NARAYANA JUNIOR COLLEGE HABSIGUDA

JUNIOR INTER (2021-22) CHEMISTRY

ATOMIC STRUCTURE

1. What are the postulates of Bohr’s model of atom? Discuss the imp of this model to explain
various series of line spectra in hydrogen atom?
A. Bohr’s Theory :-
1. Electrons that revolve around the nucleus in a circular paths are called shells or orbits.
2. Orbits are denoted with letters K , L , M , N, O ……. by numbers 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 …..n.
3. Electrons present in a particular orbit neither loose energy nor gain energy. Hence orbits are
known as stationary orbits.
4 When. electron jumps from lower energy level to higher energy level, energy is absorb. When
electron jumps from higher energy level to lower energy level energy is released or emitted.
5. Energy difference between two orbits is equal to energy of quarta.
E  E2  E1  hv
E2 = Higher energy level, E1=lower energy level, h = Plank’s constant

h
6. Angular Momentum of an electron is equal to integral multiple of
2
h
 mvr  n.
2
Where n = 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ……… n
M – Mass of electron
V – Velocity of electron
r – radius of orbit
h – Planks constant
Hydrogen Spectrum :-
1. Various spectral lines are formed in hydrogen atoms proposed my Bohr.
2. Hydrogen consists of 1 proton & 1 electron when hydrogen gas is subjected to electric
discharge tube electron absorbed more than 13.5 electron volt which goes to the higher energy
level at higher energy level electron is unstable therefore it comes back to ground state through
directly or intermediate levels
3. Hence, it form various series of spectral lines which are given below.
 S.NO LOWER ORBIT HIGHER ORBIT SERIES REGION
(n1) (n2)
1 1 2,3,4 ….. Lyman U.V.
2 2 3,4,5 …… Balmar Visible Region
3 3 4.5.6 …… Pashan I.R.
4 4 5.6.7 ……. Bracket I.R.
5 5 6.7.8 …… Pfund I.R.

4. Scientist Rydbury proposed an equation for calculation of ware number of spectral lines is
1 1
  R  2  2  R  Rydburg’s constant . R = 109677 cm1
 n1 n2 
Q2. How are the Quantum Numbers n,l m & s arrived at? Explain the significance of these
Quantum Numbers ?
Quantum umbers:
A. The numbers which can describe main shell , subshell , orientation and spin of electron are known
as Quantum numbers.
They are of four types :-
I. Principle quantum II. Azimutal quantum III. Magnetic quantum IV. Spin quantum
numbers :- numbers :- number :- numbers :-
1. It is proposed by Bhor 1. It was proposed by 1. It was proposed by 1. It was proposed by
2. It is denoted with Letter sommerfield lande Uhlenback & Goud smith
‘n’ 2. Denoted by ‘l’ ‘l’ values 2. Denoted by ‘m’. m 2. It is denoted by ‘s’. s is
3. ‘n’ values are 1 , 2 , 3 , depends on ‘n’ values. values are depends on ‘l’ indepndent
4 ……..n. 3. ‘l’ values are 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 values. 3. ‘s’ values are + ½ & - ½
4. No. of orbitals present ….. (n – 1) 3. m values are – l …….. 0 4. Maximum number of
in orbit = n2. 4. No. of sub shells …….. + l. electrons present in an
No. of electrons present present in an orbit = n 4. No. of orbitals present orbital = 2
in an orbit = 2n2 . 5. Significance :- It in sub shell = (2l + 1) 5. Significance :- It
5. Significance :- It signifies shape of sub 5. Significance :- It signifies spin of electron.
signifies size and energy shells and angular signifies orientation of
of an orbit. momentum orbital
S – Spherical ,
P – dumbell ,
d – double dumbell ,
f – complicated.

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4(a). Explain the difference between emission and absorption spectra?
A.
Emission Spectra Absorption Spectra
1. When electron jump from higher 1. When electron jump from Lower orbit to
orbit to lower orbit emission spectra is Higher orbit absorption spectra is formed.
formed.
2. In this bright lines formed on dark 2. In this black lines are formed on white
background background
3. It is the atomic spectra 3 It is the atomic spectra
4. It is discontinuous spectra 4. It may be continues and discontinuous
spectra

4(b). Explain (i) Aufbau Principle (ii) Pauli’s Principle (iii) Hund’s Rule?
A. i) Aufbau Principle : Electrons that enter into an atomic orbital of available lowest
energy. It depends on n + l value. Energy Order : 1S<2S<2P<3S<3P<…..
ii) Pouli’s Principle : No two electrons of an atom have all 4 quantum numbers Ex : He
1S 2
n l m s
1st Electron 1 0 0 1
+
2
nd
2 Electron 1 0 0 1

2
iii) Hund’s Rule : Pairing of electrons takes place after all degenerate orbitals are filled
with one electron in each is called Hund’s Rule Ex : N(Z = 7)

6(c) : Advantages and limitations of Bohr’s theory.

Limitations Merits of Bohr’s Theory :
Bohr fails to explain Bohr successfully explained
1. Spectrum of multi electronic species 1) Spectrum of single electric species
2. Formation of chemical bond 2) Stability of an atom
3. Fine spectrum of Hydrogen 3) Distribution of electrons in orbits
4. Zeeman effect & stark effect 4) Radius of n th orbit

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7. Explain the difference between orbit and orbital?
Orbit Orbital
1 An orbit is a well-defined circular 1 An orbital is the three dimensional space
path around the nucleus in which around the nucleus in which the probability of
the electron revolve finding the electron is maximum
2 Orbits can be circular or elliptical 2 Orbitals have different shapes eg. S – Orbital is
shaped. spherical P – Orbital is dumbbell shaped.
3 An orbit can have a maximum 3 An orbital can accommodate a maximum two
number of electrons equal to 2n 2 electrons.

PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION
1. Define IE1 and IE2.why IE2 > IE1 for a given atom?Discuss the factors that effect IE of an
element?
A. 1st Ionization energy: The minimum amount of energy required to remove most loosely bonded
electron from isolated gaseous atom is called 1st Ionisation energy
M  g   IE1  M  g   1e
2nd Inoisation Energy: The minimum amount of energy required to remove most loosely bonded electron
from isolated gaseous unipositive ion is called 2nd Ionisation energy.
M g   IE2  M  g2  1e 
IE2 > IE1 due to 1) in neutral atom no. of protons are equal to no. of electrons.
2) In unipositive ion no. of protons are greater then no. of electrons.
3) In unipositive ion effective nuclear charge is more hence IE2 > IE1
Factors:
1. Atomic size: As atomic size increases ionisation energy decreases
1
 IE
AtomicSize
Reason: Nuclear attraction decreases on valancy shell
2. Nuclear charge: As nuclear charge increases I.E also increases
Reason: Due to effective nuclear charge increase on valancy shell
IE.Nuclear ch arg e
3. Screening effect : As screening effect increases I.P decreases
1
I .E
Screening effect
Screening effect : Nuclear attraction decreases on valancy shell due to presence of inner electrons is
called Screening effect.
4. Penetrating power: As penetrating power increases I.E also increases. among s, p, d, f. s is more
penetrating power than p, d & f. order of penetrating power :  s  p  d  f
5. Half filled or full filled configuration: Half filled or full filled configuration of orbitals of an element as
more stable hence it has more I.E value Ex: IE of N  IE of O

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2. What is periodic property? How the following properties vary in a group and period?
a. Atomic radius b.IE c. EN d. Electron gain enthalpy e. Nature of oxides
A. Periodicity: The properties of elements repeats after regular intervals is called periodicity.
Properties Groups Periods
Atomic radium: The distance Increases. Decreases.
b/w center of the nucleous to Due to differentiation electron enter Due to differentiation electron
outer most orbit is called into new shell enter into same shell
atomic radius
Ionisation Energy: the amount Decreases. Increases.
of energy is required to Due to atomic size increase Due to atomic size decreases
remove most loosely bounded
electron of isolated gaseous
atom is Ionisation energy
Electron Affinity: Energy Decreases. Increase.
released when an electron is Due to nuclear attraction decrease Due to nuclear attraction
added to outer most orbit of on valancy shell increases on valancy shell
an atom
Electron negativity: Tendency Decreases. Increase.
of an atom to attract bond Due to nuclear attraction decrease Due to nuclear attraction
pair of electron towards its on valancy shell increases on valancy shell
self is called electron
negativity
Natures of oxides Basic nature increases and acidic Acidic nature increases and
nature decreases due to metallic basic nature decreases due to
nature increases non metallic nature increases

3. Write an essay on s,p,d & f block elements.

A. Based on electronic configuration, elements are classified into 4 – blocks. Which are s,p,d, & f block
elements
s-block p-block d-block f-block
Differentiation of Differentiation of Differentiation of Differentiation of
e  enter into ns-orbital e  enter into np- e  enter into (n-1)d e  enter into (n-2)f
of valancy shell orbital of valancy orbital of orbital of anti
shell penultimate shell penultimate shell
These are placed at left These are placed at These are placed The are placed at
side of periodic table right side of periodic between s and p bottom the periodic
table block elements table
General configuration General General General
ns 1 2 configuration configuration configuration
ns2 np16  n  1 d110 ns12  n  2  f 114
 n  1 d01 ns2
These are two groups IA These are 6 groups These are 4 series These are 2 series 4f
and IIA (alkali metals 13th to 18th Groups 3d,4d,5d and 6d series and 5f series
and altaline earth (lanthanide &

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 metals) antinide)
These are metals & These are non These are heavy and These are rere earth
Hydrogen gas metals, metals and hard metals, and transuranic
metalloids They exibit colour elements.
ions, they form
alloys, they exbit
magnetic property,
they form complex

VSQ:
4. What are the representative elements? Give their valence shell configuration?
Ans: S and P block elements excluding O group are called representative elements. The valence shell
configuration is ns1 2 np 0 5
5. What factors impart characteristic properties to the transition elements?
Ans: The vacant or partially filled d – orbital of penultimate shell small size, high nuclear charge impart
characteristic properties to the transition elements.
6. IE of O is less than that of n – explain?
Ans: Nitrogen has stable half-filled P configuration. So more amount of energy is required to remove an
electron from nitrogen than in oxygen. So IE of nitrogen is greater than that of oxygen.
7. What is screening effect? How is it related to IE?
Ans: The inner shell electrons screen the outer shell electrons from the attractions of the nucleus. This is called
screening effect of shielding effect.
1
IE 
screeing effect
8. Why the Zero group elements are called noble gases or inert gases?
Ans: These contain stable octet configuration. So they are chemically inactive due to completely filled orbitals
 
in the outer shell ns 2 np 6 He  1s 2 . Hence these are called noble gases.

9. Na  has higher value of ionization energy than Ne, though both have same electronic configuration –
explain.
Ans: Effective nuclear charge is more in Na  than in Ne. So ionization energy of Na  is more than Ne.
10. Electron affinity of chlorine is more than that of fluorine – explain.
Ans: Fluorine has small size. More electronic repulsions exist in fluorine. So electron affinity of chlorine is more
than that of Fluorine.
11. What are rare earths and transuranic elements?
Ans: The elements in which differentiating electrons enter into 4f orbitals are called rare earths or lanthanides.
The elements after Uranium are called Transuranic elements.
12. What is lanthanide contraction? What are its consequences?
Ans: Lanthanide contraction: The steady decrease of atomic or ionic radii from left to right in lanthanides is
called lanthanide contraction.
It is due to poor shielding effect and peculiar shapes of f – orbitals.
Consequences:
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 1) The properties of elements are similar. Therefore it is difficult to separate them from the mixture.
2) The atomic radii of 5d and 4d transition elements are very close to each other when compared to those
of 3d and 4d transition elements.

