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Lesson 2.1 Development of The Atomic Theory

The document outlines the development of atomic theory from ancient concepts by Democritus to modern understandings by various scientists. Key contributions include Dalton's atomic theory, Thomson's discovery of the electron, Rutherford's nuclear model, and advancements by Planck, Einstein, Bohr, and others. It also covers subatomic particles, ions, and isotopes, providing a summary of atomic and mass numbers.

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35 views26 pages

Lesson 2.1 Development of The Atomic Theory

The document outlines the development of atomic theory from ancient concepts by Democritus to modern understandings by various scientists. Key contributions include Dalton's atomic theory, Thomson's discovery of the electron, Rutherford's nuclear model, and advancements by Planck, Einstein, Bohr, and others. It also covers subatomic particles, ions, and isotopes, providing a summary of atomic and mass numbers.

Uploaded by

22-1-00049
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Lesson 2.

1
Development of the
Atomic Theory
Lecturer: Kevin Nick S. Bandibas
Democritus

• “Atomos” concept (5th century BC)


• “Matter is composed of tiny
indivisible objects”
• Not accepted by Aristotle and was
later ignored for centuries
John Dalton
• Atomic Theory (1803)

1. Each element is composed of extremely small


particles called atoms.
2. All atoms of a given element are identical, but
atoms of one element are different from the
atoms of all other elements.
3. Atoms of one element cannot be changed into
atoms of a different element, atoms are
neither created nor destroyed.
4. Compounds are formed when atoms of more
than element combine; a given compound
always has the same relative number and kind
of atoms.
Julius Plucker

• Pioneered investigations on
Cathode Rays
Joseph J. Thomson

• Discovered the Electron (1897)


• Plum-Pudding Model of the Atom
• Charge to mass ratio of electron =
1.758820 x 1011 C/kg
Thomson’s Cathode Ray Tube
Experiment
Robert Millikan

• Oil-drop Experiment
• Charge of Electron = 1.602 x 10-19 C
Millikan’s Oil-Drop Experiment
Ernest Rutherford

• α particle scattering experiment


• Discovered the Proton
• Nuclear Model of the Atom (1904)
Rutherford’s α Particle Experiment
Max Planck

• Originator of the quantum


theory (1900)
• Blackbody radiation
• “quanta”
• E = hv
Blackbody Radiation Plots
Albert Einstein

• Photoelectric Effect (1905)


• “photon”
Niels Bohr

• Planetary Model of the Atom (1913)


Emission Spectrum of Hydrogen
Louis de Broglie

• Wave-particle duality (1923)


physical entities possessing
both wave-like and particle-like
characteristics.
Erwin Schrödinger

• Quantum mechanical model (1926)


•Ĥψ=Eψ
Werner Heisenberg

• Uncertainty Principle (1927)


• Matrix Mechanics (1925)
James Chadwick

• Discovered the neutron (1932)


Chadwick’s Beryllium Experiment
Summary of the Subatomic Particles
Subatomic Particles, Ion, and Isotopes
• Atomic Numbers, Z - #p+ in the nucleus
• Mass Numbers, A - #p+ plus #n°
A = Z + #n°
• Ions – atoms that have a net positive (cation) or negative
(anion) charge due to e- gain or loss
– #p+ and #n° are constant
• Isotopes – atoms that have the same Z but different A due
to different #n°
Ex: 1H (hydrogen), 2H (deuterium), 3H (tritium)
Isotopes of Hydrogen atom
Atomic and Mass Numbers
Example

Element or #p+ #e- #n0


Ion
27 3+
13𝐴𝑙 13 10 14
16 8 8 8
8𝑂
80 - 35 36 45
35 𝐵𝑟
Assessment 2.1

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