Deflection Calculation of Floors DEFLECTION CALCULATION OF

Immediate;; Long-Term;
g ; Cracking
g CONCRETE FLOORS

TOPICS OF PRESENTATION

™ Reasons for controlling deflections

™ Deflection control through span/depth ratios
™ Permissible deflection values
™ How to measure code-intended values
™ How to calculate probable deflections
with or without cracking
¾ Instantaneous deflections
¾ Long-term deflections
‰ Ultimate values
‰ Interim values
™ Crack width calculation and control
D Bij
Dr Bijan O A
Aalami
l i ™ Numerical examples
Professor Emeritus,
San Francisco State University ‰ References
Principal, ADAPT Corporation

www.adaptsoft.com

DEFLECTION CALCULATION OF DEFLECTION CALCULATION OF

CONCRETE FLOORS CONCRETE FLOORS

™ REASONS FOR CONTROLLING DEFLECTION ™ REASONS FOR CONTROLLING DEFLECTION

‰ Aesthetics and Sense of Comfort ‰ Aesthetics and Sense of Comfort
¾ Impression of inadequate in strength ¾ Impression of inadequate in strength
¾ Perception of out-of-level when walking ¾ Perception of out-of-level when walking

‰ Limit Damage to Non

Non-structural
structural Construction ‰ Limit Damage to Non
Non-structural
structural Construction
¾ Cracks in plaster or glass ¾ Cracks in plaster or glass

‰ Impairing Design Function ‰ Impairing Design Function

¾ Ponding
P di off watert ¾ Ponding
P di off watert
¾ Malfunction of doors ¾ Malfunction of doors
¾ breach of seals ¾ breach of seals Crack

Important note on deflections

Whether or not an observed deflection is permissible should be
viewed in conjunction with the following factors

‰ Consequence of the observed deflection

‰ Time of observation (due to change of deflection
with times)
Crack
C ac in p
plaster
as e due tooe
excessive
cess e
deflection
 DEFLECTION CALCULATION OF DEFLECTION CALCULATION OF
CONCRETE FLOORS CONCRETE FLOORS

™ REASONS FOR CONTROLLING DEFLECTION

‰ Damage; impairing Design Function ™ DEFLECTION CONTROL THROUGH
LIMITATIONS ON SPAN/DEPTH RATIOS (L/h)

Crack in glass The major recommendations are for:

pane
‰ One-Way Conventionally Reinforced Slabs and
Beams
(a)
y Conventionally
‰Two-Way y Reinforced Slabs and
Beams

‰Post-Tensioned Members
Breach
of seal
at joint

(b)

DEFLECTION CONTROL THROUGH DEFLECTION CONTROL THROUGH

LIMITATIONS ON SPAN/DEPTH RATIOS LIMITATIONS ON SPAN/DEPTH RATIOS

One-Way Conventionally Reinforced Slabs and Beams Two-Way Conventionally Reinforced Slabs and Beams

MINIMUM THICKNESS OF SLABS WITHOUT

MINIMUM THICKNESS OF CONVENTIONALLY
INTERIOR BEAMS
REINFORCED BEAMS OR ONE-WAY SLABS
Without drop panels*** With drop panels***
Interior Exterior panels Interior
fy Exterior panels
Member Simply One end Both ends Cantilever panels panels
psi**
supported continuous continuous Without With Without With
edge edge edge edge
beams beams# beams beams#
Solid one-
40,000 Ln/33 Ln/36 Ln/36 Ln/36 Ln/40 Ln/40
way slabs
L/20 L/24 L/28 L/10 60,000 Ln/30 Ln/33 Ln/33 Ln/33 Ln/36 Ln/36
75 000
75,000 Ln/28 Ln/31 Ln/31 Ln/31 Ln/34 Ln/34
Beams or
ribbed One- L/16 L/18.5 L/21 L/8
way slabs * Ln = clear span in long direction
** For fy between the values interpolate
*** Drop panels extension not less than span/6, less than
slab thickness/4
# Edge beam stiffness, if any, to have minimum specified
stiffness
 DEFLECTION CONTROL THROUGH LIMITS FOR ACCEPTABLE DEFLECTION
LIMITATIONS ON SPAN/DEPTH RATIOS

Post-Tensioned Members Aesthetics and Sense of Comfort

RECOMMENDED SPAN TO DEPTH RATIOS FOR ™ Limit vertical out-of-level to span ratio of 1/240,
POST-TENSIONED MEMBERS and for cantilevers in excess of 1/120. This applies
to observation at the time and location, where out-
Continuous Simple
of-level displacement in noted
Spans Spans
Roof Floor Roof Floor
One-way solid slabs 50 45 45 40
Two-way solid slabs 45-48 40-45
(supported on columns
only)
Two-way waffle slabs (1m 40 35 35 30
pans)
Beams 35 30 30 26
One-way joists 42 38 38 35

Note: The above ratios may be increased if calculations verify

that deflection, camber, and vibrations are not
objectionable.
Example
p of deflection exceeding
g sense of comfort

LIMITS FOR ACCEPTABLE DEFLECTION PERMISSIBLE DEFLECTIONS

DEFLECTION LIMITS FOR AESTHETICS AND Important note on permissible deflections

SENSE OF COMFORT
Whether or not an observed deflection is permissible should be
The out-of-level condition of a floor system can be viewed in conjunction with the following factors
controlled through camber at time of construction, once
the long-term deflection of a floor is estimated. ‰ Consequence of the observed deflection
‰ Time of observation (due to change of deflection
with times)
Reduced
thickness
¾IBC
IBC-09
09 and AC-
AC 318 express the permissible deflection in
Camber terms of “span/vertical offset.”
Camber

Elevation
¾Several other non-USA codes, in addition to a limit on
p
span/vertical offset stipulate
p a limit on maximum vertical
Excessive camber can result in unacceptable offset, irrespective of span.
reduction in thickness, since the top surface of most
slabs are made level at construction time.

Camber at Construction
 MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE COMPUTED MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE COMPUTED
DEFLECTIONS (ACI TABLE 9.59(b)) DEFLECTIONS (ACI TABLE 9.59(b))
Notes:
Type of member Deflection to be Deflection * Limit not intended to safeguard against ponding.
considered limitation Ponding should be checked by suitable calculations
Flat roofs not supporting
off deflection,
d fl ti iincluding
l di added
dd d d
deflections
fl ti d
due tto
or attached to Immediate deflection ponding of water, and considering long-term effects
nonstructural elements due to live load L/180 * of all sustained loads, camber, construction
likely to be damaged by tolerances, and reliability of provisions for drainage.
large deflection
Floors not supporting or
** Limit may be exceeded if adequate measures are
attached to Immediate deflection
nonstructural elements due to live load
taken to prevent damage to supported or attached
L/360 elements.
likely to be damaged by
large deflection
*** But not greater than tolerance provided for
Roof or floor That part of the total nonstructural elements. Limit may be exceeded if
construction supporting deflection occurring camber is provided so that total deflection minus
or attached to after attachment of
L/480 ** camber does not exceed limit.
nonstructural elements nonstructural
likely to be damaged by elements (sum of the
large deflection long-time deflection **** Long-time deflection shall be determined using
Roof or floor due to all sustained established
t bli h d procedures,
d b
butt may b
be reduced
d d b
by
loads and the
construction supporting amount of deflection calculated to occur before
or attached to immediate deflection
due to any additional L/240 *** attachment of nonstructural elements. This amount
nonstructural elements
not likely to be damaged live load)**** shall be determined on basis of accepted
by large deflection engineering data relating to time- deflection
characteristics of members similar to those being
considered.

MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE COMPUTED MEASUREMENT OF DEFLECTION

DEFLECTIONS (ACI TABLE 9.59(b)) VALUES

™ MEASUREMENT OF CODE-INTENDED
DEFLECTION VALUES
Exercise engineering judgment when
deciding on permissible values Code-intended values are determined using the
notional “deflection/span; d/L” ratio,
™ For visual and comfort L/240 ‰ Notional span (L) and the vertical offset (d) are
not well defined. A consistent understanding of their
™ Immediate live load , where damage not likely values, however, is becoming important, when the
L/360 application of the Finite Element Method is leading
to a greater automation of code check procedures.
™ Increment of long-term deflection, where
damage
g due to increment is likelyy L/480 The following diagrams help to illustrate the application
of the notional values (L) and (d)

‰ Deflection “d” is the maximum offset from the line

jjoining
g two adjacent
j control p
points on the surface
¾ Traditional scheme based on traditional methods
of structural analysis
¾ Generalized scheme, based on automated
y (Finite
methods of structural analysis ( Element
Method (FEM)
 MEASUREMENT OF DEFLECTION MEASUREMENT OF DEFLECTION
VALUES VALUES

™ GENERALIZED MEASUREMENT OF DEFLECTION

VALUES

‰ Deflection “d” is the maximum offset from the line

joining two adjacent crests on the surface

MEASUREMENT OF DEFLECTION MEASUREMENT OF DEFLECTION

VALUES VALUES

™ GENERALIZED MEASUREMENT OF DEFLECTION ™ Example of a cantilever and different notional “L”

span
p options
p
VALUES

‰ For perimeter regions the notional span (L) is

distance between any interior point of zero slope to
any point along the edge of the floor
 MEASUREMENT OF DEFLECTION MEASUREMENT OF DEFLECTION
VALUES VALUES

EXAMPLE OF A SLAB WITH CANTILEVER EXAMPLE OF A SLAB WITH CANTILEVER

It is
i required
i d tto determine
d t i ththe L/d ratio
ti ffor code
d
compliance

Plan of column-supported slab showing the

cantilever under consideration and distances of
interest in m
D fl t d contours
Deflected t off the
th slab
l b

MEASUREMENT OF DEFLECTION MEASUREMENT OF DEFLECTION

VALUES VALUES

EXAMPLE OF A SLAB WITH CANTILEVER

It is
i required
i d tto determine
d t i ththe L/d ratio
ti ffor code
d
compliance

L/d = 11360/13 = 873

Plan of column-supported slab showing the

cantilever under consideration and distances of
interest in m For point along column line: L/d = 3990/19 = 210
For point with max deflection: largest L/d = 7259/23 = 315
 DEFLECTION CALCULATION OF DEFLECTION CALCULATION OF
CONCRETE FLOORS CONCRETE FLOORS

ESTIMATE OF PROBABLE DEFLECTIONS Instantaneous Deflections

There are several methods commonly used to calculate
Concrete slabs deflect instantaneously,
instantaneously due to application the instantaneous deflection of a concrete slab
slab. The
of loads, and continue to deflect under sustained load. most common methods are:
Hence, estimate of the probable deflection of slabs
consists of computation of (i) instantaneous, and (ii) long- ™ Closed form formulas or tables, available primarily
term deflections
deflections. for uncracked sections (Method 1)

The following presentation is broken down into: ™ Strip method and assumption of linear elastic
response with no cracking (Method 2)
¾ Methods of estimating instantaneous deflections and
examples:
¾ Estimate of long-term deflections and examples
™ Use of equivalent moment of inertia (Ie) for cracking
conditions combined with simplified averaging (ACI-
318’s simplified procedure) (Method 3);
ESTIMATE OF INSTANTANEOUS DEFLECTION
™ Use of equivalent moment of inertia (Ie) combined
Instantaneous deflection of a concrete slab depends on: with numerical integration - ACI-318’s extended
¾ The dimensional geometry and support conditions of procedure, (Method 4)
the slab;
¾ Age of the concrete at loading. With time, concrete
™ Use of Finite Element concrete floor programs
becomes stiffer
¾ Cracking at higher values of load
without allowance for cracking (Method 5)

™ Use of Finite Element Method with allowance for

cracking (Method 6)

DEFLECTION CALCULATIONS DEFLECTION CALCULATIONS

Closed Form Formulas

Solution are available in literature on plate behavior
3 = central panel from an array of identical panels
supported on columns; deflection at center; and
DEFLECTION COEFFICIENTS k 4 = similar to case 3
3, but deflection at center of long
span at support line
a
x
b w = k (a4*q / E*h3 )
γ x

1 2 3 4 Where,
1 0.0457 0.0143 0.0653 0.0491 w = deflection normal to slab;
a = span along X-direction;
11
1.1 0 0373
0.0373 0 0116
0.0116 0 0548
0.0548 0 0446
0.0446
E = Modulus of elasticity;
1.2 0.0306 0.0094 0.0481 0.0422 h = slab thickness; and
1.3 0.0251 0.0075 0.0436 0.0403 q = intensity of load.
1.4 0.0206 0.0061 0.0403 0.0387
1.5 0.0171 0.0049 0.0379 0.0369
2.0 0.0071 0.0018 0.0328 0.0326

Poisson’s ratio conservatively assumed 0.25

γ = a/b (aspect ratio)
1 = rigid supports; rotationally free;
2 = rigid supports; rotationally fixed;
 DEFLECTION CALCULATION EXAMPLE DEFLECTION CALCULATION EXAMPLE

EXAMPLE : METHOD 1
Using closed form formulas determine the deflection at
center of panel identified below for combination of
DL + LL
TNO_123

Slab thickness
8'' (200mm)

(a) Floor plan Column

18'' x 24''
(460mm x 610mm)

26'-3''
VIEW OF TYPICAL LEVEL OF A MULTI-STORY (8.00m)
FLOOR SYSTEM SELECTED FOR STUDY

30'-0'' (9.14m)

(b) Panel plan

IDENTIFICATION OF PANEL FOR DEFLECTION

CALCULATION

DEFLECTION CALCULATION EXAMPLE DEFLECTION CALCULATION EXAMPLE

w = k (a4*q / E*h3 )
™ Given:
w = deflection normal to slab;
Span length along X-X
X X direction = 30
30’ (9.14 m) a = span along X-direction;
Span length along Y-Y direction = 26.25’ (8.00 m) E = Modulus of elasticity;
Slab thickness = 8 in. (203 mm) h = slab thickness; and
Ec (modulus of elasticity) = 4.287 * 106 psi q = intensity of load.
(29 558 MPa)
(29,558
Aspect ratio γ = 30/26.25 = 1.14
Superimposed dead load = 25 psf (1.2 kN/m2)
(includes allowance for partitions) Total service load q = [(25 + 40) + 150*8/12]/144
= 1.146 lb/in2
Live load (LL) = 40 psf (1.9 kN/m2) (a *q / E*h )
4 3 = [(30*12)4 *1.146/(4.287*106* 83)
= 8.77
™ Required
For mid-panel deflection, consider case 3 from Table
Deflection of the panel at midspan for the following k = 0.0548
load combination Deflection, Δ = k (a4*q / E*h3 )= 0.0548*8.77
= 0.48
0 48 in (12 mm)
1*DL + 1*LL
For deflection at midpoint of column lines in X-
direction, from Table 5
k =00.0446
0446
Deflection, Δ = k (a4*q / E*h3 )= 0.0446*8.77
= 0.39 in (10 mm)
 DEFLECTION CALCULATIONS DEFLECTION CALCULATIONS
Support

