References

The Line Integral and the Main Reference

Multiple Integrals L. Leithold, The Calculus 7. HarperCollins College Publishing,

Pennsylvania, USA, 1996.
Calculus with Analytical Geometry 2
Other References
M. H. Protter and C. B. Morrey, College Calculus with Analytic
Karlo S. Orge
Geometry. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, California, USA,
Department of Mathematics and Statistics 1977.
College of Science and Mathematics R. Smith and R. Minton, Calculus, Third Edition. McGraw-Hill, New
MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology
Andres Bonifacio Avenue, Tibanga, 9200 Iligan City York, NY, 2008.
J. Stewart, Calculus, Seventh Edition. Brooks/Cole, Belmont, CA,
2012.

Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 1 / 59 Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 2 / 59

4.1 The Line Integral 4.1 The Line Integral

The geometric concept of area was used to motivate the definition of the
If the force vector varies depending on the position of the particle, and
definite integral. Now, we will use the physical concept of work in defining
the motion of a particle is a general curve instead of a line, like this:
the integral of a vector-valued function.
⇀
If a constant force of vector measure F moves a particle along a line
from point A to point B:

then the measure of the work W done by the force is equal to

⇀ ⇀
W = F · V (AB ). the measure of the work done is calculated using the line integral.

Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 3 / 59 Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 4 / 59
4.1 The Line Integral 4.1 The Line Integral

Definition
⇀
An oriented curve C described by a vector-valued function R (t), where
⇀′
a ≤ t ≤ b, is said to be smooth if R (t) exists and is continuous on [a, b].

Definition
⇀
A vector field on two (or three) dimensions is a function F that assigns
to each point (x, y) (or (x, y, z)) a two (or three) dimensional vector given
⇀ ⇀
by F (x, y) (or F (x, y, z)).

 
⇀ −x −y
Figure: The vector field F (x, y) = ,
(x2 + y 2 )3/2 (x2 + y 2 )3/2

Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 5 / 59 Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 6 / 59

4.1 The Line Integral 4.1 The Line Integral

Definition
Let C be a smooth oriented curve lying on an open disk B in R2 and having
the vector equation Definition
⇀
⇀ In vector notation, the line integral of F over C is given by
R (t) = f (t) ı̂ + g(t) ȷ̂, a ≤ t ≤ b.
ˆ ˆ b
⇀ ⇀ ⇀ ⇀⇀ ⇀′
Let F be a vector field on B defined by F · dR = F ( R (t)) · R (t) dt,
C a
⇀
F (x, y) = M (x, y) ı̂ + N (x, y) ȷ̂, where
⇀⇀
where M and N are continuous on B. In differential form notation, the 1 F ( R (t)) = M (f (t), g(t)) ı̂ + N (f (t), g(t)) ȷ̂; and
line integral of M (x, y) dx + N (x, y) dy over C is given by ⇀′ ′ ′
2 R (t) = f (t) ı̂ + g (t) ȷ̂.
ˆ ˆ b
M (f (t), g(t))f ′ (t) + N (f (t), g(t))g ′ (t) dt.

M (x, y) dx + N (x, y) dy =
C a

Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 7 / 59 Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 8 / 59
4.1 The Line Integral 4.1 The Line Integral
Definition
If a curve C consists of a finite number of arcs of smooth curves joined end
Example 1 to end, we say that C is sectionally smooth.
Evaluate the following line integrals:
ˆ
⇀
1 y dx + x dy, where C : R (t) = t ı̂ + t2 ȷ̂, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2
ˆC
⇀ ⇀ ⇀
2 F · d R , where F (x, y) = (x2 + xy) ı̂ + (y 2 − xy) ȷ̂ and C is the
C
line segment from the origin to the point (2, 2).

Remarks
⇀
The line integral of a vector field F over a smooth oriented curve C is
independent of different representations of C.

Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 9 / 59 Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 10 / 59

4.1 The Line Integral 4.1 The Line Integral

We can extend the definition of the line integral for sectionally smooth Definition
curves. ⇀
In vector notation, the line integral of F over C is given by
Definition ˆ n ˆ
Let the curve C lying on an open disk B in R2 consist of smooth arcs C1 , ⇀ ⇀ X ⇀ ⇀
F · dR = F · dR
C2 , . . . , Cn joined end to end. (In symbols, C = C1 + C2 + · · · + Cn .) If C i=1 Ci
⇀
F is a vector field on B defined by
⇀ Example 2
F (x, y) = M (x, y) ı̂ + N (x, y) ȷ̂, Evaluate the line integral
then in differential form notation, the line integral of M (x, y) dx + ˆ
N (x, y) dy over C is given by 4xy dx + (2x2 − 3xy) dy
C
ˆ n ˆ 
X over the curve C consisting of the line segment from (−3, −2) to (1, 0),
M (x, y) dx + N (x, y) dy = M (x, y) dx + N (x, y) dy .
C Ci and the first quadrant arc of the circle x2 + y 2 = 1 from (1, 0) to (0, 1),
i=1
traversed in the counterclockwise direction.

Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 11 / 59 Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 12 / 59
4.1 The Line Integral 4.1 The Line Integral
The definition of a line integral can be extended to three dimensions,
defined as follows:
Definition Definition
⇀
Let C be a smooth curve lying in an open ball B in R3 and having the In vector notation, the line integral of F over C is given by
⇀ ⇀ ˆ ˆ
vector equation R (t) = f (t) ı̂ + g(t) ȷ̂ + h(t) k̂, a ≤ t ≤ b. Let F be a b
⇀ ⇀ ⇀⇀ ⇀′
vector field on B defined by F · dR = F ( R (t)) · R (t) dt.
⇀ C a
F (x, y, z) = M (x, y, z) ı̂ + N (x, y, z) ȷ̂ + R(x, y, z) k̂,
where
where M , N and R are continuous on B. In differential form notation, the ⇀⇀
1 F ( R (t)) is the vector
line integral of M (x, y, z) dx+N (x, y, z) dy +R(x, y, z) dz over C is given
by M (f (t), g(t), h(t)) ı̂+ N (f (t), g(t), h(t)) ȷ̂+R(f (t), g(t), h(t)) k̂ ; and
ˆ ⇀′
M (x, y, z) dx + N (x, y, z) dy + R(x, y, z) dz 2 R (t) = f ′ (t) ı̂ + g ′ (t) ȷ̂ + h′ (t) k̂.
C
ˆ b
M (f (t), g(t), h(t))f ′ (t) + N (f (t), g(t), h(t))g ′ (t) + R(f (t), g(t), h(t))h′ (t) dt.
 
=
a

Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 13 / 59 Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 14 / 59

4.1 The Line Integral 4.1 The Line Integral

Exercises 4
Remarks 1 Evaluate
ˆ
the following line integrals.
Similar definitions hold for line integrals in R over sectionally smooth
3
(a) x dx + z dy − xy dz, where C is the curve having parametric
C
curves. equations
x = cos t, y = sin t, z = 2t,
Example 3
for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.
Evaluate the following line integrals. ˆ
ˆ ⇀ ⇀ ⇀
⇀ ⇀ ⇀ (b) F · d R , where F (x, y, z) = x ı̂ + ey ȷ̂ + cos(πz) k̂ and C is the
1 F · d R , where F (x, y, z) = ⟨z, x, y⟩ and C is the circular helix C
⇀
⇀C curve R (t) = ı̂ + t ȷ̂ + t2 k̂ for 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.
R (t) = a cos t ı̂ + a sin t ȷ̂ + t k̂, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π. ˆ
ˆ (c) ex dx + 2z x dy +
dz ⇀
, where C is the curve R (t) = t ı̂ + t2 ȷ̂ + t3 k̂,
2 2xy dx + (6y 2 − xz) dy + 10z dz, where C is the line segment C xy
C 1 ≤ t ≤ 2.
from the origin to the point (0, 0, 1), then the line segment from ˆ
(0, 0, 1) to (0, 1, 1), and finally from (0, 1, 1) to (1, 1, 1). (d) (x − y + z) dx + (y + z − x) dy + (z + x − y) dz, where C consists
C
of the line segment from (1, −1, 2) to (2, −1, 2); the line segment from
(2, −1, 2) to (2, 3, 2); and the line segment from (2, 3, 2) to (4, 5, −2).
Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 15 / 59 Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 16 / 59
 region like the one shown in Figure 14.7a? (Recall that a region is bounded if it fits inside
a circle of some finite radius.) We begin, as we did for the case of rectangular regions, by
looking for the volume lying beneath the surface z = f (x, y) and lying above the region R,
4.1 The Line Integral 4.2 The
where f (x, y) ≥ 0 and f is continuous Double
on R. First, Integral
notice that the grid wein used
Cartesian
initially to Coordinates
Exercises 4 partition a rectangular region must beLet
modified,
f be a since
boundedsuchreal-valued
a rectangular grid won’t
function “fit”variables
in two a x and y defined
nonrectangular region, as shown inonFigure region R in R2 . A partition ∆ of R is formed by drawing
14.7b.
a closed
2 Let C = C1 + C2 , where C1 is the curve of intersection of the plane
We resolve this problem by linesconsidering
parallelonly those
to the rectangular
coordinate axissubregions
and obtainthatalienetwork of rectangular
y = 1 and the parabolic cylinder z = x2 from the point (0, 1, 0) to inside the region R. (See Figure 14.7c, where we have labeled these rectangles.)
completely subregions that lie entirely in R.
(1, 1, 1) and C2 is the line segment from (1, 1, 1) to (1, 0, 0). Draw a
sketch of the curve C in three-dimensional
y space and evaluate the line y y
integral ˆ
d d
(x2 + y 2 ) dx + xy dy + (y − z) dz.
C
R1 R2 R3
3 Use the line integral to find the work done in moving along the arc
⇀ R4 R5 R6 R7
C : R (t) = ⟨2t, t2 , 4t3 ⟩, 0 ≤ Rt ≤ 1 R
R8 R9
if the motion is caused by the force
⇀
F (x, y, z) = x ı̂ + y ȷ̂ + (yz − x) k̂, c c
x x x
Assume that the arc is measured in meters and the force is measured a b a b
in Newtons.
FIGURE 14.7a FIGURE 14.7b FIGURE 14.7c
Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) Nonrectangular region
MAT070 Chapter 4 17 / 59 Grid for a general region
Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) Inner
MAT070partition
Chapter 4 18 / 59

4.2 The Double Integral in Cartesian Coordinates 4.2 The Double Integral in Cartesian Coordinates

Let R1 , R2 , . . . , Rn be the n subregions. We denote

1 ∥∆∥ as the length of the longest diagonal among the subregions, Definition
called the norm of the partition; and A function f of two variables is said to be integrable on a closed region R
2 ∆i A as the area of Ri with length ∆i x and width ∆i y. (In this case, if f is defined on R and
∆i A = (∆i x)(∆i y)) n
X
Let (ξi , γi ) be an arbitrary point in the ith subregion and let f (ξi , γi ) L = lim f (ξi , γi )∆i A
∥∆∥→0
be a function value there. Associated with each of the n subregions is the i=1

product f (ξi , γi )∆i A, and the sum exists. The number L is called the double integral of f on R and we write
n
X ˆˆ ˆˆ ˆˆ
f (ξi , γi )∆i A L= f (x, y) dA = f (x, y) dy dx = f (x, y) dx dy.
i=1 R R R

is called the Riemann sum.

Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 19 / 59 Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 20 / 59
4.2 The Double Integral in Cartesian Coordinates 4.2 The Double Integral in Cartesian Coordinates

Theorem Theorem
3 If f is integrable on R, and R is the union of two subregions R1 and
Let R be a closed region in R2 .
R2 that have no points in common except for points on parts of their
1 If f is integrable on R and c ∈ R, then cf is integrable on R, and boundaries, then f is both integrable on R1 and R2 , and
ˆˆ ˆˆ ˆˆ ˆˆ ˆˆ
cf (x, y) dA = c f (x, y) dA. f (x, y) dA = f (x, y) dA + f (x, y) dA.
R R R R1 R2

4 If f and g are integrable on R with f (x, y) ≤ g(x, y) for all

2 If f and g are integrable on R, then f + g is integrable on R, and
(x, y) ∈ R, then
ˆˆ ˆˆ ˆˆ
ˆˆ ˆˆ
[f (x, y) + g(x, y)] dA = f (x, y) dA + g(x, y) dA.
f (x, y) dA ≤ g(x, y) dA.
R R R
R R

P1: OSO/OVY P2: OSO/OVY QC: OSO/OVY T1: OSO

smi06066 ch14 1021-1106 GTBL017-Smith-v3.cls October 14, 2006 13:28 P1: OSO/OVY P2: OSO/OVY QC: OSO/OVY T1: OSO
smi06066 ch14 1021-1106 GTBL017-Smith-v3.cls October 14, 2006 13:28
Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 21 / 59 Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 22 / 59

1030 CHAPTER 14 .. Multiple Integrals 14-10

1032 CHAPTER 14 .. Multiple Integrals
REMARK 1.2 The question remains as to how we can calculate a double integral over a nonrectangular
4.2 The Double Integral ˆˆ in Cartesian region. Coordinates 4.2
The answer is a bit more complicated than it was for the The
case of Double
a rectangular region Integral in Cartesianof Coordinates
x ≈ ±0.82413. From Theorem 1.2, we now hav
Once again, it can be shown that and depends on the exact form of R.   0.82413  cos x
To evaluate the double integral f (x, y) dA, we consider
if f is continuous on R, then it is
the following:
We first consider the case where the region R lies between the vertical lines x = a (x 2 + 6y) dA ≈ (x 2 +
−0.82413 x 2
integrable
R over R, although the and x = b, with a < b, has a top defined by the curve y = g2 (x)2andIfaR = {(x,
bottom y) by
defined | c ≤ y ≤ d, h1 (y) ≤ x ≤ h2 (y)}: R
 
proof is beyond the level of this y = g1 (x), where g1 (x) ≤ g2 (x) for all x in (a, b). That is, R has the form 0.82413
y
1 If R = {(x, y) | a ≤ x ≤ b, gcourse.
1 (x) ≤ y ≤ g2 (x)}: = x2y + 6
R = {(x, y)|a ≤ x ≤ b and g1 (x) ≤ y ≤ g2 (x)}. y −0.82413 2
y  0.82413
See Figure 14.9a for a typical region of this form lying in the first quadrant of the x y-plane. = [(x 2 cos x +
y  g2(x) d
Think about this for the special case where f (x, y) ≥ 0 on R. Here, the double integral of −0.82413
f over R gives the volume lying beneath the surface z = f (x, y) and above the region R in ≈ 3.659765588,
the x y-plane. We can find this volume by the method of slicing, just as we did for the case x  h1(y)
R
of a double integral over a rectangular region. x  h 2(y) where we have evaluated the last integral approxim
R
From Figure 14.9b, observe that for each fixed x ∈ [a, b], the area of the slice lying exactly, using integration by parts and a trigonome
above the line segment indicated and below the surface z = f (x, y) is given by x
y  g1(x) Not all double integrals can be computed using
 g2 (x) c
Often, it is necessary (or at least convenient) to thi
A(x) = f (x, y) dy. different way.
x g1 (x)
FIGURE 14.12 Suppose that the region R has the form
a b
The volume of the solid is then given by equation (2.1) in section 5.2 to be Typical region
then R = {(x, y)|c ≤ y ≤ d and h 1
FIGURE 14.9a  b  b  g2 (x)
then The region R V = A(x) d x = f (x, y) d y d x. ˆˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ Figure
d See h2 (y) 14.12 for a typical region of this form.
!
d h2 (y)
z a a g1 (x) write double integrals as iterated integrals, as in Th
ˆˆ ˆ bˆ g2 (x) ˆ b ˆ g (x)
!  f (x, y) dA = f (x, y) dx dy = f (x, y) dx dy.
Recognizing
2
the volume as V = f (x, y) dA proves the following theorem, for the special c h1 (y) c h1 (y)
f (x, y) dA = z  f (x, y)
f (x, y) dy dx = f (x, y) dy dx. R R THEOREM 1.3
a g1 (x) a case where f (x, y) ≥ 0 on R.
g1 (x)
R
The double integrals in the above form are called iteratedSuppose
integrals.
that f (x, y) is continuous on the region
R = {(x, y)|c ≤ y ≤ d and h 1 (y) ≤ x ≤ h 2 (y)},
x THEOREM 1.2 where h 1 (y) ≤ h 2 (y), for all y in [c, d]. Then,
Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) A(x)Chapterb4
MAT070 23 / 59 Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) TODAY IN 4
MAT070 Chapter  24 / 59  d  h 2 (y
Suppose that f (x, y) is continuous on the region R defined by f (x, y) dA =
MATHEMATICS
a R = {(x, y)|a ≤ x ≤ b and g1 (x) ≤ y ≤ g2 (x)}, for continuous functions g1 and g2 , c h 1 (y)
 4.2 The Double Integral in Cartesian Coordinates 4.2 The Double Integral in Cartesian Coordinates

