Concept Maps

Chapter 1
 Concept Maps

Chapter 2

Polynomials

Eg: 19x2+8x+1.7x4+3
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Graph of a polynomial
 Concept Maps

Chapter 3

Pair of Linear Equation

in two variables
Algebric method
 Concept Maps

Chapter 4

Quadratic

Equations
 Concept Maps

Chapter 5

Finite or infinite

arithmetic progression

Arithmetic

Progression
 Concept Maps

Chapter 6

Triangles
 Concept Maps

Chapter 7

Coordinate

Geometry
 

-The trigonometric ratios of an acute angle in a right-angle triangle express

the relationship between the angle and the length of its sides. 
The trigonometric ratios of the angle A in right triangle ABC are defined as:
Side opposite to angle A BC
sine of angle A = sin A = =
Hypotenuse cosine of angle A AC

    
Side Adjacent to angle A AB
sine of angle A = cos A = = 
Hypotenuse AC 


Side opposite to angle A BC 
sine of angle A = tan A = =
Side adjacent to angle A AB

cosecant of angle A = cosec A

1 Hypotenuse AC
= = =
Side of angle A Side opposite to angle A BC
       
secant of angle A = sec A
1 Hypotenuse AC
= = =
cosine of angle A Side adjacent to angle A AB
:
contangent of angle A = cot A If sin A = 3 Calculate cos A and tan A.
4
1 Side adjacent to angle A AB perpendicular
=
cosine of angle A
=
Side opposite to angle A
=
BC Sol: Given, sin A = 3 =
4 hypotenuse

 : By Pythagoras theorem,

-The ratios cosec A, sec A, and cot A are the reciprocals of the ratios sin A, cos A Hypotenuse2 = Base2+ Perpendicular
and tan A, respectively. So, Base2 = Hypotenuse2 - Perpendicular2
-The symbol sin A is used as an abbreviation for 'the sine of the angle Asin A is not the = 42-32 - 16-9=7
product of 'sin' and A. 'sin' separated from A has no meaning. Base = √7
 √7
-The values of the trigonometric ratios of an angle do not vary with the lengths of Therefore, cos A = =
 
the sides of the triangle, if the angle remains the same.
 √7
And, tan A = =
: Since the hypotenuse is the longest side in a right triangle, the value of sin A or  
cos A is always less than 1.
 

The specific angles are 0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°. These are given in the following table:


A 0° 30° 30° 30° 30°

-cos2 A+sin2 A= 1
-1 + tan2 A = sec2 A, 0° ≤ A < 90°
-cot2 A+1 =cosec2A, 0° < A ≤ 90°
sin A 0 1/2 1/√2 √3/2 1

cos A 1 √3/2 1/√2 1/2 0

not
tan A 0 1/√3 1 √3
defined 

not -The study of relationships between the sides

cosec A 2 √2 2/√3 1
defined and angles of a triangle.

not
sec A 1 2/√3 √2 2
defined

not
cot A √3 1 1/√3 0
defined
 



        
           


 




  


 
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-Circle: A Circle is a collection of all those points in a plane which -When the line intersects the circle at only one point then, that line is known as tangent.
are at a constant distance (radius) from a fixed point (centre).





-For a circle and a line on a plane, there can be three possibilities.

(i) They can be non-intersecting. -The tangent to a circle is a special case of secant, when the two end points of
(ii) They can have a single common point that means, the line touches the circle. corresponding chord coincide.
(ii) They can have two common points that means, the line cuts the circle. -There is no tangent to a circle passing through point lying inside the circle.
-There are exactly two tangents to a circle through a point outside the circle.



  
 

-The theorem states that "the tangent to the circle at any point is the perpendicular to the

radius of the circle that passes through the point of contact".
  



-When a line intersects the circle in such a way that there are two common

points then that line is called secant.




   

 Here, O is the centre of the circle and OPLXY Note:

 - There is one and only one tangent to a circle passing through a point lying on the circle.
- The line containing the radius through the point of contact is also called the 'normal'
to the circle at the point.
     

-The length of the segment of the tangent from the external point P and the point of
-There is no tangent to a circle passing through a point lying on the circle. contact with the circle i.e.T1 or T2

 



-There is one and only one tangent to a circle passing through a point
lying on the circle.

 

-The length of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.