Method 2 :Strip method and assumption of 1

linear elastic response

¾ The structure is subdivided into design strips in two
2
orthogonal directions d
¾Each strip is extracted and analyzed in isolation 1
¾ For center of panel, the values obtained from the two d1
solutions
l ti are added
dd d ttogether
th Deflection is
1-2 direction
d2

Deflection is
2 2-2 direction

(a) Total Deflection d = d1 + d2

(a)

(b) (b) View of the design strip along Y-Y

Y Y direction
extracted from the floor system

DEFLECTION CALCULATIONS DEFLECTION CALCULATIONS

EXAMPLE : METHOD 2
Using strip method, linear elastic response and
no allowance for cracking,g, determine the deflection at
center of panel identified for load combination (DL + LL)
9 Design parameters same as previous example
TNO 123
TNO_123

View of the design strip along Y-Y direction

extracted from the floor system
Slab thickness
8'' (200mm)
¾ Deflection at center of span 1 from solution of ADAPT-RC is
0.231 Inch

(a) Floor plan Column

18'' x 24''
¾ For the center of panel
panel, the preceding value must be added
(460mm x 610mm) to deflection to be calculated from the strip in the orthogonal
direction.

26'-3
26 3'' ¾ Since the panels are roughly square, for expediency the
(8.00m) above value is multiplied by 2, assuming that the deflection
from the orthogonal direction is essentially the same

30'-0
30 0'' (9.14m)
(9 14m)
¾ Hence deflection at center of panel:
p

(b) Panel plan

0.231 * 2 = 0.462 inch
 DEFLECTION CALCULATIONS DEFLECTION CALCULATIONS

Brief Review of Cracking, Equivalent Moment of Definition and Evaluation of

Inertia (Ie) and Its Computation Equivalent Moment of Inertia (Ie) (ACI-318)

Neutral axis
Ie = (Mcr / Ma)3 * Ig + [1-(Mcr / Ma)3] * Icr ≤ Ig (1)

Reinforcement Wh
Where,
(a) Cracked beam elevation Ig = Gross moment of inertia;
Icr = Moment of inertia of cracked section;
Ie = Effective moment of inertia;
Ma = Maximum moment in member at
Cracking
moment stage deflection is computed; and,
(b) Applied moment Mcr = Cracking moment.

™ Ma, is calculated using elastic theory and gross

le moment of inertia for the uncracked section
((c)) Effective moment of inertia Ie
™ The change in distribution of moment from cracking
is assumed to be small, and already accounted
Illustration of Effective Second Moment of Area (Ie) in for in the empirical formula (1)
a Partially Cracked Slab

DEFLECTION CALCULATIONS DEFLECTION CALCULATIONS

Calculation of Cracked Moment of Inertia Icr

Cracking Moment Mcr Icr depends on:

™ Geometry of section
Mcr = fr * Ig /yt (2) ™ Amount of reinforcement, including prestressing
Where, ™ Location of reinforcement
fr = Modulus of rupture, flexural stress
causing
i cracking.
ki It is
i given
i b
by: For singly reinforced rectangular sections:

fr = 7.5 f’c1/2 (3) c = kd

yt = distance of section centroid to farthest Icr = b(kd)3 / 3 + nAs(d-kd)2

tension fiber
b c c
For all-lightweight
g g concrete,, fr is modified as follows: C
c c s
d s c
fr = 0.75 * 7.5 f’c1/2 (4) s
Ts

(a) Section (b) Strains (c) Forces

Post-cracking Stresses and Forces

 DEFLECTION CALCULATIONS DEFLECTION CALCULATIONS

b c c

c c C METHOD 3
s
d s c Simplified Allowance for Cracking through
s averaging of Equivalent Moment of Inertia (Ie)
Ts
(ACI-318)
(a) Section (b) Strains (c) Forces
Steps to follow:
Post-cracking Stresses and Forces
Uncracked analysis and design
contd… Cracking moment of inertia Icr
™Break the floor slab into design strips
where, ™ Select design strips of interest
kd = [(2dB + 1)0.5 – 1] / B (6) ™ Using gross moment of inertia obtain elastic
uncracked distribution of moment for selected strips
p
d = distance of compression fiber to center (applied moment Ma)
of tension reinforcement ™ Design the design strips and determine the amount
B = b/(nAs) and location of reinforcement, including any base
n = Es/Ec reinforcement (mesh rebar)
Es = modulus of elasticity of Steel
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete
contd…
For more complex geometry and reinforcement the
relationship will be more involved

DEFLECTION CALCULATIONS DEFLECTION CALCULATIONS

contd…
METHOD 3
METHOD 3 Simplified Allowance for Cracking through
Simplified Allowance for Cracking through Averaging off Equivalent Moment off Inertia (Ie)
( ) (ACI-318)
Averaging of Equivalent Moment of Inertia (Ie) (ACI-318)

Ie av = average moment of inertia

Ie,
Cracked analysis and design

™ Calculate the cracking moments at face-of-supports ™ For continuous members an average equivalent
and mid-spans (Mcr) moment of inertia is obtained for each span.
™ For locations, where Mcr > Ma, calculate the
equivalent moment of inertia (Ie) Ie, av = 0.5 [ (Ie,left support + Ie,right support )/2 + Ie, midspan ]
™ For each span/cantilever, determine the average Ie,av
™ For each calculated average Ie.av determine the ™ For cantilevers, moment of inertia over the support
pp is
equivalent uncracked slab thickness (he). used for the entire cantilever
™ Using the calculated equivalent thickness of each span
(he), re-analyze each design strip to determine the P
resulting deflection

Elevation
 DEFLECTION CALCULATIONS DEFLECTION CALCULATIONS

EXAMPLE : METHOD 3 contd…

Simplified Allowance for Cracking through EXAMPLE : METHOD 3 (Averaged Ie)
Averaging
g g of Equivalent
q Moment of Inertia ((Ie)) ((ACI-318))

Calculate the cracked deflection at the middle of the panel

identified for the load combination (DL + LL). Design
parameters same as previous examples. f’c f c = 5000 psi
TNO_123

Slab thickness
8'' (200mm)

(a) Breakdown of slab into design strips

(a) Floor plan Column

18'' x 24''
(460mm x 610mm)

26'-3''
(8.00m)

(b) Extraction of design strip for analysis

30'-0'' (9.14m)
in isolation

(b) Panel plan

DEFLECTION CALCULATIONS DEFLECTION CALCULATIONS

contd… Contd…EXAMPLE : METHOD 3 (Averaged Ie)

EXAMPLE : METHOD 3 (Averaged Ie)
fr = 7.5√ f’c = 7.5 √ 5000 = 530.33 psi
Ig = 17,019
17 019 in4 (6.40e+10
(6 40e+10 mm4)

Mcr = fr * Ig /yt = 530.33*17,019/(4*12000)

= 188.04 k-ft (254.94 kNm) < Ma

Ie = (Mcr / Ma)3 * Ig + [1-(Mcr / Ma)3] * Icr ≤ Ig

where,,
Icr = b*(kd)3 / 3 + n*As(d - kd)2

DISTRIBUTION OF MOMENT (Ma ) DUE TO kd = [(2dB + 1)0.5 – 1]/B

DEAD PLUS LIVE LOAD (ADAPT-RC)
(ADAPT RC) d = 6.81
6 81 in
B = b/(nAs)
n = Es/Ec = 30000/4287 = 7.0
Consider moment at right support of span 1
As = area of steel at face of support =10.12 in2
B = 360/(7
360/(7.0*
0* 10
10.12)
12) = 5
5.08
08 /in
Ma = 326.4 k-ft (442.53 kNm)
Kd = [(2*6.81*5.08 + 1)0.5 – 1] / 5.08 = 1.45 in
Icr = (360*1.453)/3 + 7.0*10.12* (6.81-1.45)2
Calculate cracking moment Mcr and
= 2401 in4
compare with Ma
Ie = (188.04/326.4)3*17019+[1-(188.04/ 326.4)3] 2401
= 5196 in4 ( = 0.31 Ig )
 DEFLECTION CALCULATIONS DEFLECTION CALCULATIONS

contd… contd…
EXAMPLE : METHOD 3 (Averaged Ie) EXAMPLE : METHOD 3 (Averaged Ie)

