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States of Matter

The document discusses the general energy balance in thermodynamics, presenting both differential and difference forms of energy equations. It explains concepts such as heat transfer at constant volume and pressure, and the relationship between heat capacity and temperature change without phase change. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of reference states for calculating thermodynamic properties like enthalpy and internal energy.

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2 views11 pages

States of Matter

The document discusses the general energy balance in thermodynamics, presenting both differential and difference forms of energy equations. It explains concepts such as heat transfer at constant volume and pressure, and the relationship between heat capacity and temperature change without phase change. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of reference states for calculating thermodynamic properties like enthalpy and internal energy.

Uploaded by

prince.harsha.ph007
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHE 220 – January 28, 2025

Our greatest weakness lies in giving up. The


most certain way to succeed is always to try
just one more time.

- Thomas Edison
General Energy Balance – differential form
𝑣!
𝑑(𝑈 + 𝑀( 2 + 𝑔ℎ))"#" 𝑣!
= - 𝑚̇$ 𝐻 0 + + 𝑔ℎ + 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇
𝑑𝑡 2
General Energy Balance – difference form
𝑣! 𝑚𝑣 !
∆(𝑈 + 𝑀( + 𝑔ℎ))"#" = -(𝐻 + + 𝑚𝑔ℎ)$ + 𝑄 + 𝑊
2 2
final – initial (from mass flow across
states for system system boundaries)

Sign convention: positive if entering system, negative if leaving


If system is at steady state: left-hand side = 0 (no accumulation)
If system is closed: first term on right-hand side = 0
(no flow across system boundaries)
If system is adiabatic: Q = 0 (no heat crosses system boundaries)
Energy balances for heating and cooling
Heat at constant Volume vs. constant Pressure
What will happen to each
If V is constant, piston as we add heat?
what changes as If P is constant, what
we add heat? changes as we add heat?

Which approach to increasing T by 100 C will take more heat (Q)?


System: fluid in cylinder – constant P case
𝑣! 𝑚𝑣 !
Energy Balance: ∆(𝑈 + 𝑀( + 𝑔ℎ))"#" = -(𝐻 + + 𝑚𝑔ℎ)$ + 𝑄 + 𝑊
2 2
∆(𝑈)!"! = 𝑄 + 𝑊
𝑈# − 𝑈$ = 𝑄 + 𝑊 𝑊 = − ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑉 = −𝑃(𝑉! −𝑉% )
𝑈# − 𝑈$ = 𝑄 − 𝑃(𝑉# −𝑉$ ) H = U + PV
𝐻# − 𝐻$ = 𝑄 constant P case for constant V case
∆(𝑈)!"! = 𝑄
𝑈# − 𝑈$ = 𝑄
Let’s say fluid is saturated steam at 200 ºC

State 1
T, °C 200
P, bar
2 kJ/kg
𝐻,
2 kJ/kg
𝑈,
3 m3/kg
𝑉,
compressed
liquid

(P > Psat at
system T) Superheated steam
(T > Tsat at system P)

Vapor pressure curve


saturated liquid and
saturated vapor

P-T diagram for water


State 1
T, °C 200
P, bar 15.549
2 kJ/kg
𝐻,
2 kJ/kg
𝑈,
3 m3/kg
𝑉,
Con V
State 1 State 2
T, °C 200 300
P, bar 15.549
2 kJ/kg
𝐻, 2792.0
2 kJ/kg
𝑈, 2594.2
3 m3/kg
𝑉, 0.12721 0.12721
Con V Con P
State 1 State 2 State 2
T, °C 200 300 300
P, bar 15.549 19.77 15.549
2 kJ/kg
𝐻, 2792.0 3024.9
2 kJ/kg
𝑈, 2594.2 2773.7
3 m3/kg
𝑉, 0.12721 0.12721
Con V Con P Constant V
State 1 State 2 State 2 U2– U1 = Q
T, °C 200 300 300 2773.7- 2594.2 = Q
P, bar 15.549 19.77 15.549 179.4 kJ/kg = Q
2 kJ/kg
𝐻, 2792.0 3024.9 3036.6
Constant P
2 kJ/kg
𝑈, 2594.2 2773.7 2782.5
H2– H1 = Q
3 m3/kg
𝑉, 0.12721 0.12721 0.16399
3036.6 – 2792.0 = Q
NIST WebBook 244.6 kJ/kg = Q

https://steamtables.online/
Saturated steam 𝑊 = − ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑉 = −𝑃(𝑉! −𝑉% )
Superheated steam 𝑊 = −15.549 bar (0.16399−0.12721)
= - 0.572 bar m3/kg
= - 57.2 kJ/kg
If there is no phase change, the amount of heat needed to increase temperature of a fluid is
related to its “heat capacity”

These equations are exact


for any fluid if there is no
phase change, and the
process is constant volume
or constant pressure. They
are also exact for an ideal
gas for any process.
Reference states for calculating thermodynamic properties.
H and U can only be calculated relative to a reference state.
Steam tables define H = 0 at triple point of water (ref. state for steam tables)

When dealing with a fluid where there are no tabulated properties, we can define our own
reference state.

So, numerical value of H (or U) depends


on the reference state being used.

Regardless of reference state that was selected,


you will always get the same values for changes in
H (or U) for a fluid as long as the same reference
state is used consistently in all calculations.

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