Q1) Attempt any eight of the following: [8×2=16]

a) What is feasibility study?

Feasibility study is an evaluation of a proposed project to determine if it is
technically, economically, and operationally viable before development begins.
b) Define RAD.
RAD (Rapid Application Development) is a software development methodology
that emphasizes quick development using component-based construction and
user feedback.
c) What is SRS?
SRS (Software Requirement Specification) is a document that outlines all
functional and non-functional requirements of a software system.
d) Define an Entity.
An entity is an object or concept in a database system that can have data stored
about it, such as a person, place, event, or object.
e) What is Pseudocode?
Pseudocode is a method of planning algorithms using a structured but informal
high-level description that resembles programming logic.
f) State the principles of software testing.
Key principles include:
1. Testing shows presence of defects
2. Exhaustive testing is impossible
3. Early testing saves time and money
4. Defect clustering
5. Pesticide paradox
6. Testing is context-dependent
7. Absence-of-errors fallacy
g) What is Software Reengineering?
Software reengineering is the process of analyzing and modifying existing
software to improve its performance or maintainability.
h) What is requirement elicitation?
Requirement elicitation is the process of gathering user and system requirements
through interviews, questionnaires, observations, etc.
i) What is prototype?
A prototype is a working model of a system used to visualize and refine system
requirements before final implementation.
j) What is system?
A system is a collection of interrelated components or processes working together
to achieve a common goal.

Q2) Attempt any four of the following: [4×4=16]

a) Explain Spiral Model in detail.
Spiral model combines iterative development with systematic aspects of the
waterfall model. It involves repeated cycles (spirals) consisting of four phases:
Planning, Risk Analysis, Engineering, and Evaluation. It’s suitable for large,
complex projects with high risk.
b) Differentiate between White Box and Black Box Testing.

Feature White Box Testing Black Box Testing

Knowledge Required Requires internal knowledge No knowledge of internals

Focus Code logic, paths Functional outputs

Tester Developer Tester or end-user

Examples Unit testing, integration System testing, acceptance

c) What is SDLC? Describe its phases.
SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle) is a framework defining tasks in software
development. Phases:
1. Requirement Gathering
2. System Design
3. Implementation (Coding)
4. Testing
5. Deployment
6. Maintenance
d) Explain fact finding methods in brief.
Fact-finding methods are techniques to gather information:
1. Interviews
2. Questionnaires
3. Observation
4. Document review
5. Workshops and brainstorming
e) Define software maintenance. Explain types of software maintenance.
Software maintenance is the process of modifying a system after deployment.
Types:
1. Corrective – Fixing bugs
2. Adaptive – Adapting to changes in environment
3. Perfective – Improving performance
4. Preventive – Preventing future issues

Q3) Attempt any four of the following. [4×4=16]

a) Decision Tree for discount case:
pgsql
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[Order Amount > 50000?]
/ \
Yes No
/ \
[Discount = 5%] [Order Amount between 25000-50000?]
/ \
Yes No
/ \
[Discount = 3%] [Order Amount < 10000 or Payment > 8 days?]
/ \
Yes No
/ \
[No Discount] [Discount = 3%]
b) Explain coupling and cohesion.
• Coupling: Degree of dependency between modules. Low coupling is
desirable.
• Cohesion: Degree to which elements of a module belong together. High
cohesion is desirable.
Types of coupling: Content, Common, Control, Stamp, Data
Types of cohesion: Functional, Sequential, Communicational, Procedural,
Temporal, Logical, Coincidental
c) ER Diagram for Hotel Management System:
Entities: Customer, Room, Booking, Payment
Relationships:
• Customer books Room
• Customer makes Payment
• Room has Booking
(Would you like a visual diagram?)
d) What is Decision Table? Need of Decision Table.
A decision table is a tabular method for representing complex decision logic.
Need:
• To handle complex conditions
• Easy to update
• Helps in decision making and testing
e) Screen layout for employee salary slip:
markdown
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------------------------------
EMPLOYEE SALARY SLIP
------------------------------
Emp ID: ____________
Name: _______________
Department: __________
Designation: __________
Basic Salary: _________
HRA: _________________
DA: __________________
Gross Salary: _________
Deductions: ___________
Net Salary: ___________
------------------------------

Q4) Attempt any four of the following. [4×4=16]

a) Decision Table for MRN:

MRN Signed Valid Items Given within 8 Hours Issue Material

Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes Yes No No

Yes No Yes No

No Yes Yes No

b) First level DFD for Customer Order System:

Processes:
1. Take Order
2. Verify Payment
3. Generate Invoice
Entities: Customer, Inventory
Data Stores: Orders, Products
c) Difference between Forward and Reverse Engineering:

Feature Forward Engineering Reverse Engineering

Direction Design → Code Code → Design

Feature Forward Engineering Reverse Engineering

Purpose New development Analysis or documentation

Output Working system Design models, documentation

d) Elements of Data Flow Diagram:

1. Process – Represents actions
2. Data Flow – Movement of data
3. Data Store – Storage of data
4. External Entity – Source/sink of data
e) What is DFD? Explain benefits, advantages, and disadvantages.
DFD is a graphical representation of data flow in a system.
Benefits: Easy to understand and communicate
Advantages: Visual clarity, improves system analysis
Disadvantages: Can become complex, lacks control flow details

Q5) Write short note on any two of the following. [2×3=6]

a) Feasibility Study:
Feasibility study determines whether a project is viable technically, economically,
and operationally. It helps in identifying risks and choosing best alternatives.
b) Spiral Model:
Spiral model is a risk-driven software development process combining iterative
development with risk analysis. Each loop represents a phase and includes
planning, risk assessment, engineering, and evaluation.
c) Software Maintenance:
Software maintenance involves updating software post-deployment to correct
faults, improve performance, or adapt to changes. It includes corrective, adaptive,
perfective, and preventive maintenance.