Using the same procedure , the value of Ie at other Using ACI-318 averaging procedure
locations required by the code formula are calculated
and listed below: Left and right cantilevers Ie = Ig

Left cantilever: First span

Ie at face of support = Ig = 1.536e+4 in4 Average Ie = [(1.70*104+5.20*103)/2 +1.44*104]/2
= 12.755e+3 in4
First Span:
Ie at left support centerline = 1.70e+4 in4 Second span
Ie at midspan = 1.44e+4 in4 Average Ie = [(5.63*103+1.70*104)/2 +1.536*104]/2
Ie at right support centerline = 5.20e+3 in4 = 13.343e+3 in4

Second Span:
Ie at left support centerline = 5.63e+3 in4
Ie at midspan = 1.536e+4 in4
Ie at right support centerline = 1.702e+4 in4

Right cantilever:
Ie at face of support
pp = Ig
g = 1.536e+4 in4

DEFLECTION CALCULATIONS DEFLECTION CALCULATIONS

contd… contd…
EXAMPLE : METHOD 3 (Averaged Ie) EXAMPLE : METHOD 3 (Averaged Ie)

The calculated equivalent moments of inertia are

used to determine an equivalent thickness (he) for
each of the spans. The equivalent thickness is given
by

Ie = b*he3 /12

Wh
Where, b is
i the
th width
idth off the
th tributary
t ib t off th
the d
design
i
strip.
DEFLECTED SHAPE WITH ALLOWANCE FOR
CRACKING, USING SIMPLIFIED METHOD.
Left cantilever: he = 8 in ; no reduction
First span he = 7.52 in
Second span he = 7.63 in ™ Maximum deflection for span 1 is 0.264 in (6.7 mm)
Right cantilever he = 8 in. ; no reduction allowing for cracking
™The strip method, used, provides one deflection value
The same computer program used for determination that is representative of both the midpoint of the panel
of Ma can calculate the deflections with the reduced and midpoint of the line of support
slab thickness ™ Since the geometry of the panel in two orthogonal
directions is somewhat similar,, the center of panel
p
deflection is estimated as:

2 * . 0.264 = 0.528 in (13.4 mm)

 DEFLECTION CALCULATIONS DEFLECTION CALCULATIONS

METHOD 4 Contd…
Equivalent moment of inertia (Ie) combined with METHOD 4
numerical integration Equivalent moment of inertia (Ie) combined with
numerical
i l integration
i i
Steps to follow: B C
A V max
A D
(i) Start by following the same steps as the
simplified
p p
procedure,, design
g and detail ((rebar)) for
each design strip t t

(ii) Subdivide each span into a number of segments a

(10 to 20 division), and determine the equivalent L

moment of inertia of each of the subdivisions (a) Deflected profile

(iii) Use the slope-deflection method of structural
analysis, with each segment assigned its own Ie h

and calculate the deflection

A i i
h
(b) Moment distribution (Ma)

A i i le

(a) Moment distribution (Ma)

(c) Equivalent moment of inertia (Ie)
le

VARIABLE MOMENT INERTIA ALONG A

(b) Equivalent moment of inertia (Ie) MEMBER DUE TO CRACKING

DEFLECTION CALCULATIONS DEFLECTION CALCULATIONS

contd … METHOD 5
METHOD 4 Use of Finite Element programs with no cracking
Equivalent moment of inertia (Ie) combined with (linear elastic)
numerical integration

DEFLECTED PROFILE OF THE DESIGN STRIP WITH

ALLOWANCE FOR CRACKING USING NUMERICAL DISCRETIZATION OF THE TYPICAL FLOOR SLAB FOR
INTEGRATION FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS (FLOOR-PRO)

™ Calculated deflection by numerical integration EXAMPLE

0.235 in. ( 6 mm) Using the same dimensions and parameters, determine
™ Estimate of deflection at center of panel: the maximum deflection of panel identified in previous
2 * 0.235 = 0.47 in. ( 12.0 mm) examples
 DEFLECTION CALCULATIONS DEFLECTION CALCULATIONS

Contd…
METHOD 6
METHOD 5 Finite Element Method with allowance for cracking
Use of Finite Element programs with no cracking
First a brief review of the underlying work

Formulation of finite elements with allowance for

cracking is somewhat involved
involved, since it is a
post-processor to design and detailing. It requires the
detailed information on the following:

™ The reduction of local stiffness due to cracking and

the computation of reduced stiffness depends on:
‰ Presence of local reinforcement,
‰ Amount of local reinforcement,
‰ Orientation and cover of each reinforcing bar
DEFLECTION CONTOUR OF THE FLOOR SYSTEM ‰ Axial loads due to constraint of supports
(using gross cross-section; no allowance for cracking)
ADAPT FLOOR pro)
ADAPT-FLOOR-pro) And if post
post-tensioned
tensioned
‰ Presence of strands
Maximum deflection at the center of the panel under ‰ Orientation of strands
consideration is 0.54 in. (13.7 mm) (ADAPT-FLOOR Pro) ‰ Axial precompression

Structural Modeling for Cracked Deflection

DEFLECTION CALCULATIONS

contd… CENTROID
OF SLAB SLAB

METHOD 6
Finite Element Method with allowance for cracking

BEAM
First a brief review of the underlying work
((i)) ((ii)) ((iii))

Since the position of each reinforcing bar and (a) ACTUAL CONDITIONS (b) INCORRECT MODELING
the local stress play a central role in the post-
cracking
g response
p at the local level,, and
subsequently the overall deflection of a floor
CENTROID
system, the authentic modeling of the structure OF SLAB
becomes of paramount importance.

The following are several examples.

(i) (ii) (iii)

(c) PROPER MODELING
beams must be modeled with correct eccentricity
with respect to slab
 Structural Modeling for Cracked Deflection Structural Modeling for Cracked Deflection

TENDON INFLECTION
POINT

Y1 Y2
C X3
X1
(iv)
W2 W3
C T C

t (i) T M W1 W4
C

(a) Traditional schemes substitute each tendon by

(a) Flanged beam under bending the force in exerts to concrete

TENDON
SEGMENT
J
J'
Z
Zero axial
i l

M Zero axial
I'
I
(b) Flanged beam with no interaction j
Between stem and flange i

Proper and Improper Modelling

Of Flanged Beam
(b) Representation of each post‐tensioning tendon or
rebar by a discrete steel element in finite element cells

DEFLECTION CALCULATIONS DEFLECTION CALCULATIONS

contd…
METHOD 6
Finite Element Method with allowance for cracking
METHOD 6
Fi it Element
Finite El t Method
M th d with
ith allowance
ll ffor cracking
ki
EXAMPLE
™ Use ACI318-08 for determine the reinforcement necessary
for both the in-service and strength requirements of the Steps to follow:
code.
™ Use the calculated minimum reinforcement of the code to 1. Using the geometry, boundary conditions, material
determine the cracked deflection. No other reinforcement is properties, and the load combination for which the
added. deflection is sought, obtain a solution based on gross
moment of inertia ((Ig),
g), and determine applied
pp moments
(Ma) over the entire structure;