-There are exactly two tangents to a circle through a point lying outside the circle.  





 


   

 




Here, two tangents are drawn from the external point C. As the tangents is perpendicular

to the radius, it formed the right-angle triangle. So, AOC and BOC are congruent right
triangle. Hence, AC = BC.
 

 
-The area formed by an arc and the two radii -The area made by an arc and a chord is called the
joining the endpoints of the arc is called Sector. segment of the circle.








  
 




   

- The area including angle AOB with point D -The area including angle AOB with point C is -The other part of the circle except for the -The area made by chord AB and arc A x B is
is called the major sector. So OADB is the major called the minor sector. So OACB is the minor area of the minor segment is called a Major the minor segment.
sector. sector. Angle AOB is the angle of the minor segment.
The angle of the major sector = 360° - sector. Area of Major segment = Area of circle -
angle AOB. Area of major sector = Area of circle
- Area of the Minor sector
Area of the sector of angle θ = θ
/
360°
x πr² Area of minor segment.
: Area of circle = Area of minor segment +
: Area of minor sector + Area of the major Length of an arc of a sector of angle θ Area of major segment.
= θ x 2πr
/

sector = Area of the circle.


θ
360°

Wherer is the radius of the circle.


 Area of Minor segment = Area of minor sector -

-Find the area of a sector of a circle with radius 6cm if angle of the sector is 60.
Sol: Given that, Radius = r = 6cm And angle of the sector= θ = 60° / /
Area of triangle ABO= θ 360° x πr²- r2 2 sinθ
We know that
/
Area of sector of circle = θ 360° x πr²

/360° x 27/7 x (6)

= 60° 2








=
132
/7 = 18.8cm2
 

-Area of circle = πr2.

-Circumference of circle: The perimeter of a circle is the distance covered by
going around its boundary once.
Perimeter of circle = 2πr

π
 

 

  


π

/
where, π = 22 7 or 3.14 and r is the radius of the circle.
 
 

 

-1cm = 10mm -1cm2 = 10mm x 10mm = 100mm2

-1dm = 10cm = 100mm -1dm2= 10cm x 10cm = 100cm2
-1m = 10dm = 100cm = 1,000mm -1m2 = 100cm x 100cm = 10,000cm2
-1dam = 10m = 1,000cm - 1dam2 = 10m x 10m = 100m2
-1hm = 10dam = 100m -1hm2 100m x 100m = 10,000m2
-1km = 1,000m = 100dam = 10hm -1km2 = 10hm x 10hm = 100hm2


  

- 1cm3 = 1,000mm3: 1dm3 = 1,000cm3 -To find the volume of combination of two or
- 1m3 = 1,000dm3 = 1,000litres more basic solids like a cone, a cylinder,
- 1litre = 1dm3 = 1,000cm3; a sphere, a hemisphere, a cube or a cuboid
1kl = 1,000 l =1m3 etc., we add their volumes.
- 1ml = 1cm3
-To find the surface area of combination of
two or more basic solids, it is not necessary
to add their surface areas directly.


S.No Name and Figure Lateral/Curved Surface Area Total Surface Area Volume

1. Cuboid h 2h (L+B) 2(lb+bh+hl) lhb

b
l

2. Cube l
4l2 6l2 l2
l
l

3. Right Circular h 2πrh 2πr(h+r) πr2h

Cylinder

4. Right Circular h πrl πr(l+r) 1/3 πr2h

l

Cone
r

5. Sphere r 4πr3 4πr2 4/3πr3

r
6. Hemisphere 2πr2 3πr2 2/3πr3

7. Hemispherical Shell r
External= 2πR2 3πR+πr2 2/3π(R3-r3
Internal= 2πr2 =π(3R2+r2)
 

 

-It is defined as the sum of the values of all the -Mode= l+ (f1-f02f1-f0-f2) x h
observation divided by the total number of where, I = lower limit of the modal class
observations. The mean of x of the data is h = size of the class intervals’
given by: f1 frequency of
the modal class
  f0=frequency of the class preceeding the
x = ∑1 f1x1 ∑1 f1 = ∑f1x1 ∑f1
n n
  model class
f2 = frequency of the class succeeding the
where, f1 is the frequency of ith observation x, modal class.
and i varies from 1 to n. :
The following table shows the ages of the
patient admitted in a hospital during a year.
Class mark=
= Upper class limit +Lower class limit 2 Age (in years) 5-15 15-25 25-35 35-45 45-55 55-65

Number of patient 6 11 21 23 14 5

Find the mode of the data given above.

