially INA was formed in 1942. It was revived under the leadership of Subhas Chandra Bose in 1943. ‘The Rani of Jhansi Regiment was under Lakshmi Sahgal, comprised female volunteers from Malaya and Burma, Cabinet Mission was composed of three Cabinet Ministers of England: Sir Pethick Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps, and Alexander. ‘The Mission arrived on March 24, 1946. The objective of this Mission was to devise a machinery to draw up the Constitution of Independent India, ‘Muslim League rejected the idea ofthe Interim Government. On July 27, the Muslim League Council met at Bombay where Jinnah reiterated the demand for Pakistan. On July 29, it rejected the plan and called the Muslims {o resort to “Direct Action” to achieve the land of their dream “Pakistan”. August 16, 1946 was fixed as “Direct Action Day” + The Interim Government of India formed on 2 September 1946 from the newly elected Constituent Assembly of India. + Itexisted till 15 August 1947. + Anidea fora Constituent Assembly of India was proposed in 1934 by M.N. Roy. ‘The Constituent Assembly, consisting of indirectly elected representatives, was established to draft a Constitution for India (including the now-separate countries of Pakistan and Bangladesh). + The Assembly met for the first time in New Delhi on 9 Decembzr 1946. + Sachchidananda Sinha was the first president (temporary chairman) of the Constituent Assembly. + Rajendra Prasad was the first and permanent president of the Constituent Assembl Important Dates 9 December 1946 : The first meeting ofthe Constituent Assembly 11 December 1946 : Rajendta Prasad and H. C. Mukherjee were elected as assembly President and Viee-President. 22 July 1947 : National flag adopt. 24 Jamuary 1950 : “Jana Gana Mane” adopied as the national an- them, Rajendra Prasad elected the fist president of India + Principal Committees and Chairs Committee on the Rules of Procedure: Rajendra Prasad + Drafting Committee: B.R. Ambedkar + Steering ‘Committee: Rajendra Prasad Finance and Staff Committee: Rajendra Prasad Credential Committee: Alladi Krishnaswami Aiyyar House Committee: B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya , Ad Hoe Committee on National Flag: Rajendra Prasad States Committee: Jawaharlal Nehru Union Powers Committee: Jawaharlal Nehru Union Constitution Committee: Jawaharlal Nehru + The Assembly completed the task of drafting a Constitution in two years, eleven months and eighteen days. + The Indian Independence Act 1947 was also called 3 June Plan or Mountbatten Plan + ‘The Mountbatten Plan declared that power would be handed over by 15 August 1947 on the basis of dominion status to India and Pakistan + 15 August 1947 was declared as the appointed date for the partition of India and Pakistan, + The Act received the royal assent on 18 July 1947, and Pakistan came into being on August 14, and India on August 15, as two new countries. + The boundaries between the two dominion states were to be determined by a Boundary Commission which was headed by Sir Cyril Radcliff. + The authority of the British Crown over the princely states ceased and they were free to join either India or Pakistan or remain independent. + Pakistan was to comprise the West Punjab, East Bengal, Territories of the Sind, North West frontier provinces, Syllhat divisions of Assam, Bhawalpur, khairpur, Baluchistan and 8 other princely states of Baluchistan, + The Constituent Assemblies of both the states were free to make constitutions of their respective countries. + Jawaharlal Nehru became the Prime Minister of India and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel became the Home Minister, + Muhammad Ali Jinnah became the Governor-General of Pakistan, and Liaquat Ali Khan became the Prime Minister of Pakistan. Newspapers and Journals {Newspaper/ Journal Name Founder |\Bengal Gazette (1780) (In- James Augustus Hickey. dia’s First Newspaper) | Kesari B.G Tilak | Amrita Bazar Patrika Sisit Kumar Ghosh and Mo- | tilal Ghosh. ‘Vande Mataram Aurobindo Ghosh Kavivachan Sudha Bhartendu Harishchandra Rast Goftar(first_ newspaper Dadabhai Naoroji in Gujarati) Statesman, Robert Knight Hindu Vir Raghavacharya and GS Aiyar Yugantar Bhupendranath Data and Bar- inde Kumar Ghosh Bombay Chronicle Firoze Shah Mehta | Hindustan M.M. Malviya