GOA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Affiliated to Goa University
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Vision
Impart high quality knowledge and skills to students in the field of Information Technology ,motivate research, encourage industry consultancy projects and
nurture human values and life skills.
UNIT 3
PROTOTYPING
EMBEDDED DEVICES
Embedded Systems Ms. Seeya Gude
Semester IV Asst. Professor
S.E.(I.T.) Information Technology Department
Academic Year 2020-21 Goa College of Engineering
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AGENDA
UNIT 3
PROTOTYPING EMBEDDED DEVICES
1. What is IoT?
2. What is the role of embedded systems in IoT?
3. Electronics
4. Scaling up of Electronics
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Internet of things (IoT)
The Internet of things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects—“things”—
that are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose
of connecting and exchanging data with other devices and systems over
the Internet.
▪ Things have evolved due to the convergence of multiple technologies, real-
time analytics, machine learning, commodity sensors, and embedded systems.
▪ Traditional fields of embedded systems, wireless sensor networks, control
systems, automation (including home and building automation), and others all
contribute to enabling the Internet of things.
▪ In the consumer market, IoT technology is most synonymous with products
pertaining to the concept of the "smart home", including devices
and appliances (such as lighting fixtures, thermostats, home security
system, and cameras, health care systems and other home appliances) that
support one or more common ecosystems, and can be controlled via devices
associated with that ecosystem, such as smartphones and smart speakers.
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Examples:
Internet of things (IoT)
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Role of Embedded Systems in
Internet of things (IoT)
Internet of things (IoT) system
Embedded System
Sensors
Actuators Internet
Micro Controller
Display
I/O devices
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Role of Embedded Systems in
Internet of things (IoT)
Example : Fire safety IoT system
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Electronics
EMBEDDED SYSTEM ANATOMY
I/O Port
I/O Port
I/O Ports
I/O Ports
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Electronics
When it comes to thinking about the electronics, it’s useful to split them into
two main categories:
◾ Sensors: Sensors are the ways of getting information into your device,
finding out things about your surroundings.
◾ Actuators: Actuators are the outputs for the device—the motors, lights, and
so on, which let your device do something to the outside world.
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Sensors:
Electronics
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Sensors
Electronics
• Pushbuttons and switches
Pushbuttons and switches, which are
probably the simplest sensors, allow some
user input.
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Sensors:
Electronics
• Light-dependent resistors
(LDRs)
. Light-dependent resistors
(LDRs) allow measurement of
ambient light levels, thermistors
and other temperature sensors
allow you to know how warm it
is, and sensors to measure
humidity or moisture levels are
easy to build.
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Sensors:
Electronics
• Microphones
Microphones obviously let you monitor sounds and audio, but piezo elements (used
in certain types of microphones) can also be used to respond to vibration.
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Sensors:
Electronics
• Distance-sensing modules, which work by bouncing either an infrared or ultrasonic
signal off objects, are readily available and as easy to interface to as a potentiometer.
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Actuators:
Electronics
• One of the simplest and yet most useful actuators is light, because it is easy to
create electronically and gives an obvious output. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs)
typically come in red and green but also white and other colours. RGB LEDs have a
more complicated setup but allow you to mix the levels of red, green, and blue to
make whatever colour of light you want.
• More complicated visual outputs also are available, such as LCD screens to display
text or even simple graphics.
• Piezo elements, as well as responding to vibration, can be used to create it, so you
can use a piezo buzzer to create simple sounds and music. Alternatively, you can
wire up outputs to speakers to create more complicated synthesized sounds.
• Solenoids can by used to create a single, sharp pushing motion, which could be
useful for pushing a ball off a ledge or tapping a surface to make a musical sound.
• Motors:
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Actuators:
Electronics
• LEDs
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Actuators:
Electronics
• LCD
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Actuators:
Electronics
• Buzzers and speakers
Buzzer Speakers
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Actuators:
Electronics
• Solenoid
Solenoid based water valve
Solenoid is a device, which coverts electrical energy
to mechanical work. It comprises of a coil of wire,
the housing and a movable plunger. When an
electrical current is introduced, a magnetic field
forms around the coil which draws the plunger in.
