AICT ASSIGNMENT

CSC-100 AICT

Student Name:

UBAID ULLAH SHAHID

Registration No:

2024-SE-37
 History Of Computer

HISTORY OF COMPUTER

AUTHOR NAME:

UBAID ULLAH SHAHID

[Date]

[12-09-2024]

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 History Of Computer

Table of Contents:

ASSIGNMENT TITLE: HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY OF COMPUTER--------------------------------------3

Overview about history of computers

IMPACT OF COMPUTER IN MODERN SOCIETY-------------------------------------3

EARLY INVENTIONS OF COMPUTERAND MECHANICAL COMPUTING---3,4,5,6

ELECTROMECHANICAL COMPUTING------------------------------------------------7

ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS---------------------------------------------------------------8

THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN COMPUTERS-------------------------------------

9,10,11,12,13,14

Different Generations of computer

KEY CONTRIBUTORS TO COMPUTER FEILD IN THE HISTORY--------------15,16,17

Charles Babbage

Allen Turing

Tim Berner’s Lee

Ada Lovelace

John Von Neuman

Steve Wozniak

FUTURE TRENDS OF COMPUTER IN MODERN ERA----------------------------18,19,20

Blockchain computing

Quantum computing

AI and ML

Robotics

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INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY OF COMPUTER

Computer is an electronic machine which accepts the data as input, process the data into useful
information and store it for later use. The word computer originated in 14th century and it comes
from a Latin word “Computare” which means “to perform calculations”. In 17th Century the
word computer is basically used for mechanical devices which is used for calculations after the
invention of first mechanical calculating device by Pascaline and “Stepped Reckoner” by
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.

IMPACT OF COMPUTER IN MODERN SOCIETY

The computer has changed the modern world and also transformed the modern society, bringing
numerous benefits and challenges. Today the computer is widely used all around the world in
different fields of the society like automation, communication, entertainment, business
administrations and learning management systems all around the world which represents its
importance in our society.

EARLY INVENTIONS OF COMPUTER AND MECHANICAL COMPUTING

 ABACUS:

Abacus is one of the calculating device in antient times. It is generally used for arithmetic
operations. It was found by “Chinese” about “4000” years ago. This device consists of
wooden rack with metal rods and beads mounted on it. When the abacus apparatus moves
the beads according to the certain guidelines then it performs arithmetic calculations.

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 NAPIER’S BONE:

Napier’s bone was Invented by John Napier for arithmetic calculations. It was the
machines used for Decimal Point System. In this machine he uses 9 ivory bones with
numerals to perform calculations like multiplication and division.

 PASCALINE:

Pascaline was formed by Biase Pascaline a French Mathematician and Philosopher in

17th century. It was the first mechanical automated calculator for arithmetic operations.
Its apparatus consists of a wooden box, gears and also wheel inside.

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 STEPPED RECKONER OR LEIBNIZ WHEEL:

After the invention of first mechanical calculator by Pascaline, a German

Mathematician and philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz make a little change in
Pascaline apparatus. He exchanged Gears with fluted drums and invented first Digital
Mechanical Calculator which is named as Stepped Reckoner.

 DIFFERENCE ENGINE:

In 1820, a computer scientist and Father of Computers Charles Babbage invented a

mechanical calculator to perform basic calculations which is named as Difference
Engine. This engine usually made to solve numerals tables and also performs logarithmic
operations.

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 ANALYTICAL ENGINE:

In 1830, Charles Babbage made another engine named as Analytical Engine. In this
engine Punch Card system is used. This is also another mechanical calculating machine
which performs some basic functions:

 Input of data

 Perform calculations

 Store data in indefinite memory

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ELECTROMECHANICAL COMPUTING

 TABULATING MACHINE:

In 1890, an American Statistician Herman Hollerith invented a tabulating machine.

This machine also used punch card base system. It is used to perform different
calculations and also to describe the statistics of data. It is also used for the sorting of
data.

Herman Hollerith continuously made his machines in his company which was named as
IBM (International Business Machines) in 1924.

 Z1:

In 1930’s, a scientist named Konrad Z use’s an electromechanical calculator for binary

operations and calculations. Its series also known as Z1, Z2 and Z3. It is generally
invented in 1938 after the first electronic calculator by Vannevar Bush.