CHEMICAL BONDING

1. What do you understand by Hybridisation ? Explain diff. types of hybridization involving s

& p orbitals.
Hybridization : The Intermixing of different atomic orbitals of almost same energy to produce
same number of identical hybrid orbital is called hybridization.
*SP – hybridization * SP2 – Hybridization * SP3 - Hybridization
1. Intermixing of 1S orbital and Intermixing of 1S orbital and Intermixing of 1S orbital and 3P
1 P orbrital to give 2SP hybrid orbitals 2P orbital to give 3SP2 orbitals to give 4SP3 hybrid
is called SP hybridization hybrid orbital is called SP2 orbitals is called SP3
hybridisation. hybridization

S = 50%, P = 50%
Shape: Linear , B.A - 1800 S = 25%. P = 75%
S = 33.3% , P= 66.6%
Shape: Planar triangle , Shape :Tetrahedral,
B.A = 1200 B.A = 1090281
Ex :- BCl3 Molecule
Central atom Ex:- CH4 Molecule
Ex:- BeCl2 Molecule :- Central atom
Central atom B undergo ‘sp 2’
hybridization C undergo ‘sp 3’ hybridization
Be undergo ‘sp’ hybridization 4 half filled hybrid orbital of
2SP hybrid orbitals of Be are linearly 3 half filled hybrid orbital ‘C’ are overlapping with
over laping with unpaired e- of 2Cl of ‘B’ are overlapping with
unpaired e- of ‘3’ Cl atoms unpaired e- of 4H atoms to form
atoms to form BeCl2 CH4 molecule
to form BCl3 molecule

Linear Shape

2. Give an account of VSPER theory ,and its applications?

A. Valancy shell electron pair Repulsion theory (VSPER)
1. VSEPR theory was explained by Sidgwick & Powel
2. The shape of molecule depends on number of electron pair present on the central atom
3. The bond angle of molecule depends on number of electrons pair present on the central atom.
4. On the central atom lone pair electron occupies more space than bond pair electron.
5. Therefore order of repulstions between L.P. & B.P.
L.P – L.P > L.P – B.P > B.P.- B.P.
6. Order of repulstion among multiple bonds is     

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 7. If central atom has only bond pairs the shape of molecule is regular.
8. If central atom has one or more lone pairs the shape of molecule is deviates and the angle is
decreases .

B.P L.P Example Hybridization B.A Shape

2 0 BeCl2 Sp 180 0 Linear
Planar
3 0 BCl3 Sp2 120 0
triangle
Tetra
4 0 CH4 Sp3 109 0281
hedral
3 0
3 1 NH3 Sp 107 Pyramidal
2 2 H2O Sp3 104 051 Bent
3
Ex : - NH3 – Molecule :- Nitrogen of Ammonia undergo Sp hybridization. Therefore expected
shape is teteahedral and bond angle is 1090281 but according to V.S.E.P.R theory nitrogen has one
Lone pair electron. Hence observed shape is pyramidal and bond angle is 1070.

3. Given the molecular orbital energy diagram of (a) N2 and (b) O2 .calculate the respective
bond order write the magnetic nature ?
* *
A. Moed of N2 : Energy order : 1S 2   1S 2   2 S 2   2 S 2   2 Px 2   2 Py 2   2 Pz 2

NB  N A 10  4
Bond order = = 3
2 2
Diamagnetic due to absence of unpaired electron

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 * * * *
Moed of O2 :  1S 2   1S 2   2S 2   2 S 2   2 Pz 2   2 Px 2   2 Py 2   2 Px1   2 Py1

N B  N A 10  6
Bond order = = 2
2 2
Paramagnetic due to presence of unpaired electron

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS:

5. Explain the hybridization involved in PCl5 molecule?

Hybridization of Pcl5 Molecule
A. Intermixing of 1s orbital, 3p orbitals and 1d orbital to give 5sp3d hybrid orbital is called sp3d
hybridization.

Shape: trigonal bipyramidal . B.A : 1200 & 900

Ex :- Pcl5 Molecule
Central atom P(Z = 15)
P undergo ‘sp3d’ hybridization
 5 half filled sp3d hybrid orbital of P are overlapping with unpaired e- of 5Cl atoms to form PCl5
molecule

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6. Even though N in ammonia is in sp3 hybridization, the bond angle deviates from 109028 1.
Explain?
A. Nitrogen of Ammonia undergoes Sp 3 hybridizations. Therefore expected shape is tetrahedral and
bond angle is 109 028 1 but according to V.S.E.P.R theory nitrogen has one Lone pair electron.
Hence observed shape is pyramidal and bond angle is 1070.

7. Explain the hybridization involved in SF6 molecule?

A. Intermixing of 1’S’ orbital , 3’P’ orbitals and 2 ‘d’ orbital to give 6SP3d2 hybrid orbital is called
SP3d 2 hybridization

Shape – Octahedral, B . A – 900 , 1800

Ex :- SF6 Molecule
1. Central atom S(Z = 16)
S undergo ‘sp3d2’ hybridization .
6 half filled SP3d 2 hybrid orbital of S are overlapping with unpaired e- of 6F atom to form SF6
molecule

8. Explain Fojan’s rules and give suitable examples?

A. Fojan’s rule :-
1. Covalent nature increases with decrease the size of cation
Ex : LiF is More covalent then KF
2. Covalent nature increases with increase the size of anion
Ex : NaBr is more Covalent than NaF
3. Covalent nature increases with increase the charge on either cation or anion
Ex : SnCl4 is more covalent than SnCl2
4. Cation with inert gas has more ionic nature and cation with pseudo inert gas has more covalent
nature.
Ex : Ca+2 has more ionic, Zn+2 has more covalent
9. Define Dipole moment. Write its applications.
A. Dipole moment :- Product of magnitude of charge on one pole and the distance between two
poles is called dipole moment. Units are debye.
 =Q×D

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 Applications :-
1. It predicts the geometry of molecule
2. it can find percentage of ionic nature.

Ionic %  obs  100
 cal
3. It can separator cis and trans isomers
9(a). 1. NH 3 has 3 N-H bonds and one lone pair
2. Polarity of 3 N-H bonds and loan pair present in same direction
3. In NF3 polarity of N-F bonds are opposite to polarity of loan pair.
4.  dipole moment decreases.

9(b). 1. NF3 molecule has pyramidal shape and polarity of 3 N-F bonds are not exactly cancelled. Hence it has
net dipole moment is not zero.
2. BF3 molecule has planar shape polarity of 2 bonds are exactly cancelled by 3rd bond. Hence net dipole
moment is zero.

10. What is hydrogenbond. Expain the different types of hydrogen bonds with example?
A. Hydrogen Bond :-
1. Vander waal’s force of attraction present b/w hydrogen to electro negative atom like O, F and N
of same or different molecules is called hydrogen bond.
2. It is classified in to two types :-
Inter Molecular hydrogen Bond :- H-bond present between atom of two molecules.
1. Ex :- H 2O molecule
Intra molecular hydrogen Bond :- H-bond present between atom of same molecule.
Orthonitro Phenol
11. Explain co-ordinate covalent bond with example?
A. i) Co-ordinate covalent bond : Sharing of electron pair by 2 atoms but donated by one of the
bonded atom is called co-ordinate covalent bond.
ii) It is the one kind of covalent bond.
iii) Coordinate Covalent bond is also known as dative bond. It is denoted by  .
..
Ex : N H 3  BF3   H 3 N  BF3 
In above example N of NH 3 donate lone pair of electron to B of BF3 to form dative bond between
N and B

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VSAQ’s
14. What is octet rule?
A. An atom or ion must possess 8 e- in its valence shell for stability.
15. Which of two ions Ca+2 and Zn+2 is more stable, why?
A. Ca+2 is stable than Zn+2, due to stable octet configuration.
16. Cl- has greater stability than Cl atom why?
A. Cl- is stable due to stable octet configuration.
17. Why Argon does not form Ar2 molecule?
A. Because Argon has stable octet configuration.
18. If A and B are two different atoms when does AB molecule become covalent?
A. When the electro negativity difference between the atoms is less than 1.7.
19. What is the best possible arrangement of four bond pairs in the valence shell of an atom to minimize
repulsions?
A. Tetrahedral shape with bond angle 1090 281.
20. What are coordination no. of NaCl & CsCl?
A. Coordination no. of NaCl is 6. Coordination no. of CsCl is 8.
21. Why H2O has higher BP than HF?
A. H2O has higher BP than HF due to H2O forms more no. of hydrogen bonds.
22. What type of bonds is present in NH4Cl? Write structure?
A. The bonds present in NH4Cl are covalent, ionic & dative bonds.

23. What is meant by localized orbital?

A. The molecular orbital which is present between nuclei of two bonded atoms is called localized
Orbital
24. How many sigma and pi bonds are present in a) C2 H 2 b) C2 H 4
A. a) C2 H 2 has 3 & 2 bonds b) C2 H 4 has 5 &1 bond
25. Write Lewi’s dot structures for S and S 2
Ans: The Lewis dot structure are:

25. Predict the change if any, in hybridization of Al atom in the following reaction:
AlCl3  Cl   AlCl4
In AlCl3 , Al undergoes sp 2 hybridization and the shape of the molecule is trigonal planar.
In AlCl4 & Al undergoes sp 3 hybridization and the shape of the ion is tetrahedral.

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 STATES OF MATTER
SAQ’S
1. Write the postulates of Kinetic Molecular theory of gases.
A. Kinetic Molecular theory of gases:
 Kinetic molecules theory is applicable only for ideal gases
 Gas consists of no. of tiny and discreet particles are called molecules.
 Volume of gas is negligible when compared with volume of vessel.
 Gas molecules are move in all directions with different velocity (random motion).
 Due to random motion they collide with each other and also collide with walls of vessel .
 All collisions are perfectly elastic, it means no loss of energy.
 Average kinetic energy of gas is directly proportional to absolute temperature .
KET  K.E  K.T
2. Deduce
a.Boyle’S b.Charle ,s c.Graham’s d.Dalton’s law e. kinetic energy from kinetic gas equation
A. Deduction of gases law from K.G. E
1
1. Boyle’s Law: (At constant T & n: v ) 2. Charle’s law: ( At constant p& n; v T )
p
1 1
K.G.E  pv  mnv 2 K.G.E  pv  mnv 2
3 3
mn  M  molar mass  mn  M
1 1
pv  Mv 2 pv  Mv 2
3 3
2 1 2 1
pv   Mv 2 pv   Mv 2
3 2 3 2
2  1  2
pv  KE .  KE  mv 2  pv  K.E .
3  2  3
2 2
pv  kT  KE  kT  pv  K.T
3 3
2 1 2 K
V   KT  v   T
3 P 3 P
1 V=constant×T
V
P VT

3. Graham’s law: 4. Daltan’s law: (At constant T & V, p  p1  p2  p3  .... )

1 1
K.G.E is pv  mnv 2 K.G.E for pv  mnv 2 .......  a 
3 3
1 1
PV  Mv 2 K.G.E for 1st gas p 1 v  m 1 n 1 u 1 2 .......  1 
3 3
3PV 1
v2  K.G.E for 2n nd gas p2 v  m 2 n 2 u 2 2 ......  2 
M 3
2
3P 1 m 1n 1u1
v2  From (1) p1 
M 3 v
V

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 3P  M  1 m 2 n 2 v 22
v  d From (2) p 2 
d  V  3 v
1
v r  v If two gases are taken in same vessel.
d
1 1 m 1 n 1 u 12 1 m 2 n 2 v 22
r p   p  p 1  p 2  ...
d 3 v 3 v

5. Kinetic energy from kinetic gas equation:

1
Kinetic gas eq. pv  mnu 2
3
1
pv  Mu 2
3
2 1
pv   Mu 2
3 2
2
pv  KE
3
3
KE  pv ( pv  nRT)
2
3
KE  nRT
2
3. State and explain Graham’s law diffusion.
A. Graham’s law : At constant temperature and pressure rate of diffusion(r) of gas is inversely proportional
to square root of its density is known as graham’s law of diffusion.
1
 r
d
Here d  M
1
 r  M  Molar mass 
M
Here M  2  vd
1
 r
vd
r1 d2 M2 vd 2
Ratio of rate of diffusion of 2 gasses :   
r2 d1 M1 vd1
Aplications :1. It can useful to detect methane gas in coal mines using Ansil’s alarm.
2.It cab separate isotopes uranium.
3.It is useful to determine molar mass of unknown gas.
4. State & explain dalton’s law of partial pressures?
A. Dalton’s law of partial pressure: At constant volume and temperature the pressure exerted by mixture
of non –reacting gases is equal to sum of partial pressure of all individual gases is called Dalton’s law.
Total pressure= P1  P2  P3     
Ppartial = X × Ptotal
X= mole fraction

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 n1 n2
x1  , x2 
n 1  n 2  ... n 1  n 2  ....
w
n  no. of moles  n 
M
5. Define RMS, Avg. & most probable velocities of gas molecules.
A. a) RMS velocity: The root of mean of squares of velocities of gas molecules at any temperature is called
3RT
U  RMS  
M
T
U RMS  1.54  104
M
b) U average velocity: Average velocity possessed by gas molecule at any temperature are called average
8 RT
velocity U  AVG  
M
U  0.9213  U RMS
c) U  most probable  velocity U MP : Maximum velocity possessed by gas molecule at any temperature called

U MP .
2 RT
U  Mp  :
M
U  MP   0.8166  U RMS
Ratio of maleculer velocities is:
8
U  MP  : U : U RMS   2 : : 3

 1 : 1.128 : 1.224
6. Find RMS,Avg &most probable speeds SO2 at 270 C ?
A. T = 27 + 273 = 300k
Molar mass of SO2 = 32 +2(16) = 64 g.
300
U RMS  1.54  104 
64
3 102
 1.54 10 4 
82
U RMS  3.42  10 4 cms 1
U  0.9213  U RMS  0.9213  3.42 10 4 = 3.14  104 cms 1
U Mp  0.8166  U RMS  2.79  10 4 cms 1
8. Derive Ideal gas equation ?
A Ideal Gas : The gas which obay all gas laws at given conditions is called Ideal Gas.
1
v
According to Boyle’s law : P (at constant T and n)
According to Charles law : v  T (at constant P and n)
According to Avagadro’s law : v  n (at constant T and P)

15
 T .n RTn
From above laws v  v
P P
PV  nRT ( R  Universal gas constant)
R = 8.314 J .K 1mol 1
10. 360cm3 of CH 4 diffused in 10min. under similar conditions 120cm3 of another gas diffused in 10 min.
Find the molar mass of the gas.
A. CH 4 gas x-gas
v1  360cm3 v2  120cm3
t1  15 min t2  10 min
v1 360 v2 120
r1    24 r2    12
t1 15 t2 10
M 1  16 g M 2  xg
r1 M2 24 x x
Formula :    2
r2 M1 12 16 4
 x  8  x  64 g
VSAQ’s
13. What are isotherms?
A. The graph drawn b/w pressure and volume at “constant temperature” is called Isotherms.
14 . What are S.T.P. conditions?