Mooknayak BR. Ambedkar | Comrade ‘Mohammad Ali Tahzib-ul-Akhlaq, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan AL-Hilal Abul Kalam Azad Al-Balagh Abul Kalam Azad Independent Motilal Nehru Punjabi Lala Lajpat Rai New India(Daily) Annie Besant Pratap Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Samvad Kaumudi (Bengali) Ram Mohan Roy Mirat-ul-AKbhar Ram Mohan Roy(first Persian Newspaper) Young Indi M.K Ghandhi Herijan M.K Ghandhi Hindustan Times K. PannikarWORLD HISTOR’ WORLD HISTORY Ancient © Mesopotamian Civilization (5000-900 BC) ‘© Exyption Civilization (500-30 BC) © Greek Civilization (776-388 BC) © Roman Civilization (753 BC-476 AD) Modern Renaissance © African Civilization Reformation. © Arab Civilization Glorious Revolution © Chinese Civilization Industrial Revolution American Revolution French Revolution Russian Revolution 0000000 WORLD ANCIENT HISTORY Seven wonders of Ancient World [1200-1250 aD | 1. Hanging garden of Babylon der, emphasizing austerity and compassion Rebellion against the king by the Lords of | 2. Pyramids of Egypt England as he signed the Magna Carta, ac- 3. The Pharaoh at Alexandria copting to rule socording to lew. ay (Situgot Zeus ot Olymmia 1250-1300 AD | Establishment of the Habsburg dynasty | 5. Colossus at Rhodes-912 ft. statue of Helos, the sun god, that continued to rule Austria tll 1918 stands at one side of the harbour ——--1=* SS 5. Temple of Diana at Epheus (Rome) nirican Civilization 7. Mausoleum of Mausolus (Ruler of Halicamnassus) 7 hpe rea eee eee : a a =i TRSDAD, (Ghana Empire was created (| WORLD MEDIEVAL HISTORY 11050-1100AD Expansion of Almoravid Kingdom from) [Ghana to southern Spain Medieval Europe Civilization T100-1150AD {Emergence of Zimbabwe as a centre for pro- lducing gold and copper artifacts and long | TimePeriod "| Events distance trade. 500-600AD [+ A monastery was builtin Italy. 7200-1250 AD Christian churches established im Ethiopia + Christianity was introduced in England. [Kingdom of Mali was established in West Af- + The foundation stone of Roman Catholic rica, with Timbuktu as a centre of learning Church was laid by Gregory the Great. | [1375AD |Gao rebelled against and Songhai started to 650-700AD _| History of the English Church and People lexpand its realm ‘was written by Bede T465AD —|Songhai conquered Mema and after three aoa ei years seized Timbaktu | nn ce Franks, Was | 585-57 AD Songahi was attacked by Moroscan frees wid ee firearms and they kept on conquering Tondibi, $50-900AD | First Russian states founded at Kiev and [Timbuktu and Gao one after the other | Novi eres, Krab Civilization 900-950AD _| Viking raids across Westem Europe Bani [oe a vei ce eer 1000-1050 | Medical school set up in Salemo, Italy| [571AD The great Prophet of Islam, was born in Mecca | (1030) |With the rise of new religion Islam, the Arab 1050-1100 AD |» William of Ne vided civilization started expanding ts realm citecenas i invaded England | es7ap ‘After the death of Mohammad his successors 1 Fine Gpuieds wer pioichaiaaa [continued to spread his teachings and were 2 lknown as Caliphs or Khalifas 1150-1200 AD | Construction ofthe cathedral of Notre Dame | {T3th Century |The Islamic Empire came to an end wit the fo eae lAD Idefeat of Abbasids by Seljuq Turksees in Arab Civilization Hazrat Prophet Muhammad Saheb founded the Islam as areligion, + He was born on Monday, April 22nd, 571 A.D. (12th Rabi Al Awwal) in Mecca. His father was Abdulsah & mother was Aminah, His father died in Madina before Muhammad was born His grand father was Abdul Mullahib. He was suckled by Haleema (Dai). His mother died when he was 6 year and grandfather died 2 years later. + His uncle — Abu Talib took cave of him. + Khadijah (a rich widow lady) of age 40 years married Muhammad (25 yrs). + Hijri Era started on 24th September 622 when he migrated to Medina + He attained enlightment, ie. the first revelation came to him on Monday, August 10th, 610 AD (21stof Ramadan) at 40 years of age at Gaare-Hira (Hira cave). + First persons who embraced Islam were-Khadija (wife), Zaid (slave), Ali (cousin), & Abu Bakr (friend). + Prophet Muhammad died on Monday, 8th June, 623 AD and was buried at Medhina + Islam divided into shia and sunni cults after his death. + His successars were called Khalifa + Eid-milad-un-Nabi is