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Chapter 1 Notes Pages

Chapter 1 introduces chemistry as the study of matter and its changes, classifying matter into pure substances and mixtures. It discusses properties of matter, distinguishing between physical and chemical properties and changes, and emphasizes the importance of scientific measurement, including significant figures and uncertainty. The chapter also covers derived units, conversion factors, and problem-solving techniques in chemistry.

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3 views7 pages

Chapter 1 Notes Pages

Chapter 1 introduces chemistry as the study of matter and its changes, classifying matter into pure substances and mixtures. It discusses properties of matter, distinguishing between physical and chemical properties and changes, and emphasizes the importance of scientific measurement, including significant figures and uncertainty. The chapter also covers derived units, conversion factors, and problem-solving techniques in chemistry.

Uploaded by

davidlzh1998
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 1

Chemistry: The Science of Change

1.1 The Study of Chemistry

• Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes matter undergoes


• Matter – has mass and takes up space

1.2 Classification of Matter

Pure Substance – has definite composition and distinct properties

Mixture – combination of two or more substances in which each substance retains its distinct identity.

States of Matter

State of Matter Particles Shape

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Ch. 1-1
Mixtures

o Homogeneous

o Heterogeneous

1.3 The Properties of Matter

• Substances are identified by their properties as well as by their composition. Properties of a


substance may be quantitative or qualitative

• Physical Property: A property that can be observed and measured without changing the identity of
a substance

• Physical Change: A process in which the state of matter changes but the identity of the matter does
not change

• Chemical Property: A property of a substance that cannot be studied without converting the
substance into some other substance

• Chemical Change: A process in which one or more substances are changed into one or more new
substances

• All properties of matter are either extensive or intensive.

Ch. 1-2
1.4 Scientific Measurement

The metric system

Metric Prefixes - The magnitude of a unit may be tailored to a particular application using prefixes

Temperature conversion

Ch. 1-3
Derived Units: Volume and Density

▪ The units derived from the base or fundamental units

▪ These are units of measurement obtained by multiplying or dividing the base units of a system.

What is the density of a block with mass of 10.5 g and volume of 33.6 mL?

Ch. 1-4
1.5 Uncertainty in a Measurement

• The number associated with a measurement is obtained using some measuring device.
• A measurement always has some degree of uncertainty.
• Precision and Accuracy
o Two terms often used to describe the reliability of measurement
o Accuracy refers to the agreement of a particular value with the true value
o Precision refers to the degree of agreement among several measurements of the same quantity
o Precision reflects the reproducibility of a given type of measurement.

• Significant Figures
o Rule 1: Nonzero numbers are always significant.

o Rule 2: Zeros between nonzero numbers are always significant.

o Rule 3: All final zeros to the right of the decimal are significant.

o Rule 4: Placeholder zeros are not significant. To remove placeholder zeros, rewrite the
number in scientific notation.

o Rule 5: Counting numbers and defined constants have an infinite number of significant
figures.

Ch. 1-5
• Significant Figures in Mathematical Operations
o Multiplication and division: Round the answer to the same number of significant figures as the
original measurement with the fewest significant figures.

o Addition and subtraction: Round numbers so all numbers have the same number of digits to
the right of the decimal.

Practice Problems

1. State the number of significant digits in each measurement.

a) 2804 m b) 2.84 km c) 5.029 m d) 0.003068 m

e) 4.6 x 105 m f) 4.06 x 10-5 m g) 750 m h) 75 m

i) 75,000 m j) 75.00 m k) 75,000.0 m l) 10 cm

2. Round the following numbers as indicated:

To four figures:

3.682417 21.860051 375.6523 112.511 45.4673

To one decimal place:

1.3511 2.473 5.687524 7.555 8.235

3. Solve the following problems and report answers with appropriate number of significant digits.

1) 6.201 cm + 7.4 cm + 0.68 cm +12.0 cm =

2) 8.264 g - 7.8 g =

3) 10.4168 m - 6.0 m =

4) 12.00 kg +15.001 kg=

5) 1.31 cm x 2.3 cm =

6) 5.7621 m x 6.201 m =

7) 20.2 cm / 7.41 s =

8) 40.002 g / 13.000005 g =

Ch. 1-6
1.6 Using Units and Solving Problems

Conversion factor – is a fraction in which the same quantity is expressed one way in the numerator and
another way in the denominator.

• It is equal to 1
• Can multiply by either form without changing the value of the quantity
• Do not limit the number of significant figures

How many meters in 12.0 inches?

How many µL in 8.6 x 10-5 m3?

How many m/s in 25 mph?

Suggested Problems: 16, 27, 32, 40, 41, 44, 46, 48, 52, 54, 56, 60, 72, 75, 81, 95,

Ch. 1-7

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