DOST JLSS SCHOLARSHIP IV.

IMPROVING SENTENCES
Subject – Verb Agreement
REVIEWER PREPARED BY: JOMARIE TAMONDONG Singular Subject = Singular Verb Example:
Plural Subject = Plural Verb Singular: The cat runs fast.
3. ENGLISH Plural: The cats run fast.

3.1 GRAMMAR & SYNTAX Rules and Exceptions

1) Compound Subjects:
3.2 VOCABULARY • Joined by ‘and’: Use a plural Ex. Jack and Jill are going up hill.
verb.
3.3 READING COMPREHENSION • Joined by ‘or’/’nor’: The Ex. Neither the teacher nor the
verb agrees with the part students were ready.
closest to it. Ex. Either the students or the
3.4 LINGUISTIC COMPETENCE teacher is coming.
2) Indefinite Pronouns:
• Singular: Anyone, everyone, Ex. Everyone is envited.
I. ERROR IDENTIFICATION someone, nobody, either,
neither, each, no one.
• Plural: Both, few, many, Ex. Both of the dogs are barking.
Conditional Sentences
several.
• Refers to a hypothetical situation and its possible consequences. • Some can be singular or Ex. Some of the cake is gone. (cake
Main clause (result) plural depending on the - uncountable)
I will definitely pass the DOST JLSS Examination, if I had enough time to noun they refer to: Ex. Some of the cookies are gone.
review all the lessons in my Math, Science, and English subjects. (cookies - countable)
“If” clause (condition) 3) Collective Nouns:
• Usually take a singular verb Ex. The team is winning.
TYPE FUNCTION RULE EXAMPLE
because they represent a
Zero Expresses a fact or If + present If you mix red and single entity.
Conditional habit (always true) simple, …present blue, you get purple. • Can take a plural verb if Ex. The team are arguing among
simple emphasizing individual themselves.
First Expresses a realistic If + present If she finishes her members.
Conditional future consequence simple, … will + homework, she will 4) Subjects Separated from Verbs:
(maybe in the future) base verb watch TV.
Second Expresses an unlikely If + past simple, … If he were here, he
• Ignore phrases or clauses Ex. The book, as well as the notes,
Conditional future consequence would have + past would help us. between the subject and verb. is on the table 5.
(imaginary fun) participle 5) Inverted Sentences:
Third Expresses an If + past perfect, If they had left • Ensure the verb agrees with Ex. There are many challenges.
Conditional unrealistic past … would have + earlier, they would the subject, not the predicate (challenges - plural)
consequence (thinking past participle have caught the nominative.
about the past) train.
6) Titles of Books, Movies, etc.:
• Always singular. Ex. “The Chronicles of Narnia” is a
II. SENTENCE COMPLETION popular series.
7) Subjects with Quantifiers:
SUBJECT OBJECT • Use the appropriate verb Ex. A lot of the pie is gone. (pie -
PRONOUNS PRONOUNS based on the quantifier and uncountable)
• Person or thing that performs • Person or thing affected by an the noun. Ex. A lot of pies are gone. (pies -
an action. action. countable)
• I, we, he, she, they, or who • me, us, him, her, them, or
whom
Example: Example:
1. He always goes out for drinks on 1. Lots of people admire her.
Friday night. 2. A dog came running up to the kids
2. Did we ever visit Pangasinan and me.
before?

III. PARAGRAPH ARRANGEMENT

“The Lead’: The most important info
Who? What? Where? When? Why? How?
Approximately 30 words (1-2 thin paragraphs)
May include a “hook” (provocative quote or question)
“The Body”: The crucial
Argument, Controversy, Story, Issue,
Evidence, background, details, logic etc.
Quotes, photos, video, and audio that
support, dispute, expand the topic.

“The Tail”: extra info

Interesting/ Related items
May include extra context
in Blogs, columns, and
other editorials: the
assessment of the
journalist.
 DOST JLSS SCHOLARSHIP
FORMULAS TO KNOW:
REVIEWER
distance = constant rate x time
torque = force x lever arm
4. LOGICAL REASONING 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠
4.1 Verbal Reasoning 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
4.2 Non-Verbal Reasoning
GEOMETRY FORMULAS
1
5. MECHANICAL AND SPATIAL APTITUDE Triangle: 𝐴 = 2 𝑏ℎ
5.1 Mechanical Aptitude
LEVERS
w × d1 = f × d2
There are 180o in a triangle.