There are some cases where the order of the integration is reversed to
Example 5 evaluate iterated integrals.
Evaluate the following double integrals:
ˆ 3ˆ 2 Example 6
1 (2x2 − 3y) dy dx For the double integral
1 −1 ˆ 1ˆ 1
ˆˆ 2 2
y ex dx dy,
2 dA, where R is the region bounded by the lines y = x and 0 y
x2
R draw the region of integration and reverse the order of integration to
y = 2, and the hyperbola xy = 1 evaluate the integral.

Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 25 / 59 Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 26 / 59

Y P2: OSO/OVY
4.2 The Double Integral in Cartesian Coordinates
QC: OSO/OVY T1: OSO
4.2 The Double Integral in Cartesian Coordinates
14 1021-1106 GTBL017-Smith-v3.cls October 14, 2006 13:28

Remarks Remarks
ˆˆ ˆˆ
1 Suppose that a solid is bounded above by the surface z = f (x, y) 2 If, in f (x, y) dA, f (x, y) = 1, then dA is numerically equal
14-19 SECTION 14.2 .. Area, Volume and Center of Mass
and with base R on the xy-plane. 1039
R R
z to the area of the region R on the xy-plane.

Example 7
f (ci , vj )
1 Find by double integration the area of the region R in the xy-plane
O
y bounded by the curves y = x2 and y = 2x.
 xi
2 Find the volume of the solid bounded by the surface
yj
x
1 1
FIGURE 14.18 f (x, y) = 4 − x2 − y 2 ,
Then the volume of the solidVolume is given by
of a typical box 9 16
ˆˆ
subinterval). Putting (2.1), (2.2), and (2.3) together, we get the planes x = 3 and y = 2, and the coordinate planes.
n
V = V lim = A(ci )x f i(x, y) dA. 3 Find the volume of a solid in the first octant bounded by the 2
P1 →0
i=1


n R 
m cylinders x2 + y 2 = 4 and x2 + z 2 = 4.
= lim lim f (ci , vj )yj xi
P1 →0 P2 →0
i=1 j=1
Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 27 / 59 Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 28 / 59

n 
m
= lim lim f (ci , vj )yj xi . (2.4)
P1 →0 P2 →0
 4.2 The Double Integral in Cartesian Coordinates 4.2 The Double Integral in Cartesian Coordinates
Exercises 8
1 Evaluate the following double integrals by reversing the order of
integration first before calculating.
ˆ 2 ˆ 1
2 (2−y)
Exercises 8
(a) xy dx dy 3 Let S be the solid above the xy-plane cut from the paraboloid
ˆ0 0 ˆ0 2x z = 9 − x2 − y 2 by the planes x = −2, x = 2, y = −1, and y = 1.
2
(b) ey dy dx (a) Draw a sketch of S.
ˆ−1
4ˆ 2
−2
(b) Find the volume of S using the double integral in Cartesian coordinates.
(c) √
sin(πy 3 ) dy dx 4 Find the volume of the solid above the xy-plane bounded by the
0 x
2 Evaluate the double integral surfaces x2 = y, y 2 = x and 2x + 2y + z = 4.
ˆ 1ˆ 5 Use the double integral in Cartesian coordinates to find the volume of
1
3 the solid inside the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 16 between the planes z = 0
√
dy dx
0 x y3 + 8 and z = 4x.

in two ways:
(a) by calculating it in the given order of integration;
(b) by reversing the order of integration first before calculating.
Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 29 / 59 Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 30 / 59

Y QC: OSO/OVY T1: OSO

BL017-Smith-v3.cls October 14, 2006 13:28
4.3 The Double Integral in Polar Coordinates 4.3 The Double Integral in Polar Coordinates
Let f be a function of r and θ, and R be a region bounded by r = g1 (θ),
r = g2 (θ), θ = α, and θ = β, where 0 ≤ g1 (θ) ≤ g2 (θ) for all θ in [α, β].
Let ∆ be a partition of R formed by drawing rays through the origin and
concentric circles centered at the pole. SECTION 14.3 .. Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates 1051
If ∆ iAis the area of the ith subregion bounded by the rays θ = θi−1
and θ = θi , and the circles r = ri−1 and r = ri , then
y y

ub u  u2 1 1 2
∆i A = ri2 (θi − θi−1 ) − ri−1 (θi − θi−1 )
2 2
r
1
= (ri + ri−1 )(ri − ri−1 )(θi − θi−1 )
2
u  u1
= r̄i (∆i r)(∆i θ).
ua
r  r2
r  g2(u) u
r  r1
r  g1(u)
x x

FIGURE 14.27b FIGURE 14.27c

Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 31 / 59 Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 32 / 59
Partition of R Elementary polar region
4.3 The Double Integral in Polar Coordinates 4.3 The Double Integral in Polar Coordinates