Age Number of patient

  5-15 6

15-25 11

-The three measures of central tendency are -For ungrouped data, we first arrange the data 25-35 21 f0

Mean, Median and Mode which are related values of the observation in ascending order. 35-45 23 fi
as 3 Median = Mode +2 Mean If n is odd, the median is the (n+1/2)th
45-55 14 f1
observation.
5
Mode=
55-65
i+(f1-f0/ 2f1-f0-f2) x h
If n is even the median will be average of the n/2 th

and the (n/2 + 1)th observation. Modal class= Interval with highesst frequency
= 35-45
-Median Class: Class with cumulative frequency where, I = lower limit of the model class = 35
h = size of class intervals = 15-5= 10
just greater than half of sum of frequencies.
  - For grouped data, we use the following formula
fi = frequency of the modal class = 23
fo=frequency of the class preceeding the
for calculating the median. modal class = 21
-The class with the maximum frequency. Median= l + (n/2-cf/f ) x h fa = frequency of the class succeeding the
modal class = 14
where, I = lower limit of median class
Mode=35+(23-21/ 2 (23)-21-14) x 10 = 36.8
n= number of observations
cf = cumulative frequency of class preceeding
the median class
f = frequency of median class
h = class size (assuming class size to be equal
 

  

. .
A survey was conducted by a group of students as a part of their environment awareness programme, The following table gives the information about the marks obtained by 110 students in
in which they collected the following data regarding the number of plants in 20 houses in a locality. an examinations.
Find the mean number of plants per house.

Number of Plants 0-2 2- 4 4 -6 6-8 8-10 10-12 12-14 Class 0-10 10-20 20 -30 30-40 40-50

Number of Houses 1 2 1 5 6 2 3 Frequency 1 2 1 5 6

Using direct Method Find the mean marks of the student using assumed mean method.

Number of Plants Number of Houses (fi ) fi xi Class Frequency Class Marks (xi ) d i = xi - a fidi

0-2 1 0+2 2=1 1x1=1 0-10 12 5 5-25= -20 -240

2- 4 2 2+4 2=3 2x3=6 10-20 28 15 15-25= -10 -280

4 -6 1 4+6 2=5 1x5=5 20-30 32 25-o 25-25= 0 0

6-8 5 6+8 2=7 5x7=35 30-40 25 35 35-25= 10 250

8-10 6 8+10 2=9 6x9=54 40-50 13 45 45-25= 20 260

10-12 2 10+12 2=11 2x11=22 Total ∑fi = 110 ∑fidi = -10

12-14 3 12+14 2=13 3x13=39

Assumed mean= a= 25
∑fi = 20 ∑fi xi = 162 Mean= x = a + ∑fidi ∑fi
= 25 + ( -10 110)
Mean= ∑f i x i ∑f i = 162 20 = 8.1plants. = 24.9
hence, the mean marks of the students are 24.9.
 
   
-The probability of an event E is a number
between:
-It deals with the chances of occurence of 0≤P(E)≤1
a random event.  : Probability of any event can’t be greater
than 1 and less than 0.



 
-If E be an event then, (not E) is a complement
event wwhich occurs only wwhen E does not
occur.
P(E)= 1- P(E)
The event E, representing ‘not E’, is called
Complement of the event ‘E’.
P(E) + P(not E)= 1
         i.e. P(E) + P(E)
-The probability based on actual experiment. -The probability based on theory.

number of trials where the event occured number of outcomesfavourable to E

P(E)= P(E)= 
 
total number of trials number of all possble outcomes of
the experiment
-   : It is defined as an event
having only one outcome of the experiment.
 : The sum of the probabilities of all the
elementary events of an experiment is 1.
-     : The event ‘E’ is
known as ‘certain event’ if, P(E)= 1.
-   : The event ‘E’ is known as
‘imposssible event’ if, P(E)= 0.
-    : The set of all possible outcomes of
an experiment ‘E’.
-   : The observation that can
be repeated numerous times under the same
conditions.
- : The result of a random experiment.
- : The outcome of a random experiment.