A. Standard temperature =273K, Standard pressure = 1 atm

15. What is gram molar volume?
A. The volume occupied by 1 mole of gas at STP conditions is called gram molar volume
16. Why the gas const. R is called Universal gas const?
A. Gas const. R is same for all gases. Hence it is called Universal gas const.
R=8.314 JK-1mol-1
17. Which of the gases diffuses faster among N2,O2,CH4? Why?
A. CH4 diffuses faster due to low molar mass.
18. How many times methane diffuses faster than sulphur dioxide?
r1 M2
A. 
r2 M1

rCH 4 M SO2 64 4 2
   
rSO2 M CH 4 16 1 1
 CH 4 diffuses two times faster than SO2 .
19. Give the relation between partial pressure of the gas and its mole fraction.
A. The product of mole fraction of a gas and total pressure of the gas mixture is called partial
pressure.
Pportial  X .Ptotal
20. What is aqueous tension?

16
A. The pressure exerted by saturated water vapour at a given “T” is called aqueous tension.
21. What is Boltzmann’s constant? Give its value.
A. The gas constant per one molecule of the gas is called Boltzmann’s constant.
K =R/N ; K =1.38×10-16 erg.k-1.molecule-1,
K =1.38×10-23 J k-1.molecule-1 .
22. What are R M S speeds?
A. The Square root of the mean of the Square of the velocities of all gas molecules is called R M S speeds
3RT
U rms 
M
23. What is compressibility factor?
A. It is the ratio of molar volume of real gas to molar volume of ideal gas.
Z =Vreal/Videal
24. What is Boyle Temperature?
A. The Temperature at which a real gas obeys ideal gas law over wide range of pressure is called
Boyle Temperature.
25. Why pressure cooker is used for cooking food on hills?
A. At high altitudes atmospheric pressure low. Therefore water boils at lower temperature.
Hence pressure cooker is used for cooking food.
26. What is Critical Temperature? Give its value for CO2 ?

A. The temperature above which gas cannot be liquefied even by applying high pressure is called
Critical Temperature. Critical Temperature of CO2 is 30.980C

27. What is Surface tension?

A. The force acting along the surface of a liquid perpendicular to any line of unit length.
28. What is coeff. Of Viscosity? Give its units?
A. Coeff. Of Viscosity is the force when velocity gradient is unity and area of contact is unit area.
SI units: N. S m-2
29. Cal. K.E. of 5 moles of nitrogen at 27 o C?
A. No. of moles (n) = 5 moles,
R=2 cal k-1 mol-1; T=27+273 =300K
3
K .E.  nRT
2
3
K.E.   5  2  300  4500cal.
2
30. State Boyle’s law. Give its mathematical expression.
A. At const. temperature. The volume of a gives mass of gas is inversely proportional to its pressure
1
V  at const.T , n 
P
 PV  k

17
31. What are isochors?
A. The graphical representation between P & T at const. ‘V’ is called isochore

32. What is Laminar flow of liquid?

A. The regular gradation of velocity is passing from one layer to next layer in liquid is called laminar
flow of liquid.
33. Find the RMS speed of N 2 at 270 c ?
A. T  270 C  273  300 K
M N 2  28 g

T
U RMS  1.54 10 4 
M
300
 1.54  10 4 
28
3 100
 1.54  104 
7 4
10 3
 1.54  10 4 
2 7
 0.503 105 cm / sec
34. Write the effect of temperature on surface tension and viscosity give the reason to that?
A. Surface tension and viscosity are decreases with rises in temperature due to break the inter molecular
attraction.
35. Calculate Kinetic Energy of 4 moles of methane at 730 C
A. No.of moles (n) = 4 moles
T  730 C  273  200 K
R  8.314 J .K 1.mole 1
3 3
KE  nRT   4  8.314  200
2 2
KE  9,976.6 J
36. Calculate ratio of kinetic energy of 3g of H 2 and 4g of O2 at given temperature.
3 4
A. n1  ; n2 
2 32
KE1 3/ 2 3 32 12
   
KE2 4 / 32 2 4 1
 KE1 : KE2  12 :1

18
37. State charle’s Law, its mathematical expression
Ans: A constant pressure, the volume of a fixed mass of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute
temperature.
V T  at constant P, n 
38. Why Ideal gas equation is called Equation of State?
Ans: Ideal gas equation is a relation between four variables (P, V, n, T) and it describes the state of any gas.
Hence it is called equation of state.

STOICHIOMETRY
1. Balance the following redox reaction by ion-electron method take place in acidic medium.
A. Cr2O72   NO2  Cr 3  NO3
RHR (Reduction half Reaction) OHR (Oxidation Half Reaction)
Cr2O72  Cr 3 NO2  NO3
Cr2O72  2Cr 3 NO2  H 2O  NO3
Cr2 O72   2Cr 3  7 H 2O NO2  H 2O  NO3  2 H 
Cr2O72  14H   2Cr 3  7 H 2O 1  1  2 ,
2  14  6 2
12  6 NO2  H 2O  NO3  2H   2e   3
60
Cr2O  14H   6e   2Cr 3  7 H 2O 1
2
7

Cr2O72  14 H   6e   2Cr 3  7 H 2O
3NO2  3H 2O  3NO3  6 H   6e

Cr2 O72  3 NO2  8 H   2Cr 3  3 NO3  4 H 2O

B. MnO41  SO32  Mn 2  SO42

MnO41  SO32  Mn 2  SO42
RHR OHR
1 2
MnO  Mn
4 SO32  SO42
MnO41  Mn 2  4 H 2O SO32  H 2O  SO42
MnO41  8H   Mn2  4H 2O SO32  H 2O  SO42  2 H 
1  8  2 2  2  2
1   2
MnO  8H  5e  Mn  4 H 2O  2
4 SO32  H 2O  SO42  2 H   2e   5
2 MnO41  16 H   10e   2 Mn 2  8 H 2 O
5SO32  5 H 2 O  5 SO42  10 H   10e

2 MnO41  5SO32  6 H   2 Mn 2  5 SO42  3H 2 O

19
C. H 2 SO4  HBr  SO2  Br2  SO42  Br   SO2  Br2 
RHR OHR
2
SO  SO2
4 Br   Br2
SO42  SO2  2 H 2O 2Br   Br2
SO42  4 H   SO2  2 H 2O 2  0
2  4  0 2  2e
2  2e   0 2 Br   Br2  2e
SO42  4 H   2e  SO2  2H 2O
2 Br   Br2  2e

SO42  2 Br   4 H   SO2  Br2  2 H 2O

D. MnO4  C2 O42  Mn 2  CO2

MnO4  C2 O42  Mn 2  CO2
RHR (Reduction Half Reaction) OHR (Oxidation Half Reaction)
MnO4  Mn 2 C2 O42  CO2
MnO4  Mn 2  4 H 2O C2 O42  2CO2
MnO4  8 H   Mn 2  4 H 2 O
1  8  2 2  0  zero 
7  2 2  2e 
5  5e  O  zero) 
MnO4  8 H   5e   Mn 2  4 H 2O  2 C2 O42  2CO2  2e  5
2MnO4  16H   10e  2Mn2  8H 2O
5C2 O42  10CO2  10e

2 MnO4  5C2 O42  16 H   2 Mn 2  8 H 2 O  10CO2

E. Cr2O72  SO2  Cr 3  SO42

RHR OHR
2 3
Cr2O  Cr
7 SO2  SO42
Cr2O72  2Cr 3 SO2  SO42
Cr2O72  2Cr 3  7 H 2O SO2  2 H 2O  SO42
Cr2 O72  14 H   2Cr 3  7 H 2O SO2  2 H 2O  SO42  4 H 
 2  14  6  0  2  4 
 6  0  0  2
Cr2O72  14H   6e   2Cr 3  7 H 2O  SO2  2 H 2O  SO42  4 H   2e 
3

20
 Cr2 O72  14 H   6e  2Cr 3  7 H 2O
3SO2  6 H 2 O  3SO42  12 H   6e 
Cr2O72  3SO2  2 H   2Cr 3  3SO42  H 2 O

F. MnO4  SO2  Mn 2  HSO4

RHR (Reduction Half Reaction) OHR (Oxidation Half Reaction)
MnO4  Mn 2 SO2  HSO4
MnO4  Mn 2  4 H 2O SO2  2 H 2O  HSO4
MnO4  8 H   Mn 2  4 H 2 O SO2  2 H 2 O  HSO4  3H 
1  8  2 0  1  3
7  2  2e 
5  5e  O  zero) 
MnO4  8 H   5e   Mn 2  4 H 2O  2 SO2  2 H 2O  HSO4  3H   2e  5
2MnO4  16H   10e   2 Mn2  8 H 2O
5SO2  10 H 2O  5 HSO4  15 H   10e

2 MnO4  5SO2  H   2 H 2 O  2 Mn 2  5 HSO4

3. Basic Medium

A. a) MnO4  I  
OH
 MnO2  I 2

MnO4  I  
OH
 MnO2  I 2
RHR OHR
MnO4  MnO2 I   I2
MnO4  MnO2  2OH  2I   I 2
MnO4  2 H 2 O  MnO2  2OH   2OH  2  O  2e 
MnO4  2 H 2 O  MnO2  4OH 
1  4
3e  3
MnO4  2 H 2O  3e   MnO2  4OH   2  2I 
 I 2  2e   3
2 MnO4  4 H 2 O  6e  2 MnO2  8OH  6 I   3I 2  6e 
2MnO4  4 H 2O  6e  2MnO2  8OH 
6 I   3I 2  6e 

2 MnO4  4 H 2 O  6 I   2 MnO2  3 I 2  8OH 

2. Empherical formula : Simple ratio of elements present in a molecule is called empherical formula
Molecular formula : Exact no. of elements present in a molecule is called molecular formula
A. Carbon compound contain 12.8% ‘C’, 2.1% H and 85.1% Br. The molecular weight of compound is 187.9
calculate molecular formula.