celebrated as his birthday of the prophet. Christianity It was founded by Jesus Christ (ic. Merriah). + Hewas born on 25* December to Mother Mary (Marium) in Bethlehem (Nr. Jerusalam) + Bible is the holy book of Christians. + His crucifixion (hanging) on cross was happened in about AD 33. * So, sign of ‘cross’ is Christians holy symbol. Zoroastrianism (Parsi) + Prophet Zoroaster founded the Parsi religion. + The holy book of Parsi is Avesta. + Parsis believe in one God-Ahur. Medieval China From the early 7th century, China was ruled by the Tang dynasty, + The rule of Tang dynasty (618 AD — 906 AD) was followed by the Sung dynasty for about 300 years. + After this, for about 100 years China was ruled by the Mongols. + The rule of the Mongols in China was followed by that of Ming dynasty which continued for about 300 years. + In 1644, China was conquered by the Manchus who * continued to rule until 1911 AD. Contributions of Medieval China + To prevent drain on the country’s wealth the Sung rulers started the use of paper-money. + Theinventionof gun-powderwasmadein China nthe 10th century about 400 years before the knowledge reached the western world, + The Chinese-made iron-chain suspension bridges as early as the 10th century. + The Chinese devised the first method of printing in 10th century. The importance of this invention for the spread of knowledge was as great as the invention of paper. WORLD’ MODERN HISTORY” Renaissance + The European era between 14th to 17th centuries AD was designated as the Age of Renaissance generally known for “Revival of Learning”, The Florence city of Italian region Tuscany was weil known as the birth place of Renaissance. + Itis said to have began from the capture of Constantinople {at present Istanbul) by the Turk in 1453 and the dispersal of the scholars throughout Europe, who sought asylum in Italy. Great Litterateurs of Renaissance Italian [Dante (‘Divine Comedy’), Petrareh (founder of [Humanism & known as the ‘father of Human- ism), Boceacio (‘Decameron’), Machiavelli \(The prince’) |Spanish [Cervantes (‘Don Quixote’). Portuguese [Cameos (‘The " wsiad’). "Erasmus (‘Inthe praise of Folly’) (Claucer (‘Canterbury Tales’), Spenser (“The | Faerie Queen’), Bacon (‘The Advancement of | Learning’), Shakespeare (‘Romeo & Juliet | “The Merchant of Venice’, “As You Like I’ | “Julieus Caesar’, ‘Hamlet’, Macbeth), Thomas More (‘Utopia’). Reformation: It was a social movement, started by Martin Luther in Wittenburg, Germany in 1517 by publically protesting against the sale of letters of Indulgence (as passport to heaven). + Ttwas against Roman Catholic Church. + Asaresult Westem Europe was divided between Catholic & Protestant countries. + Other leader was Caloin of Switzerland, So the movement was a challenge to the authority of Pope. + Glorious Revolution: It was glorious because of Bloodless Revolution focussed on securing freedom of worship from Catholies and unifying whigs and Tories of Anglican church against the Roman Catholic ruler James-I + Industrial Revolution: It was the process of change in earning livelihood by adopting industrial processes rather than agriculture in 18% century in Britain, Tt was due to technological inventions, egs. Spinning Jenny, power loom, etc. + American Revolution; It was the mutiny of people leaving in 13 colonies of England in North America in late 18th century,French Revolution + Itput an end to French monarchy. + Ittstarted in 1789 and ended in 1799. * It was carried out by Napoleon in later expansion of French Empire. World Wars- I & I a Russian Revolution + It was based on the Marxism ideology. + It took place in 1917. Asa result of this revolution Soviet Union was created. a] [ ‘War | Countries Duration | Causes Consequences a 1 | Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, | 28-07-1914 to | 1. Murder of Austrian King A. | 1. End of German, Russian, Otto- Turkey (i.e Central powers) Vs. France, | 11-11-1918 | Ferdin and man, etc. empires Russia, Britain, US, Italy (ic, Allies or | 2. Militarism ... 2. Formation of league of Nation Entente Powers) = | Britain, France, USSR, US, (i.e. Allies or | 01-09-1939 to Entente Powers) vs. Germany, Italy & | 02-09-1945 | Poland 2. Fall of Japanese & Italian Empires | Japan (i.e. Axis or Central Powers) | 2. Treaty of Versailles (1919)