Rectangle: 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑙𝑤

a. 50 lbs
b. 25 lbs
c. 100 lbs
d. 6 lbs
Circle: 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2
SPRINGS

Circumference = πd 2πr
(Use 3.14 or 22/7 for π)

Pythagorean Theorem:
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2

GAUGES
■ Degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit for temperature gauges Right Circular Cylinder:
■ Pounds per square inch (psi) for pressure gauges Volume = πr2h
■ Meters (or sometimes feet) for elevation gauges

Total Surface Area = 2πRH + 2πr2

Rectangular Solid:
Volume = lwh

Total Surface Area =

2(lw) + 2(hw) + 2(lh)

𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 3 SAMPLE QUESTIONS

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 (𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛) = 1. A particular brand of wall base costs $.60 per 8 inches. How much will twenty
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
feet of wall base cost?
a. $10.60
b. $12.60
CONVERSIONS TO KNOW: c. $16
12” = 1’ (12 inches equal 1 foot) d. $18
3’ = 1 yard (3 feet equal one yard)
60 minutes = 1 hour
60 seconds = 1 minute
1 gross = 12 dozens (or 144)
1 ton = 2000 lbs
2. An eastbound train destined for Station 2 leaves Station 1 at 8 A.M. traveling
at a rate of 50 mph. At the same time, a westbound train leaves Station 2 for
Station 1, traveling at a rate of 65 mph. If Station 1 is located 632.5 miles west
of Station 2, then at what time will the two trains pass each other?
a. 10:45 A.M.
b. 12 noon
c. 1:30 P.M.
d. 2:15 P.M.

Constant Rate Formula

distance = constant rate x time or D = RT

Total Distance = D1 + D2
Total Distance = R1T + R2T
632.5 = (50)(t) + (65)(t)
632.5 = 115 t 5.5 = t

3. Use the information in the table above to calculate the approximate weight
of a copper cube with a side equal to 6 1/16 inches.
a. 63 lbs
b. 115 lbs
c. 223 lbs
d. 285 lbs

5.1.1 Shop Arithmetic

*Answer questions about this, and understand the explanation.

5.1.2 Tool Knowledge

Tool Matching

5.2.2 Block Counting

1. This is used to make straight lines for cutting on wooden boards

or sheetrock.
2. This is used to measure distances and size.
3. This is used to both remove and install nails.
4. This is used to keep your eyes safe while using power tools.
5. This is used to make cuts in sheetrock and other soft building
materials.

5.1.3 Mechanical Insight

5.1.4 Mechanical Knowledge
*Answer the sample questions

5.2 Spatial Concept

5.2.1 Hidden Figures
 5.2.8 Reading Maps
*Answer the sample questions

5.3 Interpreting Symbols

5.3.1 Symbol Series
5.3.2 Symbol Analogies
5.3.3 Sorting and Classifying Figures
5.3.4 Series Reasoning Test
*Answer the sample questions

16. Block 1 is touched by _____ 21. Block 6 is touched by

other blocks. _____ other blocks.
a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 e. 6 a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 e. 6
17. Block 2 is touched by _____ 22. Block 7 is touched by
other blocks. _____ other blocks.
a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 e. 6 a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 e. 6
18. Block 3 is touched by _____ 23. Block 8 is touched by
other blocks. _____ other blocks.
a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 e. 6 a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 e. 6
19. Block 4 is touched by _____ 24. Block 9 is touched by
other blocks. _____ other blocks.
a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 e. 6 a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 e. 6
20. Block 5 is touched by _____ 25. Block 10 is touched by
other blocks. _____ other blocks.
a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 e. 6 a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 e. 6
26. Block 11 is touched by
_____ other blocks.
a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 e. 6

27. Block 12 is touched by _____ 28. Block 13 is touched by

other blocks. _____ other blocks.
a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 e. 6 a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 e. 6
29. Block 14 is touched by _____ 30. Block 15 is touched by
other blocks. _____ other blocks.
a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 e. 6 a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

5.2.3 Rotated Blocks

5.2.4 Matching Pieces and Parts
5.2.5 Spatial Analysis
5.2.6 Understanding Patterns
5.2.7 Eye-hand Coordination