M S
Y S TE
G S
ATI N 7 2
E R F 3
OP CS
Team Of Instructors
J P Misra
S Mohan
Vandana Agarwal
Amit Dua
Chamber consultation : Wednesday 4 to 5 PM
Evaluation Components
Component % weightage Remark
Test1,Test 2 & 45 Closed Book
Test 3
Quiz / 20 Open Book
Assignment
Comprehensive 35 Closed Book
What is System?
• A collection of components organized to
accomplish a specific function or set of
functions.
What Is Operating System ?
• A system that helps in operating the computing
machine (computer)
Goal
• Provide ease of operation
• Provide efficient resource management
Feature
• It is self loading and self executing code
• OS Kernel is the code which is running all the
time
Computer Block Diagram
Memory
Input Central Output
Device Control Unit device
ALU
CPU
Memory
Data Bus
Control bus
Processor
Address Bus
I/O I/O
Computer System Components
1. Hardware – provides basic computing resources (CPU,
memory, I/O devices).
2. Operating system – controls and coordinates the use of the
hardware for executing the various users applications.
3. Applications programs – define the ways in which the system
resources are used to solve the computing problems of the
users (compilers, database systems, video games, business
programs).
4. Users (people, machines, other computers).
Abstract View of Computing System
Components
Hardware Components
• Processor
• Memory
– Cache Memory (Static RAM)
– Primary Memory ( RAM, ROM)
– Secondary Memory (Hard Disk)
• I/O Devices
• System Bus eg. PCI, IDE, USB, etc.
Processor
• It is the heart of computing machine.
• We have verity of processors
• 32 bit , 64 bit , application specific
processor
• Each processor type supports specific
instruction set
• Intel i-5, I-7, Xeon etc
Memory
Fetch-Decode & Execute Cycle
Opcode Fetch Decode
Execute
Program can execute only if it is
loaded in Primary memory
• Who loads it in memory ?
• Who decides how much memory is required by
a program?
• Who decides where the program is loaded in
memory?
• After loading how and when the execution
begins?
• How do I get/put data from/to hard disk or any
other device?
Some more questions
• Can there be more than one program
loaded in memory at the same time ? If
Yes -
– who will guarantee territorial integrity?
– Which particular program will run first and for
how long?
– How much memory should be allocated to
each program?
Solution
• Bare Hardware is not enough. We need a
component which will act as hardware
resource manager
Definition
• Operating system is a resource manager
Operating System is a resource
manager and resources are
• Processor
• Memory
• I/O devices
• Busses
• File system
• Network
User View of OS
• Provides ease of operation
• Supports resource sharing
– Sequential sharing : A resource is allocated for exclusive use of
program eg. CPU
– Concurrent sharing: Two or more program concurrently use
same resource eg. Files, memory, disk array etc.
Systems View of OS
• OS acts as Resource allocator and is responsible for
handling resource request, resource allocation and
optimal utilization of system resources.
• Acts as control program that manages the execution of
user program and prevents error and improper use of
computer system.
What OS Does?
• Maintain a list of authorized users
• Construct list of all resources in the system
• Initiate execution of programs
• Maintain resource usage information by
programs and current status of programs
• Maintain current status of all resources and
allocate resources to programs when
requested
• Perform scheduling
• Maintain information for protection
Goals Of Operating System
• Provide user interface for ease of operation
– Command line interface (CLI) eg. Unix, DOS
– Graphical User Interface (GUI) eg. Windows
• Efficient use of hardware & software
resources (system)
• Maximize System performance
• Protection and access control
• Ability to evolve and offer new services
• Footprint of OS should be small !!!
Can we measure System Efficiency,
Performance and user convenience ?
• Efficiency---- CPU efficiency
• System performance ----- Throughput
• User services ---- Turn around time ,
Response time
Operating System and Computer Architecture are
tightly bonded together.
• Change in architecture usually leads to change
in OS.
• The requirements of OS have led to several
architectural changes.