21
Element % At.wt At.ratio= %/Wt Simple Ratio = At. Ratio/ Lowest Value Whole numbers
C 12.8 12 12.8 1.06 1C
 1.06 1
12 1.06
H 2.1 1 2.1 2.1 2H
 2.1 2
1 1.06
Br 85.1 80 85.1 1.06 1Br
 1.06 1
80 1.06
E.F= CH 2 Br
G. M. Wt of E.F= 12  2 1  80  94g
Wt 187.9 188
n   2
G.M .W 94 94
MF   EF n   CH2Br 2  C2H4Br2
b) Chemical analysis of compound gave the following percentage compositions C=10.06%, H=0.84%,
Cl=89.10%. calculate E.F of compound.
Elem % At.w At.ratio = %/Wt Simple Ratio = At. Ratio/ Lowest Value Whole numbers
ent t
C 10.06 12 10.06 0.84 1C
 0.84 1
12 0.84
H 0.84 1 0.84 0.84 1H
 0.84 1
1 0.84
Cl 89.10 35.5 89.10 2.5 3Cl
 2.5 3
35.5 0.84

E.F  CHCl 3
C. Calculate empirical formula of the compound having % composition K=26.57, Cr=35.36 & O=38.7
[Atomic weight of K, Cr, O as 39,52 and 16]
Elem % At.w At.ratio = %/Wt Simple Ratio = At. Ratio/ Lowest Value Whole numbers
ent t
K 26.57 39 26.57 0.68 2
 0.68 1 × 2
39 0.68
Cr 35.36 52 35.36 0.68 2
 0.68 1 × 2
52 0.68
O 38.07 16 38.07 2.38 7
 2.38  3.5 × 2
16 0.68
E.F  K 2Cr2O7
D. A compound having 4.07% H, 24.27% C and 71.65% Cl. Its molecular weight is 98.96, what are the E.F
and M.F
Element % At.wt At.ratio = %/Wt Simple Ratio = At. Ratio/ Lowest Value Whole numbers
H 4.07 1 4.07 4.07 2
 4.07 2
1 2.02

22
 C 24.27 12 24.27 2.02 1
 2.02 1
12 2.02
Cl 71.65 35.5 71.65 2.02 1
 2.02 1
35.5 2.02
E.F  CH 2Cl
E.F .Wt  12  2  35.5  49.5
m.wt 98.96
n  =2
E.F .W 49.5
M .F   E.F  n   CH 2Cl  2  C2 H 4Cl2

9. Assign the oxidation no. to underlined elements in following species.

4
A. a) C3O2  3.C  2  2   0  C 
3
10
b) H 4 P2O7  4 1  2 P  7  2   0  P  5
2
10
c) H 2 S 4 O6  2  4 S  6  2   0  S 
4
8
d) Fe3O4  3Fe  4  2   0  Fe 
3
e) CaO 2  2  2 x  0  2 x  2  x  1 (Due to Peroxy bond)
f) NaBH 4  1  B  4  1  0  B  3
g) H 2 S 2 O7  2  2 S  7  2   0  2 S  12  S  6

h) K MnO4  1  Mn  4  2   0  Mn  7
I) MnO42  Mn  4  2   2  Mn  6
J) H 2 O 2  2 1  2O  0  O  1
k) O 2 F2  2O  2  1  0  O  1
VSAQ’s

16. How many no. of moles of glucose are present in 540 gms of glucose?
A. Molecular weight of glucose C6 H12O6  180
wt 540
n   3moles
G.M .W 180
17. Cal. The wt. of 0.1 mole of Sodium Carbonate?
A. Molecular weight of Sodium Carbonate Na2CO3  106
1 Mole ________________ 106gm

23
 0.1 Mole _______________ ?
 0.1106  10.6gm
18. Cal. The no. of molecules present in 1.12× 10 -23 cc of a gas at STP?
A 22400cc ________________ 6.023 1023 molecules
1.12 107 c.c.________________?
1.12  107  6.023  10 23
  3  1012 Molecules
22400
19. What is redox concept? Give example?
A. The chemical reaction in which both oxidation & reduction takes place simultaneously
0 0 4 2
is called redox reaction. Ex: C  O 2 
 C O2
20. What do you meant by significant figures?
A. Every experimental measurement has some uncertainty associated with it. This is uncertainty in the
experimental value is indicated by significant figures.
21. The empirical formula of a compound is CH2O.Its molecular wt.is 90, cal. M F. of the
Compound?
A. Empirical formula : CH2O
Empirical formula Wt: 12 + 2 + 16 =30.
Molecular wt =90
n = Molecular wt/ Empirical formula Wt
n =90/30 = 3.
Empirical formula = (CH2O)3 =C3H6O3
22. What are disproporntionation reactions? Give example.
A. Reaction in which the same element undergo both oxidation & reduction Simultaneously.
Ex: 2H2O2(-1) → 2H2O(-2) + O2(o)
23. What are comproportionation reactions? Give example
A. In Redox reaction same atom with different oxidation states to give intermediate oxidation State
is called comproportionation reactions.
Reaction Ex: Ag 2+ +Ag0 → 2Ag+
24. What volume of CO2 is obtained at STP by heating 4g of CaCO3?

A. CaCO3 → CaO +CO2

Molecular wt of CaCO3 =100
100gr of CaCO3 → 22.4 lit of CO2
4 Gm of CaCO3  x L of CO2 ?
4  22.4 89.6
  0.896lit
100 100
25. How many significant figures are present in the following.
A. (1) 0.025  two (4) 126.00  five
(2) 208  Three (5) 500.0  Four
(3) 5005  Four (6) 2.0034  Five

24
26. Round up the following upto 3 significant figures
A. (1) 34.216  34.2 (2) 0.04597  0.0460
(3) 10.417  10.4 (4) 2808 → 2808
27. What volume of H 2 at STP is required to reduce 0.795gm of CuO to give Cu and H 2 O ?
CuO  H 2  Cu  H 2O
A.
 79.5 g   22.4 lit 

79.5 g CuO  22.4lit of H 2

0.795g CuO  ? lit of H 2
.795  22.4
  0.224lit
79.5

28. Calculate the volume of O2 at STP required to completely burn 100ml of C2 H 2 .

A. 2C2 H 2  5O2  4CO2  2 H 2O
[ 2  22400ml  5  22400ml ]
2  22400ml require  5  22400ml
100ml require  ? ml
100  5  22400
  250ml of O2
2  22400
29. Calculate the equivalent wt of Cr2O72 in cuidic medium
A. G.M.W of Cr2 O72  216
n factor = 6 Cr2O72  14 H   6e  2Cr 3  7 H 2 O 
G.M .W 216
G.E.W =   36 g
n 6
30. Cal. O.N. to under lined element.
A.
(a) H 2 SO5  2 1  S  3  2   2  1  0 (b) H 2 S 2O8  2  2 S  6  2   2  1  0
S 6  0 2S  12  0
S  6 S  6
(c) CrO5  Cr  4  1  1 2   0 (d) K 2 M n O4  2  M n  4  2   0
Cr  4  2  0 2  Mn 8  0
Cr  6 M n  6
(e) NaH 2 PO4  1  2  P  4  2   0
3 P 8  0
P  5
31. A solution is prepared by adding 2gm of a substance A to 18 gm in water to cal. mass % of the
solute.
mass of A 2 2
A. Mass % of A =  100   100   100  10%
mass of solution 2  18 20

25
32. Cal. the morality of NaOH in the solution prepared by dissolving 4 gm in water to form 250ml
of the solution
W = 4 g, G.M.W. of NaOH =23+16+1 =40 g. Volume of solution = 250 mL.
w 1000 4 1000
A. M     0.4 M
GMW V  m  40 250
33. Define wt. percentage.
A. The amount of solute present in 100gm of solution is called mass %
mass of solute
Mass % =  100
mass of solution
34. Define
A. (a) molarity : The no. of moles of solute in 1 lit of solution is called molarity.
(b) molality : The no. of moles of solute present in 1 kg of solvent is called molality.
(c) mole fraction : The ratio of no. of moles of one component to total number of moles of all the
components is called mole fraction

35. Cal. the equivalent weight of following.

G.M .W 98
A. (a) H 2 SO4 : G.E.W =   49 gr.
Basicity 2
G.M .W 40
(b) NaOH : G.E .W    40 gr .
Acidiy 1
G.M .W 106
(c) Na2 CO3 : G.E .W    53 gr.
charge 2
G.M .W 294
(d) K 2 Cr2 O7 : G.E .W  
  49 gr. [2  39   2.  52   7 16   294]
no. of e 6
36. How many numbers of CaCO3 moles present in 200 gr of CaCO3
w 200
A. n   2moles
M 100

37. Calculate oxidation state of Cr in K 2 Cr2 O7  or  Cr2O72

A. K 2 Cr2 O7  2 1  2 x  7  2   0 Cr2O72  2 x  7  2   2
2  2 x  14  0 2 x  14  2
2 x  12 2 x  12
x  6 x  6

38. Caliculate oxidation state of M n in MnO4

A. MnO4  x  4  2   1
x  8  1
x  7
39. Calculate the amount of CO2 produced when one mole of ‘C’ is burnt with 16g of O2
A. C  O2  CO2
32 g of O2  44 g CO2
16g O2  x g CO2

26
 44 16
x   22 g . of CO2
32
THERMODYNAMICS

1. State the first law of thermodynamics. Explain its mathematical notation.

A. First law of Thermodynamics :- It is also known as law of conservation of energy.
Statement :- “Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed but it can be change from one form
to another form”, is known as first law of thermodynamics. Therefore total energy of universe is
constant.
Mathematical expression or Notation:-
Net internal change of system is equal to sum of heat energy observed by the system and work
done by the system
u  q  w where q is heat energy, w is work done

2. State and explain the Hess’s law of constant. Heat summation.

A. Hess’s Law :-
Statement :- Enthalpy change of a reaction is same whether the reaction takes place in single step
or several steps is called Hess’s Law.

q  q1  q2  q3
Example : Formation of CO2 molecule
Single step : Carbon (C) react with Oxygen (O2(g)) to from coarbondioxide (CO2)(g)
 C s   O2 g   CO2 g  ;  H  393.5kj / mole

Several steps:-
1 
1) Carbon (C) react with single oxygen  O2 g   to form carbon monoxide (CO).
2 
1
 C s   O2  g   CO g  ; H1  110.5Kj / mole
2
1 
2) Carbon monoxide (CO) react with Oxygen  O2 g   to form carbondioxide
2 
1
 CO g   O2  g   CO2 g  ; H 2  283.0Kj / mole
2
 According to Hess’s Law
H  H1  H 2
393.5Kj / mole   110.5Kj / mole    283.0Kj / mole 
393.5KJ / mole  393.5Kj / mole
3. Explain spontaneity of a process in terms of Gibbs energy.

27
A. Gibbs free energy :- The maximum amount of available energy of system to do useful work is
called Gibbs free energy or Gibbs energy.
G  H  TS  G  E  PV  TS  H  E  PV 
Gibbs energy change G  E  PV  T S
G is positive, the process is non spontaneous
G is negative, the process is spontaneous
G is zero, the process is at equilibrium
The Gibbs energy is at 298K and 1 atmospheric pressure is called standard Gibbs energy change.
It is denoted with G0
G 0  2.303RT log K
Where K  equilibrium constant

4. State the second law of thermodynamics and explain it.

A. Second Law of Thermodynamics :-
Statement :- It states that, “It is impossible to construct a machine to that flow of heat from low
temperature end to high temperature end on its own”.
Such type of motion machine is known as perpetual motion machine of second kind. It is
impossible.
All natural process are spontaneous.
Ex:- 1) Flow of heat from high temperature end to low temperature end.
2) Melting of Ice
3) Photosynthesis is a spontaneous process
5. What is entropy? Explain with examples.
A. Entropy : Measure of random ness (or) disorder ness of matter is called entropy (s).
- Entropy is the state function
- Entropy is the extensive property
- Sunivers  S system  S surroundings
- order of entropy : S g   S l   S s 
Ex : Vapour > Liquid > Ice
6. Define heat capacity. What are CP and CV? So that CP – CV = R.
A. Heat capacity (C) :- Amount of heat required to raise its temperature through 10C is called heat
capacity .
q
C  or  CT  q
T
Relation between C P and CV :-
Heat capacity of the reaction at constant ' P '  qP  CP T  H ....... 1
Heat capacity of the reaction at constant 'V '  qV  CV T  U ......  2 
Here P – pressure ; V – Volume
 Enthalpy change H  u  RT .......  3
 Equation 1 & 2 substitute in equation 3

28
 CP T  CV T  RT
CP T   CV  R  T
CP  CV  R  or  R  C P  CV
7. Define and explain the Enthalpy of combustion  H  .
Ans: it is the enthalpy change accompanying the complete combustion of one mole of a substance in excess of
oxygen or air.
For example, the enthalpy of combustion of carbon is represented as
C s   O2 g   CO2 g  ; H  393.5 KJ
Combustion reactions are always exothermic.
VSAQ’s
13. Define system. Give an ex.?
A. A small part of universe chosen for thermodynamic study is called system.
Ex: Ice in closed beaker.
14. NO heat absorbed by the system from surroundings, but work is done on the system. What
Type of wall does the system have?
A. Adiabatic wall.
15. State the 1st law thermodynamics?
A. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed but it can be converted from one form to another form.
16. What are intensive & extensive properties?

A. Intensive properties: The properties which are independent on amount of substance are
called intensive properties.Ex: Pressure, temperature.
Extensive properties: The properties which are dependent on amount of substance are called
Extensive properties. Ex: Mass, volume.
17. Give the equation that gives the relation b/w Δ U & ΔH ?
A. H  U  nRT
18. Is increase of entropy the criterion for spontaneity .Why?
A. Change in entropy ( +ve ) is a condition but not necessary & sufficient condition for the
Spontaneous nature of a reaction.

