POSITION / TECHNICAL

ANATOMY PROJECTION METHOD PATHOLOGY

ROTATION FACTORS
r/o fx of distal,
SID: 100 cm (40
middle, and
inch)
proximal
IR: 18 x 24 (8 x 10
phalanges:
inch)
distal
Digits (2nd – 5th) PA Non-Grid
metacarpal.
CR: Perpendicular,
PIP Joint
osteoporosis
Analog: 50 – 55 kV
and
Digital: 55 – 60 kV
osteoarthritis.
SID: 100 cm (40
r/o fx of distal, inch)
middle, and IR: 18 x 24 (8 x 10
proximal inch)
phalanges: Non-Grid
Lateral
distal CR: Perpendicular,
Digits (2nd – 5th) (Lateromedial or Lateral Rotation
metacarpal. PIP Joint
Mediolateral)
Analog: 50 – 55 kV
osteoporosis Digital: 55 – 60 kV
and Accessories:
osteoarthritis. sponge support
block
SID: 100 cm (40
r/o fx of distal,
inch)
middle, and
IR: 18 x 24 (8 x 10
proximal
inch)
phalanges:
Medial or Lateral Non-Grid
distal
Digits (2nd – 5th) PA Oblique Rotation (45O CR: Perpendicular,
metacarpal.
angle) PIP Joint
Analog: 50 – 55 kV
osteoporosis
Digital: 55 – 60 kV
and
Accessories: 45O
osteoarthritis.
foam wedge
r/o fx of distal, SID: 100 cm (40
and proximal inch)
phalanges: IR: 18 x 24 (8 x 10
distal inch)
1st digit (thumb) AP Internal Rotation metacarpal. Non-Grid
CR: Perpendicular,
osteoporosis 1st MCP Joint
and Analog: 50 – 55 kV
osteoarthritis. Digital: 55 – 60 kV
SID: 100 cm (40
inch)
IR: 18 x 24 (8 x 10
inch)
1st digit (thumb) PA Lateral Rotation Non-Grid
CR: Perpendicular,
1st MCP Joint
Analog: 50 – 55 kV
Digital: 55 – 60 kV
SID: 100 cm (40
inch)
IR: 18 x 24 (8 x 10
inch)
1st digit (thumb) Lateral Lateral Rotation Non-Grid
CR: Perpendicular,
1st MCP Joint
Analog: 50 – 55 kV
Digital: 55 – 60 kV
1st digit (thumb) PA Oblique Ulnar Deviation SID: 100 cm (40
inch)
IR: 18 x 24 (8 x 10
 inch)
Non-Grid
CR: Perpendicular,
1st MCP Joint
Analog: 50 – 55 kV
Digital: 55 – 60 kV
SID: 100 cm (40
inch)
IR: 18 x 24 (8 x 10
ROBERT inch)
Non-Grid
Analog: 50 – 55 kV
Digital: 55 – 60 kV
1st digit (thumb); first CR: directed 15O
AP Axial Internal Rotation (toward wrist), 1st
carpometacarpal joint
LONG AND CMC Joint
RAFERT CR: angled 15O
(along thumbs), 1st
CMC Joint
CR: angled 10O -
LEWIS 15O (along thumbs),
1st MCP Joint
SID: 45 cm (18 inch)
IR: 18 x 24 (8 x 10
inch)
Non-Grid
CR: directed 45O
1st digit (thumb); first
AP Internal Rotation BURMAN (toward elbow), 1st
carpometacarpal joint
CMC Joint
Analog: 50 – 55 kV
Digital: 55 – 60 kV
Accessories: rubber
band
SID: 100 cm (40
inch)
IR: 18 x 24 (8 x 10
inch)
Non-Grid
1st digit (thumb); first CR: Perpendicular
metacarpophalangeal PA FOLIO midway between
joint MCP Joint
Analog: 50 – 55 kV
Digital: 55 – 60 kV
Accessories:
Rubber band and
medical tape.