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ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS

 DIFFERENCIAL ANALYZER:

In 1930, a scientist named Vannevar Bush invented first electronic calculator which
performs various calculations at a time. His apparatus consists of vacuum tubes that
switches in between because of electrical impulses to perform calculations. This device
can perform 25 calculations at a time.

 MARK I:

In 1937, a scientist named Howard Aiken invented a calculating machine which

performs enormous calculations with very large range of numbers. It is generally made
by the collaboration of IBM and Harvard.

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References

[1] W. Isaacson, The Innovators, United States: Simon and Schuster, 2014.

[2] M. C.-K. a. W. Aspray, Computer: A History of the Information Machine, United

States: Basic Books/HarperCollins, 1996 (first edition).

THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN COMPUTERS

The evolution in the computers is also known as Generations of a computer. Its evolution plays
a vital role to modernize the world. In the early ages people uses different machines to perform
calculation and arithmetic operations. But with the advancement in technology system of
calculations also improved and modernize according to the world requirements.

It makes everything fast and easily accessible. People can communicate with each other all
around the world with the help of computers. Still today computers are improved day by day
with the help of AI and other resources to make detail communication, used for business
administrations and also for other purposes. So let us look the important features of different
generations of computers:

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 FIRST GENERATION OF COMPUTER (VACUUM TUBES):

The period of first Generation computers is about 1940-1955.In this generation vacuum
tubes is used for circuitry. The computers of this generation is mostly reliant on batch
operating system and also on punch card system. The machine code language is used
for computers. For input and output of the systems magnetic tape and paper tape is used
in this generation. The computers of this generation are very complex and expensive.

o For Example:

UNIVAC

ENIAC

EDVAC

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 SECOND GENERATION OF COMPUTER (TRANSISTORS):

The period of second generation of computers is about 1956-1963.In this generation

vacuum tubes are replaced by transistors, which are very small and very efficient for
calculation and other communication. Magnetic tapes are widely used instead of
magnetic drums. COBOL and FORTRAN languages are used in these computers.
These computers are basically designed for commercial use and for business applications.

o FOR EXAMPLE:

IBM (7094)

IBM (1620)

IBM (1401

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 THIRD GENERATION OF COMPUTER (INTEGRATED CIRCUITS):

The period of third generation of computers is about 1964-1971. In this generation

Integrated Circuits are used instead of transistors by which large amount of data can be
processed on a single chip because of large amount of transistors and resistors mounted
on a single chip. The languages used for computers in this generation are FORTRAN II
to IV, COBOL and PASCAL PL/1.

Reference:

[3] "Computer Fundamental," Available: http://www.tutorialspoint.com.

o FOR EXAMPLE:
IBM/360

PDP

HONEYWELL (6000)

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 FOURTH GENERATION OF COMPUTER (MICROPROCESSORS):

The period of fourth generation of computer is about 1970’s to 1980’s. In this generation
a new concept of micro-processors is implemented. Micro-processors are used to process
large amount of data in a very short time. It also increases the speed of computer and
make it very fast and efficient. The languages are used for computers in this generation
are C, C++ and JAVA.

o FOR EXAMPLE:

PDP (11)

STAR (1000)

CRAY-1

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 FIFTH GENERATION OF COMPUTER (ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE):

Fifth generation of computer is the generation which we used from 1980’s to still today.
In this generation we proposed the concept of artificial intelligence and machine learning
algorithms, which are widely used throughout the world. Fifth generation of computer
uses ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration). In this period, we also used the concept of
parallel processing and super-conductors for fast and effective usage and communication
all around the world. The languages we used in this period are C, C++, PYHON and
JAVA.NET.

o FOR EXAMPLE:

DESKTOP

NOTEBOOK

LAPTOP

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KEY CONTRIBUTORS TO COMPUTER FEILD IN THE HISTORY

 CHARLES BABBAGE:

Charles Babbage is also known as Father of Computer for his first mechanical
computer and Analytical engine. He suggested that a machine can be formed for the
computation of different mathematical operations that was never built before. He was a
mathematician in Victorian England.

 ADA LOVELACE:

Ada Lovelace is known as First Programmer in computer history. She was a friend of
Babbage and also took interest in his ideas of difference engine. She wrote the basic
algorithm which will be used in that machine and also laid a strong foundation for
modern programmers. She is also a mathematician in Victorian England.