19. State the 3rd law thermodynamics?

A. The entropy of pure & perfectly crystalline substance is is zero at absolute zero T.
Lt S = 0
T→0

20. Explain the relation b/w Gibbs energy change & Eq. constant?
A. G  2.303RT log10 K eq

21. Enthalpyof combustion of carbon to CO2 is 393.5kJ mol 1. Calculate the heat released upon for
mation of 35.2 g of CO2 from carbon and dioxygen gas.
A. Formation of CO2 from carbon and dioxygen gas can be represented as:

29
 C g   O2 g  
 CO2 g   f H  393.5kJmol 1
(1 mole = 44 g)
Heat released on formation of 44 g CO2  393.5kJmol 1
 Heat released on formation of 35.2 g CO2
393.5kJmol 1
  35.2 g  314.8kJmol 1
44 g
22.  2 NH3 g  ; H   92.4kJ mol 1
Given N 2 g   3H 2 g  
What is the standard enthalpy of formation of NH 3 gas?
 r H  92.4
A.  f H   NH 3     46.2 KJmole1
2 2
23. Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of CH 3OHl  from the following data:
3
 CO2 g   2H 2Ol  ;  f H   726kJ mol 1
CH 3OH l   O2 g  
2
 CO2 g  ; H   393kJmol 1
C graphite   O2 g  

 H 2Ol  ; H   286kJmol 1
H 2 g   O2 g  

A. The reaction that takes place during the formation of CH 3OH l  can be written as:

 CH 3OH l          1
C S   2 H 2O g   O2 g  
The reaction (1) can be obtained from the given reactions by following the algebraic calculations as:
Equation (ii) + 2 × equation (iii) – equation (i)
H CH 3OH l    H  2H  H 2Ol    H
   
  393kJ mol 1   2  286kJ mol 1    726kJ mol 1 

  393  572  726  kJ mol 1

H CH 3OH l    239kJ mol 1

 
24. The equilibrium constant for a reaction is 10. What will be the value of ΔG?
R  8.314 JK 1mol 1 , T  300k .
A. From the expression,
G  2.303RT log K eq
G for the reaction,
   2.303   8.314 JK 1mol 1   300 K  log10

 5744.14Jmol 1
 5.744kJ mol 1

30
 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM & ACIDS AND BASES

Long Answer Questions

1. What is Lechatlier’s principle? Discus briefly the factors which can influence the
equilibrium.
A. Le- Chatlier’s Principle :-
The system at equilibrium, if change in concentration, pressure or temperature of the system the
equilibrium shift the side to nullify (or) to reduce that change is called Le-chatlier’s principle.
Factors:-
1) Concentration: - If increase the concentration of reactants the equilibrium shift towards product
(forward direction).
If increase the concentration of products the equilibrium shift towards reactants (backward
direction)
2) Temperature: - If increase or decrease the temperature of reactants (or) products in the system the
equilibrium shift towards the system which absorbs heat energy.
3) Pressure: - If increase or decrease the pressure of reactants the equilibrium shift towards the
system which has less number of moles vice-versa.
4) Effect of catalyst: - Catalyst cannot involve in the chemical reaction it means it does not effect the
equilibrium.
2. Discus the application of Lechatlier’s principle for the industrial synthesis of Ammonia and
sulphur trioxide.
A. Application of Lechatlier’s Rule
i) Preparation of NH 3 by Habber’s Process:-
N 2 g   3H 2 g   2 NH3 g  , H  92KJ
Effect of pressure: - In habour’s process four moles of reactants give two moles of product in this
process high pressure is favourable (200 atm).
Effect of Temperature: - Preparation of NH3 by habour’s process is exothermic reaction.
Therefore low temperature is favorable but at low temperature the reaction goes slow. Hence
optimum temperature (725-775 k) is used and to speed up the reaction iron is used as catalyst and
molybdenum  Mo  used as promoter.
 Optimum Conditions
Temperature  725-775 k
Pressure  200 atmospheres
Catalyst  Iron
Promoter  Mo
ii) Preparation of SO3 by contact process:-
2SO2 g   O2 g   2SO3 g  ; H  189 KJ
Effect of pressure: - In contact process 3 moles of reactants give 2 moles of products. Therefore
high pressure is favorable for this process but at high pressure the apparatus which is used in the
process gets corroded. Hence optimum pressure is used (1.5-1.7 atm)

31
 Effect of temperature: - Preparation of SO3 by constant process is exothermic reaction.
Therefore low temperature is favorable but at low temperature the reaction go slow. Hence
optimum temperature (673k) is used and to speed up the reaction V2O5 is used as catalyst.
 Optimum Conditions
Temperature  673k
Pressure  1.5 – 1.7 atm
Catalyst  V2O5 (Venedium pentoxide)
3. Explain the concept of Bronsted acids and Bronsted bases, Illustrate the answer with
suitable examples.
A. Bronsted – Lowry Acid-Base theory:-
Bronsted acid: - The substance which donate H  ion to acceptor is called Bronsted acid.
Bronsted base: - The substance which accepts H  ion from donar is called Bronsted base.

 H 3O   Cl 
Etc :- HCl  H 2O 

In above example HCl donates H  ion to H 2O hence HCl act acid and H 2O act as base

4. Explain Lewis acid-base theory with suitable example. Classify the following species into
Lewis acids and Lewis bases and show these act as Lewis acid / base.
A. Lewis Acid Base Theory :-
Lewis acid :- The substance which accept lone pair electron to form dative bond is called Lewis
acid.
Lewis base :- The substance which donate lone pair electron to form dative bond is called Lewis
base

In above example nitrogen of NH3 donate lone pair electron to B of BF3. Therefore BF3 act as
Lewis acid and NH3 act as Lewis base
a) OH   Lewis base b) F   Lewis base
c) H   Lewis acid d) BCl3  Lewis acid

Short Answer Questions

5. Derive the relation between KC and KP for equilibrium reaction.

 2 NH 3 g
N 2 g  3H 2 g 

     

A. Relation between KC and K P :-


 2 NH 3 g
N 2 g   3H 2 g  
  
2
 NH 3  PNH 3 2
KC  3
 (a ), KP   (b )
 N2  H 2  PN2  PH 2 3

n
 Ideal gas equation  Pv  nRT  P    RT  gas RT
v

32
 From above equation
2 2 2
PNH3 2   NH 3  RT    NH 3   RT   (1)
PN 2   N2  RT   2
3 3 3 3
PH 2   H 2  RT    H 2   RT    3 
Equation (1), (2) & (3) are substituted in (b)
2 2 2 2

KP 
 NH 3   RT 
KP 
 NH 3    RT 
3 3 3
 N2  RT   H 2   RT   N2  H 2   RT  4
2
K P  K C   RT 
n
K P  KC   RT 
n  number of moles of gaseous products – number of moles of gasses reactants
If n is  ve K C  K P
If n is  ve K C  K P
If n is zero K C  K P

2 SO2  O2 2 SO3
b)
2 2

KC 
 SO3  , KP 
PSO3
2 2
 SO2  O2  PSO2  PO2
 Pgas   gas  RT
2 2 2
PSO3    SO3  RT    SO3   RT  ------(1)
2

2 2 2
PSO2   SO2  RT    SO2   RT  ---- (2)
2

PO2   O2  RT       3 
Eq (1) ,(2), (3) are substitutuing in Eq No.b
2 2 2 2

KP 
 SO3   RT 

 SO3 

 RT 
2 2 2 3
 SO2   RT  O2  RT  SO2  O2   RT 
1
K P  K C  RT 
n
 K P  K C  RT 
n  number of moles of gaseous products – number of moles of gases reactants
6. What is conjugate acid-base pair? Illustrate with examples.
A. Conjugate Acid – Base Pair : According to Bronsted theory the acid and base were differ by
single proton  H ion  is called conjugate acid base pair.

 H 3O   Cl 
HCl  H 2 O 


Ex :-    
acid base conjugate conjugate
acid base

33
 
In the above equation HCl and Cl  differ by one H  ion and H2O, H3O differ by one H  ion.

Therefore HCl and Cl  are conjugate acid base pair, H 2O and H3O are conjugate acid –base
pair.
6b) Write connugated acid and bases fro following species
i) H 2 O ii) NH 3 iii) HCO3 iv) HSO4 v) OH  vi) H 2 O2
A.
Conj Acid Species Conj Base
 
H 2O  
H H
 H 2O   OH 
 
NH 4 
H H
 NH 3   NH 2
 HCO3 
H 2CO3   CO32
 HSO4 
H 2 SO4   SO42
H 2O  OH  
  O 2
H 3O2   HO2
 H 2O2 
7. Define PH. What is buffer solution? Derive Henderson equation for calculating the PH of an
acid buffer solution.
A. P H :- Negative logarithim of H  ion concentration base 10 is called P H .
 P H   log10  H  
P OH   log10 OH  

P H  POH  14
Buffer solution :-
The solution which resists its P H value after addition of small amount of strong acid (or) strong
base is called buffer solution.
Buffer solution is the mixture of acid and base
It is classified into two types.
Acid buffer solution :- The mixture of weak acid and strong base of its salt is called acid buffer
solution.
Ex: CH 3COOH  CH 3COONa
acetic acid sodium acetate

Base buffer solution :- The mixture of strong acid and weak base of its salt is called base buffer
solution.
NH 4Cl  NH 4OH
Ex:-  
ammonium ammonium
chloride hydroxide

P H of acid buffer is calculated by Henderson’s equation.

Henderson’s Equation :-

HX H  X 

H    X   Ka  HX 
Ka       H   
 HX   X  
Apply log on both sides
34
  Ka  HX  
 log  H     log  

  X  

 HX   P H   log  H   

 log  H     log Ka  log   
 X   Ka
 P   log
Ka

 HX  X 
P H  P Ka  log P H  P Ka  log  
 X    HX 
P H  P Ka  log
 salt   P H of base buffer :-
acid 
P OH  P Kb  log
 salt   P H  14  P OH 
base
PH

 14   P Kb  log
 salt  

 base 

8. Explain the term “Hydrolysis of salts” with examples. Discuss the pH of the following types
of salt solutions.
i) Salts of weak acid and strong base. ii) Salts of strong acid and weak b ase
A. Salt hydrolysis : The reaction between the cation (or) anion (or) both of salt with water giving
either acidic or basic or neutral solution is known as salt hydrolysis.
a) Hydrolysis of salt of storng acids or strong bases
The aqueous solution of the salt is netural (pH = 7)
b) Hydrolysis of strong acids and weak bases
The aqua solution of salt is acidic pH < 7
Ex : NH 4Cl , ZnSO4 , MgCl2
c) Hydrolysis of weak acids and strong bases
The aqua solution of salt is basic pH > 7
Ex : CH 3COONa, K 2CO3
VSAQ’s
14. What is homogeneous eq.? Give Ex.?
A. If the physical state of reactants & products are same then the equilibrium is called
Homogeneous eq. Ex: N2(g) + 3H2 (g) → 2 NH3(g)
15. What is heterogeneous eq. Give Ex.?
A. If the physical state of reactants & products are different then the equilibrium is called
35
 Heterogeneous eq. Ex: CaCO3(s) → CaO (s)+ CO2(g)
16. Define Eq. constant?
A. The ratio of product of molar concentrations of products to molar concentrations
Reactants is called Eq. constant.(Kc)
17. Write the relation b/w Kp & Kc?
A. Kp = Kc (RT)Δn
Δn =no of moles gaseous products - no of moles gaseous reactantss
R = universal gas constant.
18. Give two chemical eq. reactions for which Kp = Kc ?
A. H2(g) + I2(g) → 2HI (g)
CO(g) + H2O(g) → CO2(g) +H2(g)
19. What is conjugate acid base pair?
A. Pair of acid & base which differ by a proton is called conjugate acid base pair.
Ex: HCl & Cl-
20. What is meant by ionic product of water? Give its value?
A. ionic product of water is the product of the concentrations of H + & OH- ions in water
Kw = [H + ][ OH-] ; Kw = 1.0 ×10-14 mol2 /lit2.