Take the point (r̄i , θ̄i ) in the ith region, where θi−1 ≤ θ̄i ≤ θi , and form Remarks
the sum
X n 1 If R = {(r, θ) | θ1 ≤ θ ≤ θ2 , g1 (θ) ≤ r ≤ g2 (θ)}, then
f (r̄i , θ̄i )∆i A. ˆˆ ˆ ˆ
θ2 g2 (θ)
i=1
f (r, θ) dA = f (r, θ) r dr dθ.
Take the limit of the sum as ∥∆∥ approaches zero. If the limit exists, this θ1 g1 (θ)
R
limit is will be the double integral of f on R. That is,
n ˆˆ ˆˆ 2 If R = {(r, θ) | r1 ≤ r ≤ r2 , h1 (r) ≤ θ ≤ h2 (r)}, then
ˆˆ ˆ ˆ
X
lim f (r̄i , θ̄i )∆i A = f (r, θ) dA = f (r, θ) r dr dθ. r2 h2 (r)
∥∆∥→0
i=1 R R f (r, θ) dA = f (r, θ) r dθ dr.
r1 h1 (r)
R

Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 33 / 59 Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 34 / 59

4.3 The Double Integral in Polar Coordinates 4.3 The Double Integral in Polar Coordinates

Remarks Example 9
Suppose that the region R is described using polar coordinates. 1 Use polar coordinates to evaluate the double integral
ˆˆ
1 If a given solid is bounded above by z = f (r, θ) with base R on the 2 2
ex +y dA,
xy-plane, then its volume is given by
ˆˆ R

V = f (r, θ) r dr dθ. where R is the region bounded by the circles x2 + y 2 = 1 and

R x2 + y 2 = 9.
ˆˆ 2 Find the volume of the solid bounded by the ellipsoid
2 In particular, if f (r, θ) = 1, then the double integral r dr dθ is 9x2 + 9y 2 + z 2 = 9.
R 3 Find the volume of the solid cut out of the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 16
numerically equal to the area of the region R.
by the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 4x.

Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 35 / 59 Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 36 / 59
 surface z = f (x, y) lying above R. As we have done innumerable times now, we begin by
forming an inner partition of R, consisting of the rectangles R1 , R2 , . . . , Rn . Our strategy is
4.3 The Double Integral in Polar Coordinates 4.4 Surface
to approximate the surfaceArea
area lying above each Ri , for i = 1, 2, . . . , n and then sum the
individual approximations to obtain
In this section, we discussan approximation
how of the
to find the area of atotal surface
portion of thearea. We proceed
surface
Exercises 10 as follows.
z = f (x, y) whose projection on the xy-plane is a closed region R:
1 Use polar coordinates to evaluate
ˆˆ z
x
p dA
x + y2
2
R

where R is the region in the first quadrant bounded by the circle

x2 + y 2 = 1 and the coordinate axes. Ti
2 Use the double integral in polar coordinates to find the volume of the
O
following solids.
(a) The solid cut out of the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4 by the cylinder
x2 + y 2 = 1 x
(b) The solid above the xy-plane bounded by the paraboloid
z = 4 − x2 − y 2 and the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 1 y
 xi
(c) The solid above the xy-plane bounded by the cone z = 2r and the  yi
cylinder r = 1 − cos θ
FIGURE 14.35a
Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 37 / 59 Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 38 / 59
Surface area

For each i = 1, 2, . . . , n, let (xi , yi , 0) represent the corner of Ri closest to the origin
4.4 Surface Area and construct the tangentArea
4.4 Surface plane to the surface z = f (x, y) at the point (xi , yi , f (xi , yi )).
Since the tangent plane stays close to the surface near the point of tangency, the area Ti of
that portion of the tangent plane that lies above Ri is an approximation to the surface area
above Ri . (See Figure 14.35a.) Notice, too that the portion of the tangent plane lying above
Ri is a parallelogram, Ti , whose area Ti you should be able to easily compute. Adding
Example
together these 11
approximations, we get that the total surface area S is approximately
Theorem
1 Find the area of the portion of the surface of the plane
Suppose that f and its partial derivatives are continuous on the closed region n
36x + 16y + 9z = 144 cut by the coordinate planes.
R in the xy-plane. If σ is the measure of the area of the surface z = f (x, y) S≈ Ti .
which lies over R, then 2 Find the area of the surface oni=1
the first octant that is cut from the
ˆˆ q cylinder x2 + z 2 = 16 by the planes x = 0, x = 2, y = 0 and y = 3.
σ= zx2 + zy2 + 1 dA 3 Find the area of the paraboloid z = x2 + y 2 below the plane z = 4.
R 4 Find the area of the part of the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 25 cut by the
planes z = 2 and z = 4.

Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 39 / 59 Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 40 / 59
 Solution From (5.2), we have Q 
  π 1 2 =
y 0
4.4 Surface Area = The Triple
2xe sin z d V 4.5 2xe y sinIntegral
z d x dy dz in Cartesian Coordinates
0 0 1 =3
Q Letπf 1be a continuous  function of three variables x, y & z, and suppose that
2 x=2
f is continuous over 2xthe soliddyS.dzA partition of S is formed by by drawing planes
= e y sin z = 3(
Exercises 12 parallel
0 0
to the 2 x=1
coordinate planes and obtain a network of rectangular boxes which
Find the area of the surface cut from the plane 2x + y + z = 4 by the  π
is inside S.  = 3(
1
y
 y=1 = 6(
planes x = 0, x = 1, y = 0 and y = 1. =3 sin z e  dz z
0 y=0 You should pick one of the other five poss
2 Find the area of the surface in the firat octant cut from the cylinder z=π
x2 + y 2 = 9 by the plane x = z. 1  get the same result. 
= 3(e − 1) (−cos z)
z=0
3 Use polar coordinates to find the area of the surface cut from the As we did for double integrals, we can d
= 3(e − 1) (−cos π + cos 0)
paraboloid x2 + y 2 = 5 − z by the planes z = 1 and z = 4. three dimensions by using an inner partition