2. Design the floor system, if required. Add

reinforcement if needed;
reinforcement,

3. Scan the entire structure, to detect and identify all

reinforcement. Reinforcement can be in the following
forms:
ƒ User defined one or more top and bottom
reinforcement mesh;
DEFLECTION CONTOUR OF SLAB WITH CRACKING ƒ calculated for serviceability or strength
Deflection at center of target panel 0.7 in (17.8 mm) (Floor-Pro) ƒ User defined post-tensioning
 DEFLECTION CALCULATIONS DEFLECTION CALCULATIONS

contd… METHOD 6
Finite Element Method with allowance for cracking
METHOD 6
Finite Element Method with allowance for cracking Maximum deflection at the center of target panel:
™ With allowance for cracking 0.70 in. (ADAPT- FLOOR Pro)
4. Match the applied moment of each location (Ma) with ™ Without allowance for cracking 0.54 in.(ADAPT- FLOOR Pro
th cracking
the ki momentt (Mcr)
(M ) att the
th same location;
l ti

5. If Ma > Mcr, using the local geometry, material and

reinforcement, calculate the effective moment of
inertial (Ie);

6. Re-assembles the system stiffness matrix and solve

for deflections;

Question:
Is it adequate
adequate, from design standpoint
standpoint, to conclude the
computation at this stage, or should one continue the
calculation, since the reduced stiffness will result in a EXTENT OF CRACKING SHOWN THROUGH REDUCTION
different distribution of applied moments, and hence IN EFFECTIVE MOMENT OF INERTIA Ie ABOUT Y-Y AXIS
cracking
ki pattern.
tt

DEFLECTION CALCULATIONS
DEFLECTION CALCULATIONS
Crack Width

METHOD 6 Once cracking is initiated, among other factor its

Finite Element Method with allowance for cracking width depends
p on:

¾ Amount and location of reinforcement

¾ Size of reinforcement
¾ Spacing of reinforcement

ACI-318 does not require the computation of crack

width. In ACI-318 cracking and its width are controlled
through detailing and allowable stresses

European Code (EC2) does not specify allowable

stresses. Rather, it recommends the design to be
based on limiting a pre-specified crack width, such as
0.1, 0.2, or 0.3 mm (0.004; 0.008; or 0.01 in.)

EXTENT OF CRACKING SHOWN THROUGH

REDUCTION IN EFFECTIVE MOMENT OF INERTIA
Ie ABOUT X-X AXIS
 DEFLECTION CALCULATIONS DEFLECTION CALCULATIONS
Crack Width Crack Width
Example Example
For the same geometry and other conditions, For the same geometry and other conditions,
determine the width of probable cracks for the determine the width of probable cracks for the load
l d combination
load bi ti (DL + LL) combination (DL + LL)

WIDTH OF PROBABLE CRACKS IN LEFT-

RIGHT DIRECTION
WIDTH OF PROBABLE CRACKS IN UP-DOWN
Crack width in left-right direction at the middle of DIRECTION
target panel 0.01 in. (0.25 mm)
Crack width in up-down direction at the middle of
target panel 0.009
0 009 in.
in (0.23
(0 23 mm)

COMPARISON OF DEFLECTION DEFLECTION OF CONCRETE FLOORS

CALCULATION METHODS

DEFLECTION VALUES AT CENTER OF

THE TARGET PANEL FROM DIFFERENT METHODS
CALCULATION OF INSTANTANEOUS DEFLECTION
Deflection Normalized
Calculation Method
(in) Deflection CONCLUDING REMARKS
Closed form 0.48
1 69 % ‰ The commonly acceptable methods of deflection
formulas 12.2 mm
calculation
l l ti yield
i ld results
lt th
thatt can vary up tto 30% in
i
Strip method 0.231
2 66 % value. Hence, calculated deflections should be
(uncracked) 11.7 mm
evaluated using engineering judgment
Strip method ACI - 0.264
3 75 %
318 (cracked
(cracked, Ie
Ie,av)
av) 13 4 mm
13.4
‰ The largest value of calculated deflection is
Strip method generally given using Finite Element Method with
cracking, Ie 0.235 allowance for cracking
4 67 %
and numerical 11.9 mm
i t
integration
ti
‰ The use of strip method combined with equivalent
Finite Element moment of inertia is too cumbersome for hand
Method (FEM) 0.540
5 77 % calculation, but readily available in software based on
No allowance for 13.7 mm
cracking strip methods
Finite Element
‰ Closed form formulas, where applicable are simple
Method (FEM) 0.700
6 100 % and compare well with other approximate methods
With allowance for 17.8 mm
cracking
 DEFLECTION CALCULATION OF LONG-TERM DEFLECTIONS
CONCRETE FLOORS CONCRETE FLOORS

Long-Term Deflections
™ Due to shrinkage and creep deflection changes
with time.
Concrete slabs continue to deflect under
sustained load. ™ Shrinkage of concrete is due to loss of moisture.

‰ Long
Long-Term
Term Deflections are due to: ™ Creep is increase in displacement under stress.
stress

¾ Shrinkage of concrete ™ Under constant loading, such as self weight, the

effect of creep diminishes with time.
¾ Creep under applied load
™ Likewise, under normal conditions, with loss of
moisture, the effect of deformation due to shrinkage
‰ Values of interest are diminishes.

¾ Ultimate deflection from initiation of deflection ™ Restraint of supports to free shortening of a slab
until no change in deflection with time; due to shrinkage or creep can lead to cracking of
slabs and therebyy an increase in deflection due to
¾ Interim deflection over a defined time period gravity loads.

LONG-TERM DEFLECTIONS LONG-TERM DEFLECTIONS

Shrinkage Shrinkage
™ It is the long-term shrinkage due to loss of
moisture through the entire volume of concrete
It is important to note that, as such, deflection due to
that impacts a slab’s deformation.
shrinkage alone is independent from the natural
deflection of slab. It neither depends on the direction
™ Plastic shrinkage that takes place within the first
of deflection due to applied loads, nor its magnitude.
few hours of placing of concrete does not play a
The shrinkage deflection depends primarily on the
significant role in slab’s deflection and its impact in
amount and position of reinforcement in slab.
long-term deflection is not considered.

™ On its own, long-term shrinkage does not result in

A corollary impact of shrinkage is crack formation due
vertical displacement of a floor system.
to restraint of the supports. It is the crack formation
due to shrinkage that increases deflection under
™ It is the presence of non-symmetrical
non symmetrical reinforcement
gravity
it loads.
l d
within the depth of a slab that curls the slab (warping)
toward the face with none or less reinforcement.
Shrinkage values can vary from zero, when concrete
is fully immersed in water to 800 micro strain. Typical
KAGE STRAIN
N

ultimate shrinkage values are between 400 to 500

micro strain.
SHRINK

SHRINKAGE

TIME
 QUESTION ANSWER

WHAT IS THE TOTAL SHORTENING OF

WHAT IS THE TOTAL SHORTENING OF THIS SLAB DUE TO SHRINKAGE?
THIS SLAB DUE TO SHRINKAGE?
™ Slab is on rollers
™ Slab length 100 ft
™ Slab is on rollers
™ Slab length 100 ft ™ Ultimate shrinkage values are
between 400 to 500 micro strain
™ Ultimate shrinkage values are
between 400 to 500 micro strain ™ shortening = strain * length

= 100*12*400*10-66 = 0
0.48
48 in.
in
Or = 100*12*500*10-6 = 0.60 in.