21. All Bronsted bases are Lewis bases. Explain?

A. Bronsted bases are proton acceptor. While accepting proton it donates electron pair.

H  H 
|  | 
 
H N   H  H
 N H
 
|  | 
H  H 

NH 3 accepts proton, Hnece Brosted base, NH 3 donates electron pair. Hence Lewis acid. There fore all
bronsted bases are Lewis bases.
22. All Lewis acids are not bronsted acids. Why?
A. Lewis is acids e- pair acceptor. Bronsted acids are proton donor.
Therefore all Lewis acids are not bronsted acids.
23. Give 2 Ex. Of salts whose aqueous solutions are basic?
A. The aqueous solutions of salts strong base & weak acid are basic.
Ex :CH3COONa, Na2CO3.
24. Give 2 Ex. Of salts whose aqueous solutions are acidic?
A. The aqueous solutions of salts strong acid & weak base are acidic.
Ex: NH4Cl, CuSO4.
25. Cal. The PH of 0.05M of NaOH sol.?
A. NaOH → Na+ +OH-
[OH-] =0.05M = 5× 10 -2M
POH = -log [OH-] = -log 5× 10-2., POH = 2 – Log5 =2 – 0.7 = 1.3
PH = 14 – 1.3 =12.7

36
26. Cal. The PH of 0.05M of Ba(OH)2 sol.?
A. Ba(OH)2 → Ba+2 +2OH-
[OH-] =2×0.05M =0.1 = 10 -1, POH = -log 10-1 =1
PH = 14 – 1= 13.
27. Cal. P H of 0.05 M H 2 SO4 sol.
2
A. H 2 SO4  2 H   SO4 (Acid)
2 H  2  0.05  0.1  10 1


p H   log
 H   P H   log101  1


28. Cal. P H of 0.1 M HCl sol.

H  
A.  H    0.1  101  pH   log  

P H   log101    1 log10  1

29. Define lewis acid and base ?
A. Lewis Acid : The substance which accept lone pair electron to form dative bond is called Acid.
Lewis Base : The substance which donate lone pair electron to form dative bond is called base.

30. Calculate the pH of 10 8 M HCl solution

A.  H    108  107

 10 1  10 7   107

 10 7 10 1  1

1 
 107   1
 10 
 10 7  0.1  1
 H    107 1.1

P H   log 107 1.1

  log107  log1.1
   7  log10  0.04
P H  7  0.04  6.96
31. Calculate the pH of 10 8 M NaOH solution
A. OH    10 8  107

 101 107   107

10 7 10 1  1

37
 1 
107   1 
 10 
10 7  0.1  1
OH    10 7 1.1

POH   log 10 7  1.1

  log107  log1.1
   7  log10  0.04
POH  7  0.04  6.96
 P H  14  POH
 P H  14  6.96  7.04
32. What is degree of ionization?
A. Degree of ionization   is the ratio of no.of molecules dissociated to no.of molecules initially taken.

33. The concentration of H  ion in a ample of soft drink is 3.8  10 3 M . What is its pH.
A.  H    3.8 10 3 M

 p H   log  H  

 p H   log 3.8 103

 p H   log10 3  log 3.8  p H    3  log10  log 3.8
 p H  3 1  0.58 pH  2.42
34. What is the effect of pressure on gaseous chemical equilibrium
A. If increase (or) decrease the pressure of reaction. The equilibrium shift the side which has less number of
moles.
35. Can catalyst disturb the state of Equilibrium?
A. No, but equilibrium is attained quickly because the Catalyst increases both the rate of forward and
backward reactions.
36. What is the effect of temperature on a system at Equilibrium?
A. Increase in temperature favors Endothermic Reactions,
Decrease in temperature favors Exothermic Reactions
37. Ice melts slowly at high attitudes. Explain why?
A. Ice has more volume than water. When pressure is increased ice converts into water. When pressure is
decreased the above reaction occurs slowly. Since, at high attitudes pressure is low, Ice melts slowly.
HYDROGEN & ITS COMPOUNDS
1. Discuss preparation of hydrogen peroxide by electrolytic method?
A. 1. Hydrated barium peroxide treated with dilute sulphuric acid to give hydrogen peroxide and
barium sulphate BaO2 .8H 2O  H 2 SO4  H 2O2  BaSO4  8H 2O
H2

2. Auto Oxidation Method : - 2- ethyl anthra quinol   H 2O2  2 ethyl anthra quinone
O2

38
 3. Electrolytic method:- 50% Sulphuric acid solution on elecrtolysed to gives peroxydisulphuric
acid. On this hydrolysis gives hydrogen peroxide.
Ionisation : 2H2SO4  2H+ + 2HSO-4
At anode: 2HSO4-  H2S2O8 + 2 e-
At cathode: 2 H   2e  H 2
H2S2O8 +2 H2O  H2O2 + 2H2SO4
This method also useful to preparation of D2O2
K 2 S2O8  2D2O  D2O2  2KDSO4
2. Write the chemical reactions to justify that H2O2 can function as oxidising as well as
reducing agent?
A. Oxidising properties:
1. Black lead sulphite oxidises to white lead sulphate.
PbS s   4 H 2O2 aq   PbSO4 s   4H 2O1
2. Mn+2 oxidises to Mn+4
Mn 2  H 2O2  Mn 4  2OH  ’
Reducing properties:
1. H 2O2 reduces O3 to O2
O3  H 2O2  2O2  H 2O
2. H 2O2 reduces Ag 2O to Ag
Ag 2O  H 2O2  2 Ag  O2  H 2O
3. Explain following with suitable example?
A. 1. Electron deficient hydrides: These hydrides have the lesser number of electrons to write their
Lewis structure. Ex :B2H6
2. Electron precise hydrides : These hydrides have required number of electrons to write their
Lewis structure. Ex : CH4., C2 H 6
3. Electron rich hydride : - The hydride which have more no. of electrons which are present as
.. ..
lone pair are called electron rich hydride Ex : N H 3 H2 O
..

4. What is soft water, hard water, Explain removal methods of permanent hard water?
A. Soft water : - Water which give much lather with soap solution is called soft water.
Hard water ; - Water which does not give much lather with soap solution is called Hard water.
Causes of temporary hard water : - Bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium salts are dissolved
in water.
Causes of permanent hardness of water ; - Clorides and sulphates of calcium and magnesium
salts are dissolved in water.
Removal methods : - 1. Calgon’s method : Na6 P6O18 is commonly known as calgon. Calgon
react with hard water to release Na  ions and get precipitate
2
Na6 P6 O18   Na4 P6O18   2 Na 
2 2
 Na4 P6O18   M 2   Na2 MP6O18   2 Na 

39
 M  Ca / Mg
2. Ion exchange method : Sodium alumino silicates are commonly known as zeolites. Its
molecular formulae is NaAlSiO4 . It written as NaZ
NaZ  M 2  MZ2  2 Na 
M  Ca / Mg
7. Write the uses of Hydrogen as a fuel
A. i) Hydrogen released large quantity of heat energy compare to other fuels like LPG,Petrol
ii) Hydrogen release less pollution than petrol
iii) Atomic Hydrogen and Oxyhydrogen are used for welding and cutting metals
iv) Hydrogen gas used as rocket fuel
8. Discuss the position of Hydrogen in the periodic table on the basis of its electronic configuration.
A. Hydrogen is the first elements of the periodic Table with atomic number 1 and electronic configuration is
1S 1 . It acts as both Alkali metals (Group IA) and halogen (Group VIIA) and can be placed along with them.
Reasons for position of Hydrogen in Group IA:
i) The outer electronic configuration of ‘H’ and Group IA are same i.e., 1s1 .
ii) Similar to Alkali metals, hydrogen also forms oxides, halides and sulphides.
Eg: NaCl, HCl
iii) Like Alkali metals, hydrogen loose one electron to form unipositive ion
Reasons for position of hydrogen in VIIA:
i) Like halogens, hydrogen also requires one electron to achieve the Noble gas configuration
1s 2
 Helium  .
ii) Similar to halogen’s hydrogen also forms diatomic molecule.
iii) Like halogens, hydrogen gain one electron to form uninegative ion.
VSAQ’s
8. Name the isotopes hydrogen. What is the ratio of the masses of these isotopes?
A. Hydrogen isotopes are protium (1H1), deuterium (1H2) &tritium (1H3).
Mass ratio is 1: 2: 3.
9. Why hydrogen used in welding of high melting metals?
A. When atomic hydrogen atoms are allowed to recombine on the surface to be welded generates
Temperature of about 4000k so dihydrogen atoms are used in welding of high melting metals.
10. Explain the term “syn gas”?
A. Mixture of CO & H2 is called water gas (or) syn gas. Bcz this mixture is used for the synthesis of
Hydrocarbons. C(s) +H2O(g) → CO(g) +H2(g)

11. What is meant by coal gasification? Explain with relevant equation?

A. The process of producing syn gas from coal is called coal gasification.
C(s) +H2O(g)→CO(g)+H2(g)
12. What do meant by autoprotolysis? Give the equation to represent the autoprotolysis of water?
A. Autoprotolysis means self ionization to form H3O+ & OH- ions as follows.
H2O(l) + H2O(l) → H3O+(aq) + OH- (aq)
13. Water behaves as an amphoteric substance in the Bronsted sense. How do you explain?
A. Water has ability to act as both acid & base .So it is known as amphoteric substance.
H2O(l) + H2O(l) → H3O+(aq) + OH- (aq)
14. Mention any 3 uses of H2O2 are modern times?
A. It is used as bleaching agent for hair, textiles
It is used as oxidizing as well as reducing agent.
It is used as antiseptic in medicine and surgery.
15. H 2O has higher BP than H 2 S why?

40
A. H 2O has higher BP than H 2 S due to H 2O can form hydrogen bonds
S – BLOCK ELEMENTS
VSAQ’s
9. Write the complete electronic configuration of K & Rb?
A. K(z=19)- 1s22s22p63s23p641s.
Rb(z=37) -1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s1.
10. Lithium reacts with water less vigorously than sodium. Give your reason?
A. Lithium ion and its salt react with water less vigorously than sodium due to small size and
absence of vacant ‘d’ orbital.
11. Explain the biological imp. Of Mg. & Ca?
A. Mg: 1) Mg+2 helps in relaxing nerves & muscles.
2) Mg+2 help in building & strengthening bones.
Ca: 1) Ca+2 help in the coagulation of blood.
2) Ca+2 help in maintaining homeostasis.
12. What happen Mg metal is burnt in air?
A. Mg burnt in air with dazzling white light to form MgO & Mg3N2.
13. Write the balanced equation for formation ammoniated 2A metal in liq. Ammonia?
A. M + (x+y) NH3→ [M (NH3)x]+2 + 2 [e(NH3)y]-
14. Describe the imp. Of Plaster of Paris?
A. 1) Used for making statues, toys etc.
2) Used in building industry,
3) Used surgical bandages for bone fracture.
15. Write the avg. composition of Portland cement?

A. CaO: 50-60%; SiO2 : 20-25%; Al2O3 :5-10%;

MgO : 2-3%; Fe2O3 :1-2%; SO2 : 1-2%.
16. Describe imp. Uses of caustic soda?
A. It is used in
1) the manufacture of soaps, paper, artificial silk.
2) In the purification of bauxite.
3) For the preparation pure fats & oils.
4) As a laboratory reagent.
17. Describe imp. Uses of sodium carbonate?
A. 1) In water softening, cleaning & laundries.
2) Used in manufacture of glass, soap, borax, paper, paints.
3) Used in qualitative & quantitative analysis.
18. Describe imp. Uses of quick lime?
A. 1) It is imp. Primary material for cement,
2) It is used in manufacture of sodium carbonate from caustic soda,
3) It is used in purification of sugar.
19. Why are alkali metals not found in the free in nature?
A. Alkali metals have 1 e- in their valence shell. They readily lose e- to give monovalent M+ ions.
So they are not found in free in nature.
20. Which is called milk of magnesia ? Give its uses?
A. A suspension of magnesium hydroxide in water is called milk of magnesia it is used as antacid in
medicine
21. Write the properties of washing soda.
A. 1. Decahydrated sodium carbonate is known as washing soda.
2. It is a white crystalline solid
41
 3. When it heating to give a white powder is called soda ash.
22. Why are IA group elements called as alkali metals
A. IA group elements react with water to form alkali (bases). Hence they are called alkali metals.
23. Why is gypsum added to cement?
A. The purpose of adding gypsum is only to slow down the setting of cement. So that it gets hard.
24. What happens, When calcium nitrate is strongly heated.
1
A. Calcium nitrate on heating decomposes to give calcium oxide. Ca  NO3  2  CaO  2 NO2  O2
2
 