SID: 100 cm (40
inch)
IR: 18 x 24 (8 x 10
inch)
Hand PA Non-Grid
CR: Perpendicular,
3rd MCP Joint
Analog: 50 – 55 kV
Digital: 55 – 60 kV
Hand PA Oblique Lateral Rotation SID: 100 cm (40
(45O angle) inch)
IR: 18 x 24 (8 x 10
inch)
Non-Grid
CR: Perpendicular,
3rd MCP Joint
Analog: 50 – 55 kV
Digital: 55 – 60 kV
 Accessories: 45O
foam wedge
SID: 100 cm (40
inch)
IR: 18 x 24 (8 x 10
inch)
Lateral
Non-Grid
(Mediolateral or
CR: Perpendicular,
Hand Lateromedial
2nd MCP Joint
Extension and Fan
Analog: 60 – 65 kV
Lateral)
Digital: 65 – 70 kV
Accessories: Fan
Lateral (45O foam
wedge)
SID: 100 cm (40
inch)
IR: 18 x 24 (8 x 10
inch)
Lateral
Hand Flexion Non-Grid
(Lateromedial)
CR: Perpendicular,
2nd MCP Joint
Analog: 60 – 65 kV
Digital: 65 – 70 kV
SID: 100 cm (40
NORGAARD /
inch)
BALL CATCHER’S
IR: 24 x 30 (10 x 12
inch)
Non-Grid
CR: Perpendicular,
midpoint of both
hands level of 5th
MCP Joint
Hand AP Oblique Medial Rotation
Analog: 60 – 65 kV
Digital: 65 – 70 kV
Accessories: 45O
foam sponges

STOP-SINKY

BUTTERFLY
SID: 100 cm (40
inch)
IR: 18 x 24 (8 x 10
inch)
Wrist PA Non-Grid
CR: Perpendicular,
midcarpal
Analog: 60 – 65 kV
Digital: 65 – 70 kV
SID: 100 cm (40
inch)
IR: 18 x 24 (8 x 10
inch)
Wrist AP Non-Grid
CR: Perpendicular,
midcarpal
Analog: 60 – 65 kV
Digital: 65 – 70 kV
Wrist Lateral SID: 100 cm (40
(Lateromedial) inch)
IR: 18 x 24 (8 x 10
inch)
Non-Grid
CR: Perpendicular,
 wrist joint
Analog: 60 – 65 kV
Digital: 65 – 70 kV
SID: 100 cm (40
inch)
IR: 18 x 24 (8 x 10
inch)
Non-Grid
Lateral Rotation
Wrist PA Oblique CR: Perpendicular,
(45O angle)
midcarpal
Analog: 60 – 65 kV
Digital: 65 – 70 kV
Accessories: 45O
foam wedge
SID: 100 cm (40
inch)
IR: 18 x 24 (8 x 10
inch)
Non-Grid
Medial Rotation
Wrist AP Oblique CR: Perpendicular,
(45O angle)
midcarpal
Analog: 60 – 65 kV
Digital: 65 – 70 kV
Accessories: 45O
foam wedge
SID: 100 cm (40
inch)
IR: 18 x 24 (8 x 10
inch)
Non-Grid
Wrist PA Ulnar Deviation CR: Perpendicular,
scaphoid
*10O – 15O angle
(proximal or distal)
Analog: 60 – 65 kV
Digital: 65 – 70 kV
SID: 100 cm (40
inch)
IR: 18 x 24 (8 x 10
inch)
Wrist PA Radial Deviation Non-Grid
CR: Perpendicular,
midcarpal
Analog: 60 – 65 kV
Digital: 65 – 70 kV
SID: 100 cm (40
inch)
IR: 18 x 24 (8 x 10
inch)
Non-Grid
Elevated (20O
Wrist: scaphoid PA Axial STECHER CR: Perpendicular,
angle)
scaphoid
Analog: 60 – 65 kV
Digital: 65 – 70 kV
Accessories: 20O
angle sponge
Wrist: scaphoid series PA, PA Axial Ulnar Deviation RAFERT – LONG SID: 100 cm (40
inch)
IR: 18 x 24 (8 x 10
inch)
Non-Grid
CR: Perpendicular,
(four separate
exposure are made
at 0O, 10O, 20O, and
 30O cephalad)
directed at scaphoid
Analog: 60 – 65 kV
Digital: 65 – 70 kV
SID: 100 cm (40
inch)
IR: 18 x 24 (8 x 10
inch)
Non-Grid
Lateral Rotation CLEMENTS –
Wrist: trapezium PA Axial Oblique CR: 45O angle