LONG-TERM DEFLECTIONS QUESTION

Creep
™ Creep is stress related.

™ It is a continued magnification of the spontaneous

displacement of a member with reduced rate
with time.
WHAT IS THE TOTAL SHORTENING OF
™ Values of creep vary from 1.5 to 4. THIS SLAB DUE TO CREEP?
™ Typical ultimate creep values for commercial and
building structures are between 2 to 3.
™ Slab is on rollers
™ Slab length 100 ft

™ Ultimate creep coefficient = 2.5

ELASTIC
RECOVERY

CREEP
Creepp is due to stress. There are no stresses in
STRAIN
CREEP RECOVERY
the horizontal direction. Hence there will be no
shortening due to creep
ELASTIC PERMANENT
STRAIN
DEFORMATION

0 t t t
0
8

TIME
 QUESTION ANSWER

WHAT IS THE TOTAL SHORTENING OF THIS

WHAT IS THE TOTAL SHORTENING OF THIS SLAB DUE TO A UNIFORM PRECOMPRESSION
SLAB DUE TO A UNIFORM RECOMPRESSION OF 150 psi FROM POST-TENSIONING ?
OF 150 psi FROM POST-TENSIONING ?
Shortening = P * L / (A*E )
™ Slab is on rollers
™ Slab length 100 ft E = 57000 √4000 = 3,605,000 psi
™ Creep coefficient 2.5
Shortening = 150*100*12
150 100 12 / (1 * 3,605,000)
3 605 000)
Shortening = P * L / (A*E )
= 0.05 in short term
E = 57000 √4000 = 3,605,000 psi
Long-term shortening due to creep is between
2 to 3 times more. Use 2.5 times

Sh t i
Shortening =2
2.5*0.05
5*0 05 = 0.125
0 125 iin llong-term
t

QUESTION ANSWER

Load Load

Rebar Rebar

The reinforcement in this slab was The reinforcement in this slab was
placed wrongly, top side down. placed wrongly, top side down.

™How does this impact the deflection ™How does this impact the deflection
of the slab: of the slab:

™Vertical deflection of the slab ™ Shrinkage will cause upward

™Horizontal shortening of the slab. deflection

™Horizontal shortening due to

shrinkage will not change
 LONG-TERM DEFLECTIONS LONG-TERM DEFLECTIONS

Multiplier Factors for Long-Term Deflections

Restraint of Supports
pp
For design purposes, the long-term deflection of a
floor system due to creep and shrinkage can be
Restraint of supports, such as walls and columns expressed as a multiplier to its instantaneous
to free movement of a slab due to shrinkage and deflection.
deflection
creep can lead a tensile stresses in the slab and
early cracking under applied loads. Early Long-term deflection due to sustained load:
crackingg will reduce the stiffness of the slab and
Δl = C * Δi
increase its deflection.
Δl = long-term deflection;
Δi = instantaneous deflection; and
C = multiplier.

ACI-318 suggests the multiplier factor (C ) shown in

figure of next slide to estimate long term deflections
due to sustained loads

LONG-TERM DEFLECTIONS LONG-TERM DEFLECTIONS

Multiplier Factors for Long-Term Deflections Multiplier Factors for Long-Term Deflections

The multiplier can be reduced, if compression

2.0 reinforcement is present. The factor (λ) for the
reduction of the multiplier is given by:
1.5

T 1.0
λ = C / (1 + 50ρ’ )

.5
ρ’ is percentage of compression rebar at

0 ™ mid-span for simple and continuous members; and

01 3 6 12 18 24 30 36 48 60 ™ at support for cantilevers at support.
Duration of Load, Months

Creep and Shrinkage Multiplier for

Long-term Deflection (ACI 318-8)
 LONG-TERM DEFLECTIONS LOAD COMBINATIONS

Multiplier Factors for Long-Term Deflections

The load combination proposed to be used in
evaluating the deflection of a floor system
Δi = instantaneous deflection; and
depends on the objective of the floors evaluation.
Δl = long-term deflection.
Total Long-Term Displacement From Removal
Δl = ( 1 + λc + λsh ) * Δi
of Forms
Where
λc = creep multiplier; (1.0*SW + 1.0*SDL + 1.0*PT + 0.3*LL)* λt
λsh = shrinkage multiplier;
SW = selfweight;
lf i ht
SDL = superimposed dead load, (floor cover
MULTIPLIERS FOR LONG-TERM DEFLECTIONS
and partitions);
PT = post-tensioning;
Immediate Creep Shrinkage Total
Source deflection λc λsh λt LL = design live load; and
λt = long-term deflection multiplier
Sbarounis(1984) 1.0 2.8 1.2 5.0 ( λt = λsh + λc = C )
Branson(1977) 10
1.0 20
2.0 10
1.0 40
4.0
Graham and
Scanlon (1986b)
1.0 2.0 2.0 5.0

ACI-318 1.0 2.0 3.0

LOAD COMBINATIONS LONG-TERM DEFLECTIONS

Change of deflection with time

For deflection check in connection with the code
Total Long-Term Displacement From
specified maximum values where the purpose is to
Removal of Forms
mitigate damage to non-structural elements the
following curve is used:
(1.0*SW + 1.0*SDL + 1.0*PT + 0.3*LL)* λt
ND
SHRINKAGE AN

100%
The above load combination is conservative since
it assumes the application of superimposed loads 80
ENING

to be at the time the supports to a floor system

are removed.
removed The factor 0.30 3 suggested for live
CREEP SHORTE
GE OF FINAL S

60

load is for “sustained” load combination. The

significance of the above load combination is that 40

it provides a measure for the total deflection from

PERCENTAG

the position of the forms at time concrete is cast.

C

20

Its application is mostly for aesthetics and

drainage of surface water, if applicable. 0
1 day 3 7 10 30 50 100 200 1 yr 3 yrs 25 yrs

TIME SCALE

LONG-TERM SHORTENING OF CONCRETE

MEMBERS DUE TO CREEP AND
SHRINKAGE WITH TIME (PCI Design Manual)
 LIVE LOAD DEFLECTION LONG-TERM DEFLECTION
numerical example

Check the deflection at the center of the panel

Even when linear elastic theory is used for the
identified. The floor supports elements that are
calculation of a floor system’s deflection, cracking will
prone to damage due to excessive deflection
result in a non-linear response. For the same load,
the deflection of a slab depends on the extent of TNO_123

cracking prior to the application of the load. For this

reason,, when calculating g the deflection due to the
instantaneous application of live load, the following
Slab thickness
procedure has to be used: 8'' (200mm)

Deflection due to LL =
(a) Floor plan
Column
(deflection due to DL+LL) – (deflection due to DL) 18'' x 24''
(460mm x 610mm)

26'-3''
The above accounts for loss of stiffness due to dead (8.00m)

load prior to the application of live load.