25. Give an account of the biological importance of Na , and K ions .
A. Bilogical Importance of Na  :-
1. The transmission of nerve signals
2. Regulating the flow of water across the cell membrane
Bilogical Importance of K 
1. The transmission of nerve signals
2. Activating many enzymes
26. Explain the preparation of plaster of paris?
A. 1) Semi hydrated calcium sulphate is commonly known as plaster of paris.
2) When gypsum on heating at 393K temperature plaster of paris is formed.
 1 3
CaSO4 .2 H 2O   CaSO4 . H 2O  H 2O
2 2
27. Why does the solubility of Alkaline earth metal hydroxides in water increases in the group.
A. Solubility of Alkaline earth metal hydroxide in water increases due to increase the solubility
product  K SP 
28. Why KO2 is paramagnetic and valculate oxidation state of K?
A. KO2 is paramagnetic in nature due to presence of unpaired electron
 1
KO2  x  2     0
 2
x 1  0 x  1
9. Why does K 2 CO3 can’t be prepared by solvay process.
A. Potassium hydrogen carbonate is highly soluble in water. Hence potassium carbonate can’t be prepared.
30. Write the uses of Mg metal
A. 1. Mg products used as car seats, laptops, cameras
2. Mg used in fireworks and sparklers.
31. Why does the solubility of Alkaline earth metal carbonates and sulphates in water decreases down the
group.
A. Solubility of Alkaline earth metal carbonates and sulphates in water decreases down the group due to
increase the lattice energy.
32. Give two uses of a) Lithium b) Sodium
A. a) Lithium 1. Li used in air craft 2. Li used in metal illnesses, blood disorder
b) Sodium 1. Liquid Na used as coolant for nuclear reactor
2. Sodium vapour used in street light and yellow light
33. Give reasons for the diagonal relationship observed in the periodic Table.
A. The diagonal relationship is observed in the periodic Table due to
i) Similar size of atoms or ions
ii) Similar electro negativities of the respective elements.
iii) Diagonally similar elements possess same polarizing power.
Ionic Charge
Polarizing power = 2
 Ionic Radius 
42
34. Lithium Salts are mostly hydrated. Why?
A. Lithium salts are mostly hydrated due to
i) Smaller size ii) High hydration energy
Eg: liCl. 2H 2O
35. Which of the alkali metals shows abnormal density? What is the order of the variation of density among
the IA group elements?
A K (Potassium) shares abnormal density to release in atomic size and presents of vacant ‘3d’ orbital. The
order of variation of density is
Li  Na  K  Rb  Cs
36. What are the characteristic colours imparted by the IIA elements?
A ‘Be’ and ‘Mg’ does not impart any colour because the electrons in ‘Be’ and ‘Mg’ are strongly bounded.
When exposed to Bunsen burner, other elements impart characteristic colour.
Calcium (Ca): Brick Red
Strontrium (Sr): Crimson Red
Barium (Ba): Apple Green

13th GROUP ELEMENTS

1. Explain structure of diborane?
A. 1. Diborane is the electron deficient molecule (12 e).
2. In diborane each B atom undergo SP3 hybridisation.As result it gives 4 equivalent
SP3 hybrid orbitals.
3. Three hybrid orbitals have one e- each and 4th one is empty.
4. Out of 4 hybrid orbitals 3 are overlaping with 3 hydrogen atoms to form B -H bond and it is
expands to other B atom to form B - H - B bond.
5. This bond is known as three centered two electon bond also known as BANANA or TAU
BOND.
6. Diborane contains 4 terminal hydrogens and 2 are Bridged hydrogens
Structure:

2. How does diborane react with a) H2O b) CO c) N(CH3)3 d) 2NH3

A. Diborane react with H2O to give orthoboric acid.
B2H6 + 6 H2O  2 H3BO3 + 6 H2
Diborane react with CO to form Borane corbonyl.
B2H6 + 2 CO  2 BH3CO
Diborane react with N(CH3)3 to form borazine adduct.
B2H6 + 2N(CH3)3  2 [BH3.N(CH3)3]
Diborane react with NH3 to form diammoniate diborane.
B2H6 + 2NH3  B2H6 .2NH3
4. Explain borax bead test?
A. On heating, borax first loses water molecules and it gives sodium metaborate on further
heating it gives borax glass.
Na2B4O7.10H2O  Na2B4O7 + 10 H2O
Na2B4O7  2 NaBO2 + B2O3
Borax glass is useful to detect the metal in qulitative analysis. When CoO react with B2O3 to give
blue colour bead

43
 CoO  B2O3  Co  BO2 2
Blue bead
5. Write two methods of preparation of diborane
A. Preparation of diborane :
1) BF3 react with NaH to give B2 H 6 ,
2 BF3  6 NaH  B2 H 6  6 NaF
2. Sodium borohydride react with iodine to give B2 H 6
2 NaBH 4  I 2  B2 H 6  2 NaI  H 2

VSAQ’s
7. How do you explain higher stability of TlCl than Tl Cl3 ?
A. TlCl is stable than Tl Cl3 due to Tl has +1 oxidation state because of inert pair effect
8. Is boric acid is a protic acid? Explain.
A. Proton donor is a protic acid. Boric acid is not protic acid but acts as a Lewis acid by accepting
Electron from hydroxyl ion. B(OH)3 + 2H2O → [B(OH)4 ]- +H3O+
9. Explain inert pair effect?
A. Reluctance ns2 e- to take part in bond formation is known as inert pair effect.
+1 O.S. is more stable for Tl due to inert pair effect.
10. What is hybridization of B in diborane & borazine?
A. In diborane – B undergo sp3 hybridization. In borazine - B undergo sp2 hybridization.
11. Give the formula of borazine. What is its common name?
A. Borazine M.F. is B3 N3 H6. It is also known as borazole & inorganic benzene.

12. Give the formula of a) Borax b) Colemanite?

A. a. Borax: Na2B 4O7.10H2O. b. Colemanite: Ca2B6O11.5H2O.
13. Give the structure of orthoboric acid?
A.
14. Write structure of AlCl3 as a dimer?

A
15. Boran is unable to from BF63ion. Explain.
A. ‘B’ is unable to form BF63 due to absence of ‘d’ orbital hence maximum covalence is ‘4’
17. Al react with dilute HNO3 but not con. HNO3
A. Al react with dil. HNO3 but not con. HNO3 due to formation of oxide layer  Al2 O3  is known as
passivity.
18. Give the uses of Al.
A. i) Al is used in making of air ships
ii) Al is used in making alloys
19. Metal borides having B10 are used as protective shield why.
A. Metal borides are used as protective shield in nuclear industry due to high ability to absorb neutrons
20. What happened when boric acid is heated
A. When boric acid heated it converts to meta boric acid and it further heating it give boric oxide
H 3 BO3  HBO2  H 2O
2HBO2  B2O3  H 2O

44
21. Explain why atomic radius of Ga is less than that of Al.
A. Atomic radisu of Ga is less than that of Al because Ga has poor shielding effect

14th GROUP ELEMENTS

SAQ’s
01. Explain the differences of Diamond and Graphite based on their properties
A. Diamond Graphite
3
1. In diamond C undergo sp hybridization 1. In graphite C undergo sp 2 hybridization
2.l It has 3D giants structure 2. It has hexagonal ring structure
0
3. C-C bond length is 1.54A 3. C-C bond length is 1.42A0
4. Diamond is very hard due to strong C-C bond 4) Graphite is soft due to graphite layer are held by vander
waal forcess
5. Diamond is bad conductor due to absents 5) Graphite is good conductor due to present of unpaid e
of unpaired electron
6. Diamond is used as precious stone 6) Graphite is used as lubricant due to graphite layer are slide
due to high refractive index and glitter over one another and slippery nature
02. Why diamond is hard
A. 1. In diamond each carbon undergo sp 3 hybridization
2. each C-C bonds are strong and difficult to break
3. Hence diamond is very hard

VSAQ’s
07. Why CO is poisonous?
A. CO forms a complex with hemoglobin which is 300 times more stable than oxygen hemoglobin.
Due to this supply of O2 to cells decreases.ultimatly resulting in death.

08. What is allotropy? Give the crystalline allotropes of carbon?

A. The existence of an element in different physical forms with same chemical properties.
Ex: crystalline allotropes of carbon diamond & graphite.
09. How does graphite function as a lubricant?
A. Graphite layers are held by weak vanderwaals forces. Thus, the layers can easily slide over
One another. Hence it has slippery nature & used as lubricant.
10. Graphite is a good conductor – explain?
A. In graphite C undergoes sp2 hybridization. Each C uses only 3 valence electron for bonding
& the 4th electron is free. Therefore Graphite acts as a good conductor.
11. Diamond has high M.P.-explain?
A. Diamond has 3 dimensional structures having strong C-C bond. Which are very difficult to
Break. Hence it has high MP.
12. Write the use of ZSM-5?
A. ZSM-5 is used to convert alcohol into gasoline (Petrol).
13. C – C bond length in graphite is shorter than C – C bond length in diamond. Explain
A. In graphite c-c bond formed by sp2- sp2 overlapping. In diamond, it is formed by sp 3- sp3
Overlapping. sp2- sp2 bond is stronger than sp3- sp3 bond. Therefore,
C – C bond length in graphite is shorter than C – C bond length in diamond.
14. Diamond is used as precious stone. Why?
A. Diamond has high refractive index & glitter. So it is used as precious stone.
15. SiF6-2 is known while SiCl6-2 is not. Explain.
A. Si+4 is small in size. Six large chloride ions cannot be accommodate around Si+4 .due to
Limitation of its size.

45
16. Name any 2 manmade silicates?
A. Man made silicate are Glass & Cement.
17. How is water gas prepared?
A. Mixture of CO & H2 is called water gas (or) syn gas. Bcz this mixture is used for the synthesis of
Hydrocarbons. It is prepared by passing of steam over hot coke.
C(s) +H2O(g) → CO(g) +H2(g)
18. How is producer gas prepared?
A. CO & N2 mixture is called producer gas. It is prepared passing of air over hot coke.
2C(s) +O2(g) +4N2(g) → 2CO(g) + 4N2(g).
19. What is use of dry ice?
A. Solid CO2 is called dry ice.
It is used as refrigerant for frozen food.
20. Give the uses of CO2 is photosynthesis.
A. IN presence of sunlight green plants convert CO2 into carbohydrates.
hv
6CO2  6 H 2 O   C6 H12O6  6O2
21. Write the hybridization of carbon in the following (a) CO2 (b) Diamond (c) Graphite (d) Fullerence
A. Hybridisation of ‘C’ in (a) CO2  SP (b) Diamond  SP3 (c) Graphite  SP 2 (d) Fullerence  SP 2 ]
22. CCl4 is not dissolved in water, but SiCl4 dissolved why ? Give reason.
i) CCl4 is not dissolved in water due to absence of vacant ‘d’ orbital
ii) SiCl4 dissolved in water, due to presence of vacant ‘d’ orbital and form Si  OH  4 .
23. What are the uses of CO2 ?
A. i) CO2 is used in soft drinks.
ii) CO2 is used in photosynthesis.
iii) solid CO2 used as refrigerant for frozen food & Icecreams.
24. What are metal carbonyls?
A. CO molecule donate Lone pair electron to metal atom / ion to form complex compound. Which are known
as metal carbonyl Ex :  Ni  CO  4 
25. What is the effect of water on tin
A. When water react with tin to form tin oxide and liberate H 2
Sn  2 H 2O  SnO2  2 H 2
26. Explain the structure of silica
A. 1. Silica molecular formulae is SiO2
2, It has tetra hedral arrangement of each silicon bonded with 4 oxygen and oxygen is bonded with 2Si
atoms
27. SiO2 is solid while CO2 is gas explain.
A. SiO2 has 3D gaint structure with strong covalent bonds. But CO2 molecular are held by vanderwall
forces.
ENVIRONMENTEL CHEMISTRY