(45O angle) NAKAYAMA
(distal), trapezium
Analog: 60 – 65 kV
Digital: 65 – 70 kV
Accessories: 45O
sponge wedge
SID: 100 cm (40
inch)
IR: 18 x 24 (8 x 10
inch)
Non-Grid
Elevated
CR: 45O caudal
Carpal Bridge Tangential Forearm (if FOILLE
angle (proximal),
painful)
wrist joint
Analog: 60 – 65 kV
Digital: 65 – 70 kV
Accessories:
sandbags
SID: 100 cm (40
inch)
IR: 18 x 24 (8 x 10
inch)
Hyperextend Non-Grid
(dorsiflex) (10O CR: 25O – 30O
Carpal Canal Tangential GAYNOR – HART
internal, towards (distal), base of 3rd
radial side) metacarpal
Analog: 60 – 65 kV
Digital: 65 – 70 kV
Accessories: rubber
band
SID: 100 cm (40
inch)
IR: 35 x 43 (14 x 17
inch)
Palm Up
Forearm AP Non-Grid
(supinated)
CR: perpendicular,
mid - forearm
Analog: 60 – 70 kV
Digital: 70 – 75 kV
SID: 100 cm (40
inch)
IR: 35 x 43 (14 x 17
inch)
Lateral Elbow flexed
Forearm Non-Grid
(Lateromedial) (90O)
CR: perpendicular,
mid - forearm
Analog: 60 – 70 kV
Digital: 70 – 75 kV
Elbow AP Elbow extended, SID: 100 cm (40
supinate hand inch)
IR: 24 x 30 (10 x 12
inch)
Non-Grid
CR: perpendicular,
elbow joint
Analog: 60 – 70 kV
 Digital: 70 – 75 kV
SID: 100 cm (40
inch)
IR: 24 x 30 (10 x 12
inch)
Lateral Supinated, elbow
Elbow Non-Grid
(Lateromedial) flexed (90O)
CR: perpendicular,
elbow joint
Analog: 60 – 70 kV
Digital: 70 – 75 kV
SID: 100 cm (40
inch)
IR: 24 x 30 (10 x 12
Medial (Internal)
inch)
Rotation, elbow
Elbow AP Oblique Non-Grid
ant. surface (45O
CR: perpendicular,
angle)
elbow joint
Analog: 60 – 70 kV
Digital: 70 – 75 kV
SID: 100 cm (40
inch)
IR: 24 x 30 (10 x 12
Lateral (External)
inch)
Rotation, elbow
Elbow AP Oblique Non-Grid
post. Surface
CR: perpendicular,
(45O angle)
elbow joint
Analog: 60 – 70 kV
Digital: 70 – 75 kV
SID: 100 cm (40
inch)
IR: 24 x 30 (10 x 12
inch)
Elbow: distal humerus AP Partial Flexion Non-Grid
CR: perpendicular,
humerus
Analog: 60 – 70 kV
Digital: 70 – 75 kV
SID: 100 cm (40
inch)
IR: 24 x 30 (10 x 12
inch)
Elbow: proximal
AP Partial Flexion Non-Grid
forearm
CR: perpendicular,
elbow joint
Analog: 60 – 70 kV
Digital: 70 – 75 kV
SID: 100 cm (40
inch)
IR: 24 x 30 (10 x 12
inch)
Non-Grid
Elbow: distal humerus AP Acute Flexion JONES CR: perpendicular,
humerus, superior
to olecranon
process
Analog: 60 – 70 kV
Digital: 70 – 75 kV
Elbow: proximal PA Acute Flexion JONES SID: 100 cm (40
forearm inch)
IR: 24 x 30 (10 x 12
inch)
Non-Grid
CR: perpendicular,
forearm, distal to
olecranon process
 Analog: 60 – 70 kV
Digital: 70 – 75 kV
Part 1: Elbow
flexed 90O, hand
supinated
CR: 45O (towards
SID: 100 cm (40
shoulder),
inch)
centered to radial
IR: 24 x 30 (10 x 12
Axial Lateral head.
Elbow: radial head COYLE inch)
(Lateromedial)
Non-Grid
Part 2: Elbow
Analog: 65 – 75 kV
flexed 80O, hand
Digital: 75 – 85 kV
pronated
CR: 45O (from
shoulder), mid –
elbow joint.
