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Chi-Square Test

The document outlines the conditions for the validity of the chi-square test, emphasizing the need for independent observations, sufficient total frequency, and appropriate theoretical cell frequencies. It also discusses the application of the chi-square test for population variance and includes an example of testing the goodness of fit for a Poisson distribution, concluding that the Poisson Distribution is not a good fit for the given data. The critical value for the chi-square test is provided along with the necessary calculations for the test.

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11 views12 pages

Chi-Square Test

The document outlines the conditions for the validity of the chi-square test, emphasizing the need for independent observations, sufficient total frequency, and appropriate theoretical cell frequencies. It also discusses the application of the chi-square test for population variance and includes an example of testing the goodness of fit for a Poisson distribution, concluding that the Poisson Distribution is not a good fit for the given data. The critical value for the chi-square test is provided along with the necessary calculations for the test.

Uploaded by

kibwanajuma4956
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chi-square test ( χ −test )


Conditions for the Validity of chi-square test

Is an approximate test for large values of n. For the validity of chi-square test of goodness of between
theory and experiment, the following conditions must be satisfied:

(l) The sample observations should be independent.

(ii) Constrains on the cell frequencies, if any, should be linear i.e.

(iii) N, the total frequency should be reasonably large, say, greater than 50.

(iv) No theoretical cell frequency should be less than 5. (The chi square distribution is essentially a
continuous distribution but it cannot maintain its character of continuity if cell frequency is less than 5).
2
If any theoretical cell frequency is less than 5 then for the application of χ −test , it is pooled with the
preceding or succeeding frequency so that the pooled frequency is more than 5 and finally adjust for the
d.f. lost in pooling.

2
It may be noted that the χ −test depends only on the set of observed and expected frequencies and
on degrees of freedom (d.f.). It does not make any assumptions regarding the parent population from
2
which the observations are taken. Since χ −test does not involve any population parameters, it is
termed as a statistic and the test is known as non-Parametric Test or Distribution-Free Test.

Critical values of
2
The value χ defined above is known as the upper (right-tailed) or Critical Value or Significant Value of
chi-square for n d.f. and has been tabulated for different values of n

Chi-square Test for Population Variance.

Suppose we want to test if a random sample Xi (i = I, 2, ..., n) has been drawn from a normal population
σ 2= σ 2
with a specified variance 0 (say). Under the null hypothesis that the population variance is

σ 2= σ 2
0 , the statistic

follows chi-square distribution with (n -1) d.f.


(b)
Using the recurrence formula fit a Poisson distribution to the data below and hence test
the goodness of fit.
X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
f 275 72 30 7 5 2 1

(i) For a Poisson distribution with parameter we have

and

x=0,1,2,…

(ii) The mean of the distribution given distribution is

The frequency of r success is given by the Poisson Law as

Now

Hence, the theoretical Poisson frequencies are


X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 TOTA
L
Expected 242.1 116. 28.1 4.5 0.5 0.1 0 392
Frequency 7
Test for the goodness of fit i.e. calculations for Chi-square

Observed Frequency Expected


Frequency
O E (O – E) (O – E)2

275 242.1 32.9 1082.41 4.471


72 116.7 44.7 1998.09 17.121
30 28.1 1.9 3.61 0.128
7 4.5
5 0.5 9.9 98.01 19.217
2 0.1
1 0
392 392.0 40.937

Degrees of freedom = 7-1-1-3=2


Tabulated value of for 2 degrees of freedom at 5% level of
significance is 5.99
Conclusion:

Since calculated value of (40.937) is much greater than 5.99, it is highly


significant. Hence, we conclude that Poisson Distribution is not a good fit to
the given data

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