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 ALLEN TURING:

Allen Turing is the British Mathematician and Computer Scientist. He is also known as
Father of Artificial Intelligence. In the World War II, German had invented a machine
known as Enigma to encrypt messages. He led his team to crack different messages and
saved life of many peoples. He also proposed the idea of Artificial Intelligence and
Robots in his theories. Today we made different technologies of AI by only reading his
theories. He also said that Robots can be used as a human on which we are still working
today.

 TIM BERNER’S LEE:

Tim Berner’s Lee is a British Computer Scientist. He is also known as Father of

World Wide WEB or The Creator of HTML. The website we used today is because of
His contribution to this field. Tim Berner’s Lee contributions are the building blocks of
the internet still today. When we search www. a website opens in the front of us is all
because of Tim Berner’s contribution.

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 JOHN VON NEUMAN:

John Von Neuman was a Hungarian-American Mathematician and Computer Scientist

who made significant contribution for development of modern computers. He proposed
the idea of stored program computer. According to his theory, Data and Programs can be
stored into the Computer memory for efficient use and the storage of data. He is also
known as Pioneer of Modern Computers.

 STEVE WOZNIAK:

More people did not know about Steve Wozniak by his original work. Everyone is known
about Steve jobs and also Apple company which makes a grand success throughout the
world in mobile appliances. The place where APPLE stands today is the contribution of
Steve Wozniak to computer field. In 1970’s computer are very expensive and unavailable
for the users in public. But Steve proposed a plan to develop a PC which is available to
every user in the world. He also released fist PC APPLE II which was highly successful
personal computer in 1977. He is also known as Father of Apple I and Apple II
Computers.

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FUTURE TRENDS OF COMPUTER IN MODERN ERA

 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING:

AI and ML has changed the world by their advanced features. They are creating new and
intelligent automation systems and also enable new applications in the different fields all
around the world. More over AI and ML are used today to analyze large amount of
blockchain data and malicious activities to protect and secure our data and also for the
detection of a fraud scandal. The future of AI and ML is very bright. AI has overcome on
all fields around the world.

References

[4] "Grand Canyon University," [Online]. Available: http://www.gcu.edu.

 BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY:

Blockchain technology has a very bright future. By this technology we can decentralized
and secure our data as a digital record. It is used in various application software’s now
and become a trend in future. The largest example of Blockchain computing is the
Cryptocurrencies such as Binance. By this technology we can also use the exchange of
medium by different cryptocurrencies. It also requires safe and secure money transactions
as Blockchain provides a decentralized and truthless systems.

 INTERNET OF THINGS:

Internet of Things is widely used for connecting the physical devices to the internet to
communicate or interact with each other and also to collect and collate their data.

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IOT can also communicate with different software’s to automate the task in real time. It
has a very broad range of scope in future and also becoming a trend in modern world. It
has wide applications in manufacturing and health care includes smart homes and
wearable technology.

 ROBOTICS:

Robotics are widely spread all around the world in the modern age. Robots are widely
used in all applications of modern world. All automatic and repetitive task performed by
robots. Robots are widely used in manufacturing process and also in assembling of
different products. It becomes a future trend because everything is converted in AI and
robotics.

 CLOUD COMPUTING:

Cloud Computing has also a very bright future and now in trend because day by day
computer become smaller and smaller and large amount of SSD is required to store large
amount of data. But in case of cloud computing all the data will be stored on cloud
software and can easily accessible and retrievable. That’s why cloud computing now
become in trend and has a bright future.

 QUANTUM COMPUTING:

Quantum Computing is now become a trend also predicted that, It have a bright scope in
future because the range of Quantum Computing Specialist is now increasing. Quantum
computers are significantly very fast as compared to the traditional computers. This
computer perform some actions which cannot be performed by the classical computers.

They can solve more than one problem at a time. These computers uses quantum bits
(Qubits) to carry out the calculations.

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ALL References:

[1] W. Isaacson, The Innovators, United States: Simon and Schuster, 2014.

[2] M. C.-K. a. W. Aspray, Computer: A History of the Information Machine, United

States: Basic Books/HarperCollins, 1996 (first edition).

[3] "Computer Fundamental," [Online]. Available: http://www.tutorialspoint.com.

[4] "Grand Canyon University," [Online]. Available: http://www.gcu.edu.

[5] D. P. M. University, Computer and Generations, india .

THE END