30'-0'' (9.14m)

(b) Panel plan

Column-supported Two Way Slab

LONG-TERM DEFLECTION LONG-TERM DEFLECTION

numerical example numerical example

Given:
Using ACI-318, since the floor supports non-structural
Span length along X-X direction = 30’ (9.14 m)
members likely to be damaged from excessive deflection,
Span
p lengthg alongg Y-Y direction = 26.25’ ((8.00 m))
the following two limits for deflection check apply:
Slab thickness = 8 in. (203 mm)
Ec (modulus of elasticity) = 4.287 * 106 psi For visual impact and comfort d/L < 1/240
(29,558 MPa) For damage mitigation d/L < 1/480
Superimposed dead load (SDL) = 25 psf (1.2 kN/m2) Where d is deflection and L is its associated span.
(includes allowance for partitions)
Live load (LL) = 40 psf (1.9 kN/m2)
The allowance for increase in deflection due to long-term
Other parameters the same as previous example
effects of shrinkage and creep is made through a
magnification factor (C) to be applied to the immediate
Required
deflection. Assume C = 2.2, indicating that the long-term
Calculation of deflection and code check for the following
deflections
de ect o s will be 2.2 ttimes
es tthe
e instantaneous
sta ta eous values.
a ues
™ Uncracked
U k d condition
diti
¾ Loads applied at time of removal of forms
The support spans in the two orthogonal directions are
¾ SDL applied on day 45; structure placed in
26’ 3” and 30’ 0”. Hence, the diagonal distance for
service on day 180
deflection check at the middle of the panel under
consideration is:
™ Allow for cracking
¾ SDL applied on day 45
L = ( 26.252 + 302 )0.5 = 39.86 ft
¾S Structure
uc u e p
placed
aced in se
service
ce o
on day 180
80
 LONG-TERM DEFLECTION LONG-TERM DEFLECTION
numerical example numerical example

UNCRACKED DEFLECTIONS
Using ACI-318, since the floor supports non-structural
members
b lik l tto b
likely be d
damaged d from
f excessive
i d deflection,
fl ti Condition 1: loads applied at time of removal of forms
the following two limits for deflection check apply:
Assumptions:
For visual impact and comfort d/L < 1/240 Concrete uncracked under service condition
For damage mitigation d/L < 1/480 S
Superimposed
i d lload
d iis applied
li d att titime off removall off fforms and
d
the slab is placed in service at the same time. Hence, live load
is considered effective at day 1.
L = 38.86 ft
Since the section is assumed uncracked,
uncracked when calculating
For visual impact and comfort deflections, the principle of superposition applies. A Finite
(39.86 * 12/240) = 2.0 in. Element (ADAPT-Floor Pro) solution for the slab gives the
following results for deflections.
For damage mitigation
(39.86 * 12)/480 = 1.0 in. Load Deflection (in. )
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Selfweight (SW) 0.33
Superimposed dead load (SDL) 0.08
Live load (LL) 0.13

LONG-TERM DEFLECTION LONG-TERM DEFLECTION

numerical example numerical example

For Visual and Sense of Comfort For Damage Mitigation

On the assumption that the slab is cast with no camber and pp

™ Loads are applied immediatelyy after removal of forms.
horizontally, the perceived deflection is the total downward ™ Members likely to be damaged installed the same time.
displacement of the slab. The total deflection is due to the
instantaneous and long-term values of the loads applied at ¾ Damage is due to long-term effects of initial loads; and
removal of forms (0.3LL) and the immediate response of the ¾ Deflection due to balance of live load (0.7LL)
additional
dditi l lilive lload
d (0
(0.7LL)
7LL)
.Load combination:
Load combination:
C * (SW + SDL + 0.3*LL) + 0.7*LL
(1 + C) * (SW + SDL + 0.3
0 3 * LL) + 0.7LL
0 7LL
= 2.2 (0.33 + 0.08 + 0.3 * 0.13) + 0.7 * 0.13 = 1.08 in
= (1 + 2.2) * (0.33 + 0.08 + 0.3 * 0.13) + 0.7 * 0.13 . > L/480 = 1.00 in.
= 1.53 in. < d/L = 1/250 = 2.0 in. OK
Based
B d on engineering
i i jjudgment
d t the
th values
l are close
l
Note: enough to be acceptable.
Sustained portion of live load 0.30LL
Balance of design live load 0.70LL
C is long-term
long term multiplier assumed 2.2
22 Note:
Increase in concrete stiffness with time conservatively not
account for
 LONG-TERM DEFLECTION LONG-TERM DEFLECTION
numerical example numerical example

contd…
Condition 2: Delayed application of load Condition 2: Delayed application of load

Loads applied at different times Loads applied at different times

E AND
100%
Assumptions:

AL SHRINKAGE
. 48%
80
¾ Uncracked section

ORTENING
¾ Superimposed load applied 45 days after the 60
removal of forms,, when the nonstructural 52

NTAGE OF FINA
CREEP SHO
members likely to be damaged are also installed 40
¾ Structure is placed in service 180 days after the
removal for forms 20

PERCEN
Investigate the adequacy of the floor for deflections: 0
45 180
1 day 3 7 10 30 50 100 200 1 yr 3 yrs 25 yrs

TIME SCALE

LONG-TERM SHORTENING OF CONCRETE

Note
For a load applied on day 45,
45 the balance of long-
term deflection is 48%

LONG-TERM DEFLECTION LONG-TERM DEFLECTION

numerical example numerical example

contd… For Damage Mitigation

Condition 2: Delayed application of load - uncracked
Damage g to non-structural members will be due to deflections
that take place subsequent to installation of such members.
For Visual and Sense of Comfort
This is the long-term part of deflection due to selfweight after
day 45. When the structure is placed in service. There will be
On the assumption that the slab is cast with no camber and
added deflection due to sustained portion of live loads
horizontally the perceived deflection is the total downward
horizontally,
(assumed 30% of its design value) and an additional increase
displacement of the slab. The total deflection is due to the
in deflection when the remainder of the live load is likely to
instantaneous and long-term values of the loads applied
apply (assumed 70% of its design value) .
and the instantaneous response of the additional live
load (0.7LL)

Load combination:

((1 + C)) * (SW

( + SDL + 0.3 * LL)) + 0.7LL

= (1 + 2.2) * (0.33 + 0.08 + 0.3 * 0.13) + 0.7 * 0.13

= 1.53 in. < L/240 = 2.0 in. OK

Note
The delayed application of loads does not impact the
d fl ti check
deflection h k values
l ffor visual
i l effects..
ff t L
Long-term
t deflection
d fl ti with
ith multiple
lti l lloading
di titimes
 LONG-TERM DEFLECTION LONG-TERM DEFLECTION
numerical example numerical example

contd…
Condition 2: Delayed application of load - uncracked

™ Point B’ is total deflection due to selfweight prior to the

application of SDL and installation of members likely to be
damaged. Once these loads are applied, the floor deflects Long-term deflection with multiple loading times
to point B
B.
™The structure is placed in service after six months (point Load combination for applicable deflection is:
C’). At this time, it is subjected to the sustained portion of
live load (0.3 LL). This results in an immediate displacement 0.48*C * SW + C * SDL + (1 + C) * 0.30LL + 0.70*LL
of the structure to point C, followed by long-term
long term deflection to
D’. = (0.48 * 2.2) * 0.33 + 2.2 * 0.08 + (1 + 2.2) * 0.3 * 0.13
™When in future, the remainder of the design live load (0.7 LL), + 0.7 * 0.13
is applied, the structure deflects to D
™The total deflection experienced
p byy the members likely
y to be = 0.74
0 74 in.
in < d/L = L / 480 = 1.00
1 00 in.
in OK
damaged is shown by “d”

LONG-TERM DEFLECTION LONG-TERM DEFLECTION

numerical example numerical example

Delayed application of load with allowance for cracking

Assumptions
g is nonlinear . Consequently,
Load-deflection in post-cracking y
superposition does not apply. The increment in deflection at ™ Allow for cracking of concrete, when local stresses
each stage depends on the prior load history of the exceed modulus of rupture
structure.
™ Reduced stiffness is based on the amount
amount,
In the post-cracking stage, the stiffness of the structure at
each point depends on the amount and location of location and orientation of local reinforcement,
reinforcement available at that point. Hence, the structure including PT is available
must be analyzed, designed and detailed for cracked
d fl ti calculation.
deflection l l ti ™Superimposed load is applied 45 days after the
removal of forms, when the nonstructural members
likely to be damaged are also installed.