01. What is chemical oxygen demand (COD)?

A. The amount of oxygen required to oxidize organic substance present in polluted water is called
Chemical oxygen demand.
02. What is biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)?
A. The amount of oxygen used by the suitable micro organism present in water during 5 days at
200 C is called biochemical oxygen demand.
BOD of water - 1PPM
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 Polluted water – 17PPM
03. Name the major particulate pollutants present in troposphere?
A. Particulate pollutants are dust, mist, fumes, smoke, smog etc.,
04. Green house effect is caused by ………. & …….. Gases?
A. Green house effect is caused by CO2, Chlorofluoro carbon & Ozone gases.
4(a). What is Greenhouse Effect?
A. The process of increasing of temperature on the surface of earth due to blanketing effect of
Co2 , CH 4 , O3 , CFC & Watervapour is called Greenhouse effect or global warming.
4(b) Mention harmful effect caused by global worming
A. Harmful effects caused by global worming are
1. Increase the sea level
2. Changes in the timing of seasonal events
3. Changes in agricultural productivity.
05. Which oxides cause acid rains? And what is its PH value?
A. Sulphur dioxide & nitrogen dioxide after oxidation & reaction with water forms acid rains.
SO3 + H2O → H2SO4 N2O5 + H2O → 2HNO3 The PH of rain water is 5.6
06. Name 2 adverse effects caused by acid rains?
A. Adverse effects caused by acid rains:
1) Acid rain washes away nutrients needed for their growth.
2) Acid rain causes respiratory ailments in human beings & animals.
3) It corrodes water pipes.
4) Acid rains decreases life time of buildings.
07. What is classical smog? What is its chemical character?
A. Classical smog is a mixture of smoke, smog & sulpher dioxide. The common component of
Photochemical smog are Ozone, nitric acid, peroxy acetyl nitrate (PAN) .it has
Reducing character.
08. What is PAN? What effect is caused by it?
A. PAN is peroxy acetyl nitrate.PAN is powerful eye irritants.
09. How is ozone formed in the stratosphere?
A. UV radiations split O2 molecules into free oxygen atoms. This oxygen atom combines with
Molecular oxygen to form ozone.
UV UV
O2 g    O g   O g  ; O2 g   O g    O3 g 
10. Give the chemical reaction involved in the ozone depletion by CF2Cl2 ?
A. CF2Cl2 get broken down by UV radiations, releasing chlorine free radical.
CF2Cl2 → Cl˙ + C˙F2Cl.
Chlorine free radical reacts with O3 to form chlorine monoxide radical & oxygen.
Cl˙ + O3(g) → ClO˙ + O2
Chlorine monoxide radical reacts with atomic oxygen produce more chlorine free radical.
ClO˙ + O → Cl˙ + O2
11. What is Ozone hole? Where it was first observed?
A. Depletion of ozone layer is commonly known as ozone hole. Ozone hole was observed over the
South Pole.
12. Name 3 industrial chemicals that pollute water?
A. Detergents, fertilizers & polychlorinated biphenyl.
13. What organochemicals are responsible for water pollution?
A. Sodium chlorate, sodium arsenate etc.., are responsible for water pollution.
14. Define the term sink & TLV?
A. Sink: The medium which reacts with pollutant. Ex: Oceans are sink for CO2.

47
 TLV: The minimum level of pollutant present in atmosphere which a person when he is exposed
to this for 7-8 hrs in a day is called TLV.
15. What is Utrophication?
A. Drying of lakes due to excess growth of algae is called Utrophication.
16. What are pollutant, contaminant & speciation?
A. Pollutant: Substance which released due to human activity & Affects the environment.Ex:SO2.
Contaminant: Substance which is not present in nature but released due to human activity
& effects the environment. Ex: Excessive usage of pesticides.
Speciation: The chemical form of pollutant (organic & inorganic).
17. Mention the harmful effects caused due to depletion of ozone layer
A. Harmful effects caused due to depletion of ozone layer are skin cancer, skin burnt, etc.
18. Defined Receptor?
A. The medium which is effected by pollutant is called receptor Ex : Human beings
19. What is Bioamplification?
A. The process of increase in concentration of pollutants in higher animals to lower animals through
food chain is called bioamplification. Ex : Minamate disease.
20. Define the term green chemistry?
A. The green chemistry is the branch of chemistry which can deals to minimize the dangerous
substance from environment is called green chemistry.
21. What are smoke and mist?
A. Smoke : Smoke is a collection of tiny carban particles
Mist : Mist is a phenomenon caused by small droplets of water suspended in air.
22. Define the term soil pollution?
A. Soil pollution defined as the presence of toxic chemical in soil high concentration to risk the
human health.
24. Name the common components present in photo chemical smog.
A. Photochemical smog contains nitrogen oxide, ozone and PAN.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
LAQ’s
4. Write two preparations of Benzene. Explain electrophilic substitution reactions.
A. 1. Acetylene passing through hot metal tube to give benzene
HotMetal
3C2 H 2  

2. Phenol react with zinc dust to give benzene and ZnO

OH

 Zn   ZnO

Electrophilic substitution reaction :

1. Halogenation : - Benzene react with chlorine in the presents of AlCl3 to give chloro benzene.
Cl

AlCl3
Cl2    HCl

2. Nitration : - Benzene react with HNO3 in the presences of dilute sulphuric acid to give nitro
benzene.

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 NO2

H 2 SO4
 HNO3    H 2O

3. Friedal – Craft Alkylation : - Benzene react with CH 3Cl in the presents of anh. AlCl3 to give
methyl benzene.
CH 3

AlCl3
CH 3Cl    HCl

4. Friedal – Craft Acylation : Benzene react with Acylchloride in the presents of anh. AlCl3 to give
acetophenone
COCH 3

AlCl3
 CH 3COCl    HCl

S.A.Q’S
6. Complete the following reaction and name the product A,B & C .
H 2O hot metal tube AlCl3  CH 3Cl
CaC2   A   B  C
CH 3

HotMetal AlCl3
CaC2  2 H 2O  C 2 H 2    CH 3Cl  

 A  B C 
A.
A) Acetylene B) Benzene C) Methyl benzene

7. Name the products A ,B & C formed in the follwing reactions.give the equation for the reactions.
Br2 / CCl4 Alc . KOH Br2
Ethylene   A   B  C
CCl4 Alc . KOH
C2 H 4  Br2   CH 2 Br  CH 2 Br   C2 H 2  2 Br2  CHBr2  CHBr2
A.
 A B C 
A) 1,2-Dibromoethane B) Acetylene C) 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane
8. Substitution reaction:Atom(or)group of atoms is substituted by another atom is called
substitution reaction. (Write Any two chemical properties of benzene.)

10. Give two examples each for position & functional isomerism.
A. Position isomerism: different compounds have same molecular formula but differ in their position of
functional group or multiple bond is called Position isomerism

49
 Cl Cl Cl
Cl

Cl
Cl
1,2- dichloro benzene 1,3- dichloro benzene 1,4- dichloro benzene
Ex:
Functional isomerism: diferent compounds have same molecular formula but differ in their functional
group is called functional isomerism
CH 3  CH 2  CHO  Propanal 
Ex :
CH 3  CO  CH 3  Propanone 

11. What do understand about Geometrical isomerism? Explain the Geometrical isomers of 2 – Butene.
A. Geometrical Isomerism : This isomerism arises due to free rotation of atoms through restricted free
rotation of double bond carbon compound (Alkenes) is called geometrical Isomerism
Cis Isomerism : Two similar groups present same side is called Cis isomer.
Trans Isomerism : Two similar groups present in opposite side is called Trans Isomerism.
Geometrical Isomerism of 2-Butene:  CH 3  CH  CH  CH 3 

CH 3 H

C C

H CH 3
Cis Isomerism Trans Isomerism

13. E-Z configuration: [ Atomic number ranking method]:

 This method is used for carbon compound (Alkene), has four different groups.
 Z- isomer: The atoms with two higher atomic number present in same side is said to Z- Isomerism
 E- isomer: If atom with two higher atomic number present in opposite side is said to E- Isomerism
Ex: BrHC = CFCl
Br F
CC

H Cl
Z- Isomers E- Isomers

12. Electron Displacement:

1. Inductive Effect: Polarity of covalent bond towards electro negative atom in conjugated mechanism is
known as inductive effect.
 This is permanent effect
 This is of two types: a) -I effect and b) +I effect
a) -I Effect: Polarity of covalent bond away from carbon chain is called – I effect
     
CH 3  CH 2  CH 2  CH 2  Cl
Ex:

b) +I effect: Polarity of covalent bond towards carbon chain is called +I effect

50
 
CH 3  CH 2  CH 2  Y  E.Nof Y  C 
2. Mesomeric effect (Resorance effect)
Delocalization of electron pair caused by interaction between two  bonds or lone pair and  bond is
called Mesomeric or respnance effect. It is permanent effect.
It is two types
1. +M effect (+R): Delocalization of electron pair towards carson chain is called +M effect.
this effect possess an atom with atleast one lone pair.
ex :-CL ,-Br ,-OH -NH2
2. (-M) effect (-R)
Delocalization of electron pair away from carson chain is called –M effect.
it possess multiple bond.
Ex : -COOH ,-CHO ,

VSAQ’s
18. Write the reagents required for conversion of benzene to methyl benzene?
A. Benzene reacts with methyl chloride in the presence of anhyd.AlCl3 to form methyl benzene.
CH3

 C H 3 C l  A
lC l 3
   HCl

19. How is nitrobenzene prepared from benzene?

A. Benzene reacts with Nitration mixture to form nitrobenzene.
NO2

H 2 SO4
 HNO3    H 2O

20. Write the conformation of ethane?

A. Free rotation of C-C is known as conformation of ethane.Two imp. Conformational isomers are
1.Eclipsed form:The hydrogens attached to 2 C atoms superimpose to each other
2.Staggered form: The hydrogens attached to 2 C atoms are opposite to each other.
21. Write the structures of: Trichloroethanoic acid, Neopentane, P-nitrobenzaldehyde ?
A. 1. Trichloroethanoic acid : CCl3 – COOH.

2. Neopentane : 3. P- nitrobenzaldehyde:

22. What is Lassaigne’s test?

A. Covalent compound is converted into ionic compound by fusing with sodium metal Lassaigne’s
test is used to detect nitrogen, sulpher, halogens & phosphorous in given organic compound.
23. Explain principle of chromatography?
A. A mixture of substances is applied onto a stationary phase, which may be a liquid or a mixture of
Solvents or a gas is allowed to move over stationary phase. The components of mixture get
Separated from one another.
24. Explain a) crystallization b) Distillation?
A. a). Crystallization: It is based upon diff. in the solubility of the compound under investigation &
Impurities associated with it, in suitable solvent.

51
 b).Distillation: Distillation is the process of converting a liquid into vapour upon heating &
then cooling the vapours back to liquid state.
25. How ethylene prepared from ethyl alcohol?
A. Ethylene prepared by heating ethyl alcohol in presence of Conc.H2SO4.
C2H5OH → C2H4 + H2O
26. What is the product formed when sodium propanoate is heated with soda lime?
A. Sodium propanoate on heating with soda lime forms ethane.
CH3 – CH2 – COONa + NaOH → CH3 – CH3 + Na2CO3
27. What is dehydrohalogenation?write the equation?
A. Removing of hydrogen halide from alkyl halide on reaction with alc.KOH is called
Dehydrohalogenation. CH3 – CH2 – X → CH2 = CH2 .
28. Write the IUPAC names
O
a) CH3  CH 2  CH 2  CH  CH 2 b) | |
CH 3  C  CH 3

CH 3  C  CH  CH 3
/
J) CH 3

CH 3  CH 2  CH  CH 2  CH  CH 2  CH 3
/ /
K)  CH 3  2 C  C2 H 5  2 L) CH 2  CH 3 CH 3

A. a)1 – pentene b) propanone c) 2,2,4,4 – tetramethyl pentane d) Pentane – 2 – ol

e) Pentan – 2 – one f) Pentan-3-one g) but-1,3-diene h) 4-nitrobenzaldehyde
i) 4-phenyl but-1-ene j) 2-methyl but -2-ene k) 3,3 dimetyl pentane
l) 3-ethyl -5-methyl heptane
29. Write the structural formula of the given compounds a) 3,4,4,5 – Tetramethyl heptane b) 2 – Methyl –
1 – Butene

52
 CH 3
/ CH 3  CH 2  C  CH 2
A. a) b) /
CH 3  CH 2  CH  C  CH  CH 2  CH 3
/ / / CH 3
CH 3 CH 3 CH 3

30. Write structure for a)2,4 - dimethyl pentane b)3-ethyl-4,4- dimethylheptane

CH 3
CH 3  CH  CH 2  CH  CH 3
A. a) | | b) CH 3  CH 2  CH 2  C  CH  CH 2  CH 3
CH 3 CH 3 | |
CH 3 C2 H 5

31. Write a sort note on a) Wurtz reaction b)Fridelcraft alkylation.

A. a) Wurtz reaction:Methyl iodide reacts with sodium metal in the presence of dry ether to form
ethane.
2CH3I + 2Na → C2H6 + 2NaI
Fridelcraft alkylation: Benzene reacts with methyl chloride in the presence of anhyd.AlCl3 to form
methyl benzene.
CH3

 C H 3 C l  A
lC l 3
   HCl

32. What type of hybridization of each carbon in the following?

HC  C  CH  CH 2
A. HC  C  CH  CH 2
 sp, sp, sp 2 , sp 2 
33. What is polymerization?
A. Ethylene on heating in the presence of O2 at high pressure to give polythene is called polymerization.
O2
n  CH 2  CH 2  
High P
  CH 2  CH 2   n polythene.
34. Write the functional isomerse of Organic Compound C3 H 6O ?
A. CH 3  CH 2  CHO  Pr opanal 
CH 3  CO  CH 3  Pr opanone 

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