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Electromagnetic Waves in Conducting Media

The document discusses electromagnetic waves in conducting media, focusing on wave equations and the behavior of waves in such materials. It introduces key concepts such as the wave number, attenuation distance, and the relationship between electric and magnetic fields. Additionally, it presents mathematical expressions for the wave number and energy densities in conducting media.

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Kanmani Ramar
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62 views9 pages

Electromagnetic Waves in Conducting Media

The document discusses electromagnetic waves in conducting media, focusing on wave equations and the behavior of waves in such materials. It introduces key concepts such as the wave number, attenuation distance, and the relationship between electric and magnetic fields. Additionally, it presents mathematical expressions for the wave number and energy densities in conducting media.

Uploaded by

Kanmani Ramar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electromagnetic waves in

Conducting media

Mrs.P.Kanmani,
Assistant Professor of Physics,
V.V.Vanniaperumal college for Women,
Virudhunagar
Electromagnetic waves in Conducting media

Solving wave equations for a wave traveling along z-axis , with 𝜌𝑓 = 0,


−𝑘 2 + 𝜔2 ∈ 𝜇 − 𝑗𝜔𝜎𝜇 = 0

𝜖𝑟 𝜇𝑟 𝑗𝜎
𝑘2 = 𝜔2 ∈ 𝜇 − 𝑗𝜔𝜎𝜇 = 2 1 −
ƛ0 𝜔𝜖
𝜆0
Where, ƛ = = 𝑐 Τ𝜔 is the radian length for a wave of the same angular frequency 𝜔 propagating in free space.
2𝜋
Electromagnetic waves in Conducting media

𝑗𝜔𝜖 𝜕𝐷
The quantity is the ratio of the displacement current density to the current density 𝐽𝑓 = 𝜎𝐸. We
𝜎 𝜕𝑡
shall call the magnitude of this ratio Q of the medium,

𝜕𝐷 𝜕𝜖𝐸
𝜔𝜖 𝜖𝑟
Q = 𝜕𝑡 = 𝜕𝑡 = =
𝐽𝑓 𝜎𝐸 𝜎 60𝜎𝜆0

For non conductors Q → ∞, For common conductors 𝜎 is of the order of 107 mhos/meter and we can set
𝜖𝑟 ≈ 1. The ratio Q is thus very small for conductors.
Electromagnetic waves in Conducting media

Then,

†
2
𝜖𝑟 𝜇𝑟 𝑗
𝑘 = 2 1−
ƛ0 𝑄

And the wave number 𝑘 is complex


𝑘 = 𝑘𝑟 − 𝑗𝑘𝑖

Where 𝑘𝑟 and 𝑘𝑖 are both positive.


Electromagnetic waves in Conducting media

1 1/2
1
1 𝜖𝑟 𝜇𝑟 2 1 2
𝑘𝑟 = 1+ +1
ƛ0 2 𝑄2

1 1/2
1
1 𝜖𝑟 𝜇𝑟 2 1 2
𝑘𝑖 = 1+ −1
ƛ0 2 𝑄2

1
𝜖𝑟 𝜇𝑟 1/2 1 4
𝑘= 1+ exp −𝑗 arctan 𝑘𝑖 Τ𝑘𝑟
ƛ0 𝑄2
Electromagnetic waves in Conducting media

1
In a vacuum 𝑘𝑟 = , 𝑘𝑖 = 0.
ƛ0
The real part 𝑘𝑟 of the wave number is, 1/ƛ = 2π/𝜆 where 𝜆 is the wavelength in the
medium. The imaginary part 𝑘𝑖 is the reciprocal distance 𝛿 over which the amplitude is
attenuated by the factor e. The quantity 𝛿 = 1/ 𝑘𝑖 is called the attenuation distance.
𝜔
The phase velocity is, 𝑢 =
𝑘𝑟
Electromagnetic waves in Conducting media

And the index of refraction is complex, 𝑛 = ƛ0 𝑘 = ƛ0 𝑘𝑟 − 𝑗𝑘𝑖


𝐸
The ratio is given by,
𝐻

𝐸 𝜔𝜇 𝜇 1/2 1
= = 1 exp 𝑗𝜃
𝐻 𝑘 𝜖
1 4
1+
𝑄2
Where 𝜃 = arctan 𝑘𝑖 Τ𝑘𝑟 is the phase of 𝐸 with respect to 𝐻
Electromagnetic waves in Conducting media

Also,

𝐸 = 𝐸0 exp 𝑗 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑟 𝑧 − 𝑘𝑖 𝑧 ⅈ
𝐻 = 𝐻0 exp 𝑗 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑟 𝑧 − 𝜃 − 𝑘𝑖 𝑧 𝑗

𝐸0 𝜇 1/2 1
With, = 1
𝐻0 𝜖 1 4
1+ 2
𝑄
Electromagnetic waves in Conducting media

The electric and magnetic energy densities are in the ratio,

1 2
𝜖𝐸 1
2 =
1 2 1
𝜇𝐻 1 2
2 1+ 2
𝑄
And the average total energy density is,

1
1 1 1 1 1 2
𝜖𝐸0 2 + 𝜇𝐻0 2 exp −2𝑘𝑖 𝑧 = 𝜖𝐸0 2 1+ 1+ exp −2𝑘𝑖 𝑧
2 2 2 4 𝑄2

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