™Structure is placed in service 180 days after the

removal for forms

™The long-term
g deflection magnifier
g ((C)) due to
shrinkage and creep remains the same as in the
uncracked condition ( C = 2.2)

Load-deflection with intermittent loads

and cracking
 LONG-TERM DEFLECTION LONG-TERM DEFLECTION
numerical example numerical example

Delayed application of load with allowance for cracking

contd…
Delayed application of load with allowance for cracking
Visual and sense of comfort
Visual and sense of comfort
With no camber, and slab cast horizontal, the total
downward displacement governs the visual effects. The instantaneous displacement at application of 0.7LL
must be added to the above
above, in order to give the total
The observed deflection is the long-term effects of the deflection.
sustained load on the structure (including 0.3LL) plus
instantaneous deflection due to the application of the The increment of deflection due to the application of 0.7LL
balance of live load 0.7LL) . is the difference between two solutions as follows
Up to here
D0.7LL = Dsw,SDL,LL - Dsw,SDL,0.3LL = 0.12 in.
The load combination for the cracked deflection of the entire
sustained loads is: The observed total deflection for visual effects is:

Dsw,SDL,0.3LL = (SW + SDL + 0.3LL) = 0.53 in (1 + C) * Dsw,SDL,0.3LL + D0.7LL = (1 + 2.2) * 0.53 + 0.12

The above displacement is subject to the long-term effect = 1.82 in < L/240 = 2.0 in. OK
(C=2.2).

Note that contrary to the uncracked scenarios, in the above

the magnification factor C is not included in the load
combination

LONG-TERM DEFLECTION LONG-TERM DEFLECTION

numerical example numerical example
For damage control
Delayed application of load with allowance for cracking
Damage is caused by deflections subsequent to installation.
g
This includes the long-term portion of deflection due to
p , ) .
The long-term effect of superimposed dead load (DSDL,LT
selfweight after day 45. The value of this component from the graph is:

When placed in service, there is instantaneous deflection 0.48 * C * Dsw

due to sustained 0.30LL, and additional increase when
remainder live load is applied Th lload
The d combination
bi ti tto arrive
i att Dsw is:
i 1 0 * SW
1.0

The components of design deflection are illustrated in figure The long-term effect of displacement due to selfweight is:

Dsw,LT = 0.48
0 48 * C * Dsw = 0.48
0 48 * 2.2
2 2 *0.38
*0 38 = 0.40
0 40 in.
in

The immediate deflection from SDL does not impact the

results, since installation of members subject to damage is
deemed to be in progress
progress, but its long
long-term
term effect does

DSDL,LT . = C * DSDL

This is obtained from two independent solutions one

including and the other excluding the superimposed dead
load as given below
Long-term deflection with multiple loading times
DSDL = Dsw,SDL
sw SDL - Dsw = 0.1”

DSDL,LT . = C * DSDL = 2.2 * 0.1 = 0.22 in.

 LONG-TERM DEFLECTION LONG-TERM DEFLECTION
numerical example numerical example

Delayed application of load with allowance for cracking Delayed application of load with allowance for cracking

The structure is placed in service after six months , when More than two years, the structure is checked for (0.7 LL),
(0.3 LL) applies. This results in immediate displacement to when
hen it deflects to point D
D. The total deflection experienced
e perienced
point C, followed by long-term deflection to D’. The by the members likely to be damaged is deflection due:
immediate displacement D0.3LL of the structure (CC’)
contributes to the total displacement (d), likely to damage ¾ Entire live load;
the structure. Its value is given by subtracting the deflection ¾long term effects of the selfweight after day 45; and
¾long-term
values Dsw,SDL,0.3LL from Dsw,SDL to be obtained from two ¾ long-term effects of the sustained portion of live.
different solutions.
Dsw,LT = 0.40 in.
Load combination for Dsw,SDL is
D0.3LL,LT = 0.15 in.
( 1.0*SW + 1.0*SDL) = 0.48 in.
The instantaneous deflection of live load DLL is given by the
Load combination for Dsw,SDL,0.3LL is difference between two solutions, namelyy Dsw,SDL.LL
sw SDL LL which
includes the entire loads and Dsw,SDL that includes the
(1.0*SW + 1.0*SDL + 0.30*LL) = 0.53 in. selfweight and superimposed dead loads.
The load combinations for the two solutions are:
D0.3LL
0 3LL = Dsw,SDL,0.3LL
sw SDL 0 3LL - Dsw,SDL
sw SDL = 0.53 – 0.48 = 0.05 in.
For Dsw,SDL.LL
The long-term effect of the sustained live load 0.30LL is C (1.0 * SW + 1.0 * SDL + 1.0 * LL) = 0.70 in.
times its instantaneous value. It equals>
For Dsw,SDL
D0.3LL,LT = C * D0.3LL = 2.2 * 0.05 = 0.15 in. (
(1.0 *S
SW + 1.0 * S
SDL)) = 0.48 in.

DLL = 0.70 – 0.48 = 0.22 in.

LONG-TERM DEFLECTION DEFLECTION CALCULATION OF

numerical example CONCRETE FLOORS

Delayed application of load with allowance for cracking

Total deflection is the sum of the following: CONCLUDING REMARKS

¾ Long-term effects of selfweight Dsw,LT = 0.40 in.
¾ Long-term effect of SDL DSDL,LT = 0.22 in. ™ Reasons for controlling deflections
¾ Long-term of sustained live load D0.3LL,LT = 0.15 in. ™ Deflection control through span/depth ratios
¾ Instantaneous
Instantaneo s deflection d
due
e to LL = 0.22
0 22 in.
in DLL ™ Permissible deflection values
___________________________________________________ ™ How to measure code-intended values
Total deflection
< Span/480 = 1.00 in. OK
0.99 in. ™ How to calculate probable deflections
TNO_123
¾ Instantaneous deflections
¾ Long-term deflections
‰ Ultimate values
Slab thickness
8'' (200mm)
8
‰ Interim values
(a) Floor plan
™ Crack width calculation and control

(
Column
18'' x 24''
(460mm x
™ Numerical examples
610mm)

26'-3''
(8.00m
) (b) Panel plan

30'-0'' (9.14m)
 DEFLECTION CALCULATION OF Thank you for Listening
CONCRETE FLOORS

References and Further Reading Any Questions?

ACI 318-08, (2008), “Building Code Requirements for Structural
Concrete,” American Concrete Institute.

Bares R
Bares, R., (1971)
(1971), “Tables
Tables for the Analysis of Plates,
Plates Slabs and
Diaphragms Based on the Elastic Theory,” Bau verlag GmbH,
Wiesbaden und Berlin, 1971, pp. 626

Branson D
Branson, D. E
E., (1977)
(1977), “Deformation Structures ”
Deformation of Concrete Structures,
McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, pp. 546.

Graham, C. J., and Scanlon, A., (1986), “Long Time Multipliers

for Estimating Two-Way Deflections,” ACI Journal,
Two Way Slab Deflections,
Proceedings V. 83, No.5, pp. 899-908.

PTI (1990). Post-Tensioning Manual, 5th Edition, Post-

g Institute, Phoenix, AZ, pp
Tensioning pp. 406 [email protected]
www.adaptsoft.com
d t ft
Sarbounis, J. A., (1994) “Multistory Flat Plate Buildings:
Measured and Computed One-Year Deflections,” Concrete
International, Vol. 6, No. 8, August, pp. 31-35.