SID: 100 cm (40
inch)
IR: 24 x 30 (10 x 12
inch)
Non-Grid
Elbow flexed, 75O
Distal Humerus PA Axial CR: Perpendicular
from forearm
to ulnar sulcus,
medial to olecranon
process
Analog: 65 – 75 kV
Digital: 75 – 85 kV
SID: 100 cm (40
inch)
IR: 24 x 30 (10 x 12
inch)
Arm angled at
Non-Grid
Olecranon Process PA Axial 45O – 50O,
CR: Perpendicular,
supinate hand
olecranon process
(20O towards wrist)
Analog: 65 – 75 kV
Digital: 75 – 85 kV
SID: 100 cm (40
inch)
IR: 35 x 43 (14 x 17
inch)
Upright, abduct
Non-Grid
Humerus AP arm, supinate
CR: Perpendicular,
hand
mid – point of
humerus
Analog: 70 ± 6 kV
Digital: 75 – 85 kV
SID: 100 cm (40
inch)
IR: 35 x 43 (14 x 17
inch)
Upright, Rotate
Lateral Non-Grid
Humerus arm Internally,
(Lateromedial) CR: Perpendicular,
Flex elbow (90O)
mid – point of
humerus
Analog: 70 ± 6 kV
Digital: 75 – 85 kV
Humerus AP Recumbent, SID: 100 cm (40
supine elevate inch)
opposite IR: 35 x 43 (14 x 17
shoulder, inch)
supinate hand. Non-Grid
CR: Perpendicular,
mid – point of
humerus
 Analog: 70 ± 6 kV
Digital: 75 – 85 kV
SID: 100 cm (40
inch)
IR: 35 x 43 (14 x 17
Recumbent, inch)
Lateral abduct arm, Non-Grid
Humerus
(Lateromedial) rotate forearm CR: Horizontal,
medially Perpendicular, mid –
point of humerus
Analog: 70 ± 6 kV
Digital: 75 – 85 kV
SID: 100 cm (40
inch)
IR: 35 x 43 (14 x 17
Recumbent, Lat. inch)
Recumbent, flex Non-Grid
Humerus Lateral
elbow, thumb CR: directed to IR,
surface up. exposes only distal
humerus.
Analog: 70 ± 6 kV
Digital: 75 – 85 kV

POSITION/
ANATOMY PROJECTION METHOD TECHNICAL FACTORS
ROTATION
Toes AP or AP Axial
Toes PA
Toes AP Oblique Medial Rotation
Toes PA Oblique Medial Rotation
Lateral (mediolateral
Toes
or Lateromedial
Sesamoids Tangential LEWIS and HOLLY
Sesamoids Tangential CAUSTON
Foot AP or AP Axial
Foot AP Oblique Medial Rotation
Foot AP Oblique Lateral Rotation
Medial or Lateral
Foot PA Oblique GRASHEY
Rotation
Foot PA Oblique Medial Rotation
Foot Lateral (mediolateral)
Foot Lateral (lateromedial)
Foot Lateral (lateromedial) Standing WEIGHT – BEARING
Feet AP Axial Standing WEIGHT – BEARING
WEIGHT – BEARING
Foot AP Axial Standing
COMPOSITE
Foot AP KITE
Foot Lateral (mediolateral) KITE
Foot Axial (dorsoplantar) KANDEL
Calcaneus Axial (plantodorsal)
Calcaneus Axial (dorsoplantar)
Calcaneus Axial (dorsoplantar) Standing WEIGHT – BEARING
Calcaneus Lateral (mediolateral)
Calcaneus Lateromedial Oblique WEIGHT – BEARING
Subtalar joint PA Axial Oblique Lateral Rotation
Subtalar joint AP Axial Oblique Medial Rotation BRODEN
Subtalar joint AP Axial Oblique Lateral Rotation BRODEN
Subtalar joint Lateromedial Oblique Medial Rotation foot ISHERWOOD
Medial Rotation
Subtalar joint AP Axial Oblique ISHERWOOD
ankle
Lateral Rotation
Subtalar joint AP Axial Oblique ISHERWOOD
ankle
Ankle AP
Ankle Lateral (mediolateral)
Ankle Lateral (lateromedial)
Ankle AP Oblique Medial Rotation
Ankle AP Oblique Medial Rotation
Ankle AP Oblique Lateral Rotation
Ankle AP STRESS
Ankles AP Standing WEIGHT – BEARING
Leg AP
Leg Lateral (mediolateral)
Medial and lateral
Leg AP Oblique
Rotations
Knee AP
Knee PA
Knee Lateral (mediolateral)
Knee AP Standing WEIGHT – BEARING
Knee PA Standing Flexion ROSENBERG
Knee AP Oblique Lateral Rotation
Knee AP Oblique Medial Rotation
Knee PA Oblique Lateral Rotation
Knee PA Oblique Medial Rotation
Intercondylar fossa PA Axial HOLMBLAD
Intercondylar fossa PA Axial CAMP – COVENTRY
Intercondylar fossa AP Axial BECLERE
Patella PA
Patella Lateral (mediolateral)
Patella PA Oblique Medial Rotation
Patella PA Oblique Lateral Rotation
Patella PA Axial Oblique Lateral Rotation KUCHENDORF
Patella Tangential HUGHSTON
Patella Tangential MERCHANT
Patella Tangential SETTEGAST
Femur AP
Femur Lateral (mediolateral)
Lower limbs: hips, knees,
AP Standing WEIGHT – BEARING
and ankles.