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CALC_1_-_Module_2

This document provides a review of transcendental functions, including trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic functions. It covers definitions, properties, and examples of these functions, emphasizing their relationships and inverses. Additionally, it introduces the change of base formula for logarithms to facilitate calculations.

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Kailah Lunasco
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4 views

CALC_1_-_Module_2

This document provides a review of transcendental functions, including trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic functions. It covers definitions, properties, and examples of these functions, emphasizing their relationships and inverses. Additionally, it introduces the change of base formula for logarithms to facilitate calculations.

Uploaded by

Kailah Lunasco
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 1: REVIEW OF FUNCTIONS (CONTINUATION)

TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS
These are functions that are not algebraic. This includes trig functions and their inverses,
logarithmic and exponential functions.
Trigonometric Functions
Note: I will not delve too much on this review of trigo functions, I will elaborate on these when
we get to its differentials.
The six trigo functions:

These functions can also be defined in terms of a right triangle.

From this right triangle, we get the following definitions of the trig functions.

The following table gives some of the basic angles in both degrees and radians
Exponential Functions
An exponential function is a function in the form:

Given that b > 0, b ≠ 1 (because it would give a constant function, f(x) = 1. Same reason for b=0,
which would also give a constant function and avoid negative values because some values,
0<b<1, will give complex numbers.
*******
Example:
Solution:
Getting a table of values for these two functions.

***********
Based on the graph from the example, we can determine the general properties of exponential
functions.

Note: An exponential function that arises naturally in many places is called the natural
exponential function.
The Natural exponential function is denoted by f(x) =ex, where e=2.71828182845905…

Logarithmic Functions
Given that b>0, b ≠ 1, let’s look at the following:
y = logb x and x = by
Note that both are equivalent, such that the first is in logarithmic form and the second is in
exponential form. By remembering this equivalence is the key to evaluating logarithms.
Note: the number,b, is called the base.
******
Example: Without a calculator give the exact value of the logarithm.
(a)
********
Special logarithms to remember:

Graph of ln(x) and log(x)


Based form the graph, we can see that:

******
Example: Without a calculator, give the exact value of each of the following.

Solution:
********
Based on last set of examples, these are the basic properties of logarithms.

Note that, properties 4 and 5 tell us that f (x) = bx and g(x) = logb x are inverses of each other.
More properties to remember

*****
Example: Write each of the following in terms of simpler logarithms
(a) ln x3y4z5

(b)

Solution:
(a) Property 6 above can be extended to products of more than two functions. Once we’ve used
Property 6 we can then use Property 8.
(b) When using property 7 above make sure that the logarithm that you subtract is the one that
contains the denominator as its argument. Also, note that that we’ll be converting the root to
fractional exponents in the first step.

*******
Last topic in this section is the change of base formula for logarithms. The formula is,

This is the most general change of base formula and will convert from base b to base a.
However, the usual reason for using the change of base formula is to compute the value of a
logarithm that is in a base that you can’t easily deal with. Using the change of base formula
means that you can write the logarithm in terms of a logarithm that you can deal with. The two
most common change of base formulas are:

******
Example:

*****

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