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Actuators:
Electronics
• One of the simplest and yet most useful actuators is light, because it is easy to
create electronically and gives an obvious output. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs)
typically come in red and green but also white and other colours. RGB LEDs have a
more complicated setup but allow you to mix the levels of red, green, and blue to
make whatever colour of light you want.
• More complicated visual outputs also are available, such as LCD screens to display
text or even simple graphics.
• Piezo elements, as well as responding to vibration, can be used to create it, so you
can use a piezo buzzer to create simple sounds and music. Alternatively, you can
wire up outputs to speakers to create more complicated synthesized sounds.
• Solenoids can by used to create a single, sharp pushing motion, which could be
useful for pushing a ball off a ledge or tapping a surface to make a musical sound.
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Sensors:
Electronics
• Motors are used for motion of the system.
• Stepper motors can be moved in steps, as the name implies. Usually, a fixed
number of steps perform a full rotation.
• DC motors simply move at a given speed when told to. Both types of motor
can be one-directional or move in both directions.
• Servo motors are needed if you want a motor that will turn to a given angle.
Although a servo is more controllable, it tends to have a shorter range of
motion, often 180 or fewer degrees (whereas steppers and DC motors turn
indefinitely).
• For all the kinds of motors that we’ve mentioned, you typically want to connect
the motors to gears to alter the range of motion or convert circular movement to
linear, and so on.
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Sensors:
Electronics
• Motors
DC Motors Servo Motor Stepper Motor
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Scaling up Electronics
System Prototyping
From the perspective of the electronics, the starting point for prototyping is
usually a “breadboard”. This lets you push-fit components and wires to make up
circuits without requiring any soldering and therefore makes experimentation
easy. When you’re happy with how things are wired up, it’s common to solder the
components onto some protoboard, which may be sufficient to make the circuit
more permanent and prevent wires from going astray.
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Scaling up Electronics
PCB – Printed Circuit Board
Moving beyond the protoboard option tends to involve learning how to lay out a
PCB. For small production runs, you’ll likely use through-hole components, so
called because the legs of the component go through holes in the PCB and tend
to be soldered by hand. You will often create your designs as companion boards
to an existing microcontroller platform—generally called shields in the Arduino
community. This approach lets you bootstrap production without worrying about
designing the entire system from scratch.
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Scaling up Electronics
Journey to a circuit board (PCB – Printed Circuit Board)
1. The first step in creating your circuit is generally to build it up on a
breadboard. This way, you can easily reconfigure things as you decide exactly
how it should be laid out.
2. When you are happy with how the circuit works, soldering it onto a
stripboard will make the layout permanent. This means you can stop
worrying about one of the wires coming loose, and if you’re going to make
only one copy of the circuit, that might be as far as you need take things.
3. If you need to make many copies of the circuit, or if you want a professional
finish, you can turn your circuit into a PCB. This makes it easier to build up
the circuit because the position of each component will be labelled, there
will be holes only where the components go, and there will be less chance of
short circuits because the tracks between components will be protected by
the solder resist.
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Scaling up Electronics
Journey to a circuit board (PCB – Printed Circuit Board)
1. The first step in creating your circuit is generally to build it up on a
breadboard. This way, you can easily reconfigure things as you decide exactly
how it should be laid out.
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Scaling up Electronics
Journey to a circuit board (PCB – Printed Circuit Board)
2. When you are happy with how the circuit works, soldering it onto a stripboard
will make the layout permanent. This means you can stop worrying about one of
the wires coming loose, and if you’re going to make only one copy of the circuit,
that might be as far as you need take things.
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Scaling up Electronics
Journey to a circuit board (PCB – Printed Circuit Board)
3. If you need to make many copies of the circuit, or if you want a professional
finish, you can turn your circuit into a PCB. This makes it easier to build up the
circuit because the position of each component will be labelled, there will be
holes only where the components go, and there will be less chance of short
circuits because the tracks between components will be protected by the solder
resist.
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Thank You
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