4 Use polar coordinates to zfind the surface area of the portion of the
= 6(e − 1). dimensions, we partition Q by slicing it wi
As in the case where Q was a box, these plan
cone x2 + y 2 − 9z 2 = 0 above the plane z = 0 and Youinside the cylinder
should
O
pick one of the other five possible orders of integration and show that you and 14.41b.) In this case, we consider onl
2 2
x + y = 6y. y in Q and call this an inner partition of the
get the same result.  point (u i , vi , wi ) ∈ Q i and form the Riema
x
5 Use polar coordinates to find the area of the surface cut from the
2 2 2 2 
n
hyperbolic paraboloid y − x = 6z by the cylinder x +As y we= did FIGURE 14.41a
36. for double integrals, we can define triple integrals for more general regions in f (u i
Partition of
Suppose that there are n rectangular a solidformed by the partition. The norm
boxes i=1
three dimensions by using an inner partition of the region. For any bounded solid
∥∆∥ of the partition is defined to be the length Q inofthree
the longest diagonal of some
where Vi = xi yi z i represents the v
dimensions, we partition Q by slicing boxes.
it with planes parallel to the three
z coordinate planes. over a general region Q as the limit of Riem
Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 As in the case where 41 / 59 Q was a box, these planes
Karlo S.form a number of boxes. MAT070
Orge (MSU-IIT) (See Figures
Chapter 4 14.41a 42 / 59
O and 14.41b.) In this case, we consider only those boxes Q 1 , Q 2 , . . . , Q n that lie entirely
y in Q and call this an inner partition of the solid Q. For each i = 1, 2, . . . , n, we pick any DEFINITION 5.2
Qi
x
point (u i , vi , wi ) ∈ Q i and form the Riemann sum z i For a function f (x, y, z) defined on the (
4.5 The Triple Integral in Cartesian Coordinates 4.5 The Triple Integral in Cartesian
x integral of f (x, y, z) over Q by
Coordinates

n y i 
i

FIGURE 14.41a
Consider the ith rectangular box with dimensions ∆i x, ∆i y and ∆i z, f (u i , vi , wi ) Vi , O f (x, y, z) d V =

Partition of a solid i=1 y Q
and a point (ξi , γi , µi ) on the ith box.
x provided the limit exists and is the same
where Vi = xi yi z i represents theForm volume theofproduct
Q i . We fcan
(ξi then
, γi , µdefine
i )∆i Va and
triplefor
integral
n rectangular boxes, we form
(u i , vi , wi ) in Q i , for i = 1, 2, . . . , n. W
z over a general region Q as the limit ofthe
Riemann sums,
Riemann sum as follows. FIGURE 14.41b
over Q.
Typical
n rectangle in inner partition
of solid
X
f (ξi , γi , µi )∆i V.
i=1 Observe that (5.3) is identical to (5.1)
DEFINITION 5.2 inner
We take the limit of the above sum as ∥∆∥ → 0. If the limit partition of Q. we call
exists,
Qi The (very) big remaining question is h
z i For a function f (x, y, z) defined onthe
the limit
(bounded)
as thesolid we define
Q,integral
triple ofthe triple
f on S, denoted by the The
regions. following:
fact that there are six different
 xi integral of f (x, y, z) over Q by ˆˆˆ integral makes it difficult to write down a si
yi   n f (x, y, z) dV. integrals. So, rather than write down an ex
O f (x, y, z) d V = lim f (u i , vi , wi ) V , (5.3)
P→0 Si
y i=1
Q
x provided the limit exists and is the same for every choice of the evaluation points
FIGURE 14.41b (u i , vi , wi ) in Q i , for i = 1, 2, . . . , n. When this happens, we say that f is integrable
If ∆i V is the volume of the ith rectangular box, then ∆i V over
= ∆iQ. x∆i y∆i z.
Typical rectangle in inner partition
Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) of solid
MAT070 Chapter 4 43 / 59 Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 44 / 59
4.5 The Triple Integral in Cartesian Coordinates 4.5 The Triple Integral in Cartesian Coordinates

Example 13
Evaluate the following:
There are 6 possible ways to transform the triple integral to an iterated ˆˆˆ
integral. For instance, if the solid S is described by 1 yez dV , where
S
S = {(x, y, z) | a ≤ y ≤ b, g1 (y) ≤ z ≤ g2 (y), h1 (y, z) ≤ x ≤ h2 (y, z)},
S = {(x, y, z) | 1 ≤ y ≤ 2, y ≤ x ≤ y 2 , 0 ≤ z ≤ ln x}
ˆˆˆ
then 2 x dV , where S is the tetrahedron bounded by the coordinate
ˆˆˆ ˆ bˆ g2 (y) ˆ h2 (y,z) S
f (x, y, z) dV = f (x, y, z) dx dz dy. planes and the plane x + y + 3z = 6
a g1 (y) h1 (y,z)
ˆˆˆ
S 3 xyz dV , where S is the solid in the first octant bounded by the
S
cylinders x2 + y 2 = 4 and x2 + z 2 = 4, and the three coordinate
planes.

Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 45 / 59 Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 46 / 59

4.5 The Triple Integral in Cartesian Coordinates 4.5 The Triple Integral in Cartesian Coordinates

Exercises 15
Remarks
ˆˆˆ 1 Evaluate the following triple integrals
ˆ 1 ˆ 2z ˆ e
If, in the triple integral, f (x, y, z) = 1, then the triple integral dV is z
(a) √
dy dx dz
S 0 z 1 y
ˆ ˆ √
ˆ x2 +y2
numerically equal to the volume of the solid S. 2 x2
y
(b) √ dz dy dx
ˆˆˆ
1 3x 0 x2 + y 2
Example 14
(c) x y dV , where S is the solid bounded by the cylinder z = 1 − y 2 ,
3

1 Find the volume of the solid bounded by the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 25, S

the plane x + y + z = 8 and the xy-plane. and the planes z = 0, x = −1 and x = 1
ˆˆˆ
2 Find the volume of the solid bounded by the graphs of z = 4 − y 2 , (d) z dV , where S is the solid bounded by the cone 9x2 + z 2 = y 2 ,
x + z = 4, the yz-plane and xy-plane. S
the xy-plane, the yz-plane, and the plane y = 9

Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 47 / 59 Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 48 / 59
 P1: OSO/OVY P2: OSO/OVY QC: OSO/OVY T1: OSO
smi06066 ch14 1021-1106 GTBL017-Smith-v3.cls
4.5 The Triple Integral in Cartesian Coordinates 4.6 The Triple Integral in Cylindrical October 14, 2006
Coordinates 13:28

Definition
The cylindrical coordinate representation of a point P is (r, θ, z), where r
and θ are the polar coordinates of the projection of P on a polar plane and
Exercises 15 z is the directed distance
14-57from this polar plane to P .
2 Use the triple integral to find the volume of the following solids.
(a) the solid in the first octant bounded by the coordinate planes, the z The process of replacing
plane y + z = 2, and the cylinder x = 4 − y 2 by polar coordinates, as we
(b) the solid inside the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 4, above the xy-plane, and coordinate system a name: cy
below the plane x + z = 3 (r, u, z)
To be precise, we specify
(c) the solid in the first octant bounded by the cylinders x2 + y 2 = 4 and
the point (x, y) ∈ R2: x = r c
x2 + 2z = 4, and the three coordinate planes
made by the line segment co
(d) the solid cut from the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 1 by the planes z = −y and
z=0 z
x-axis, as indicated in Figure
O coordinates for the point P.
u y
r
x EXAMPLE 6.2 Equati
Write the equation for the cyl
Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 49 / 59 Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) FIGURE 14.50
MAT070 Chapter 4 50 / 59
coordinates.
Cylindrical coordinates

4.6 The Triple Integral in Cylindrical Coordinates 4.6 The Triple Integral in Cylindrical Coordinates

Given that a point P has rectangular coordinates (x, y, z), if (r, θ, z) is the
cylindrical coordinates of P , then we have the following:
Example 16
x = r cos θ y = r sin θ z=z 1 Use cylindrical coordinates to evaluate the integral
x
ˆ 3ˆ
√
9−x2 ˆ 2p
y x2 + y 2 dz dy dx.
r2 = x2 + y 2 tan θ = , if x ̸= 0. 0 0 0
x
If a solid S in R3 has an axis of symmetry, triple integrals on S are easier 2 Use the triple integral in cylindrical coordinates to find the volume of
to evaluate if cylindrical coordinates are used. Using cylindrical coordinates, the solid bounded by the paraboloid x2 + y 2 + z = 1 and the xy-plane.
the triple integral is expressed as 3 Use the triple integral in cylindrical coordinates to set-up the integral
ˆˆˆ ˆˆˆ for the volume of the solid above the xy-plane which is inside the
f (x, y, z) dV = f (r cos θ, r sin θ, z) r dz dr dθ. sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 8 and outside the cone x2 + y 2 = z 2 .
Solution In cylindrical coo
S S r = ±4. But note that since θ
cylinder. 

Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 51 / 59 Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 52 / 59
EXAMPLE 6.3 Equati
 1. Many computer graphing packages will sketch graphs in cylin-
53. The unit vectors r̂ and θ̂ in exercises 51 and 52 are not constant drical coordinates, with one option being to have r as a function
vectors. This changes many of our calculations and interpre- of z and θ . In some cases, the graphs are very familiar. Sketch
4.6 The Triple Integral in anCylindrical
tations. For object in motionCoordinates
(that is, where r, θ and z are 4.6 The
the following Triple
and solve for z toIntegral in Cylindrical Coordinates
√ write the equation in the
functions of time), compute the derivatives of r̂ and θ̂ in terms notation√of this section: (a) r = z, (b) r = z 2 , (c) r = ln z,
of each other. (d) r = 4 − z 2 , (e) r = z 2 cos θ. By leaving z out altogether,
some old polar curves get an interesting three-dimensional
Exercises 17 54. For the vector v from (0, 0, 0) to (2, 2, 0), show that v = r r̂. extension: (f) r = sin2 θ, 0 ≤ z ≤ 4, (g) r = 2 − 2 cos θ,
1 55. For theto
Use cylindrical coordinates vector v from the
evaluate (1, 1,following
0) to (3, 3, integrals:
0), find a constant c such 0 ≤ z ≤ 4. Many graphs are simply new. Explore the following
ˆ 2 ˆ √
4−x2 ˆ 1
that v = cr̂.zCompare to exercise 54.
2 2 graphs Exercises
and others of 17 your own creation: (h) r = cos θ − ln z,
2 (x +y ) θ/8 −z
(a) dz dy dx (i) r = z 2 3ln(θLet
+ 1), (j) = ze
S be rthe solid, (k) = θe
in rthe first. octant which is inside the cylinder
056. x2 +vyfrom
For the vector (−1, −1, 0) to (1, 1, 0), find a constant c
p
2 2 2 2 2 2
ˆˆˆ
0 0 x +
2. In this exercise, youy will
= explore
12 anda below
class ofthe x +asy = 3z .
coneknown
surfaces
such that v= cr̂. Compare to exercise 55.
(b) (x2 + y 2 + 2z) dV , where S is the solid that lies below the Plücker’s conoids.
(a) SketchIn parametric
the solidequations,
S. the conoid with
S 57. For the vector vfrom (1, −1, 0) to (1, 1, 0), find a constant c n folds is given x = r the
(b)bySet-up cos θ, y = r sin
iterated θ and
triple z = sin(nθ
integral ).
representing the volume of S using
π/4
paraboloid z = 25 − such − yv2 ,=inside
x2that c −π/4the
θ̂dθ .
cylinder x2 + y 2 = 4, and Use a CAS to sketch
2x y
the conoid
Cartesian with 2 folds. Show that on this
coordinates.
above the xy-plane surface z = x(c)
2 +y 2 .Find
In vector notation,
the volume the parametric
of the solid S using equa-
the triple integral in cylindrical
58. For thevector v from (−1, −1, 0) to (1, 1, 0), write v in the tions can be written as 0, 0, sin(nθ ) + r cos θ, r sin θ, 0,
b coordinates.
2 Use the triple integralform c a θ̂ dθ. Compare
in cylindrical to exercise
coordinates 56. the volume of
to find with the interpretation that the conoid is generated by moving
the solid in the first octant bounded by the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 1 and a line around and perpendicular to the circle cos θ, sin θ, 0.
59. For the point (−1, −1, 0), sketch the vectors r̂ and θ̂. Illus-
the plane z = x. trate graphically how the vector v from (−1, −1, 0) to For n = 2, sketch a parametric graph with 1 ≤ r ≤ 2 and
(1, 1, 0) can be represented both in terms of r̂ and in terms of θ̂. 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π and compare the surface to a Möbius strip. Ex-
√ plain how the line segment moving around the circle rotates
60. For the vector v from (−1, −1, 0) to (1, 3, 1), find constants according to the function sin 2θ. Sketch similar graphs for
θ
a, b, θ1 , θ2 and c such that v = a r̂ + b θ12 θ̂ dθ + ck. n = 3, n = 4 and n = 5, and explain why n is referred to as
Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 53 / 59 the numberKarlo
of folds.
S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 54 / 59

4.7 The Triple Integral in Spherical Coordinates 4.7 The Triple Integral in Spherical Coordinates
Definition 14.7 SPHERICAL COORDINATES
Given that a point P has rectangular coordinates (x, y, z), if (ρ, θ, ϕ) is
The spherical coordinate representation of a point P (x, y, z) is (ρ, θ, ϕ), where ρ
is the distance from the origin to P , θ is the radian measure of the polar angle of the spherical coordinates of P , then we have the following:
We introduce here
the projection of P on the polar plane, and ϕ is the nonnegative radian measure of another common coordinate system that is frequently more convenient
than either rectangular
the smallest angle measured from the positive side of the z axis to the line passing or cylindrical coordinates.
x =Inρparticular,
cos θ sin ϕsome tripley integrals
= ρ sin θthat
sin ϕ z = ρ cos ϕ
through the origin and P . cannot be calculated exactly in either rectangular or cylindrical coordinates can be dealt
with easily in spherical coordinates.
z 2
We can specify a point P with rectangular coordinates (x, y, z) by xthe y 2 + z 2 = ρ2
+corresponding
spherical coordinates (ρ, φ, θ). Here, ρ is defined to be the distance from the origin,
Q(0, 0, z) If a solid S in R3 has a symmetry with respect to the origin, triple

ρ = integrals
x 2 + y2 + onz 2S. are easier to evaluate if spherical(7.1) coordinates are used. Using
spherical coordinates, the triple integral is expressed as
f P(x, y, z) Note that specifying the distance a point lies away from the origin specifies a sphere on
r which the point must lie (i.e., the equationˆˆˆ ρ = ρ0 > 0 represents ˆˆˆthe sphere of radius ρ
0
O f (x, y, z) dV =
centered at the origin). To name a specific point on the sphere, we further f (ρ cos θ sin
specify ρ sin θ sin ϕ, ρ cos ϕ) ρ2 sin ϕ dρ dθ dϕ.
twoϕ,angles,
φ and θ, as indicated in Figure 14.58. NoticeSthat φ is the angle from S the positive z-axis to the
u −→ −→
y vector OP and θ is the angle from the positive x-axis to the vector OR, where R is the point
x R(x, y, 0) lying in the xy-plane with rectangular coordinates (x, y, 0) (i.e., R is the projection of P
Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4
onto the xy-plane).55You
/ 59
should observe fromKarlo
thisS.description
Orge (MSU-IIT)
that MAT070 Chapter 4 56 / 59
FIGURE 14.58
4.7 The Triple Integral in Spherical Coordinates 4.7 The Triple Integral in Spherical Coordinates
Example 18
1 Use spherical coordinates to evaluate the integral
Exercises 19
ˆ 1 ˆ √1−x2 ˆ √1−x2 −y2
z 1 Use spherical coordinates to evaluate the following integrals:
p dz dy dx. ˆ 3 ˆ √
9−x2 ˆ √9−x2 −y2
0 0 0 x2 + y 2 (a) xz dz dy dx
ˆˆˆ
0 0 0
2 Use the triple integral in spherical coordinates to find the volume of
(b) (1 + x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) dV , where S is the solid bounded above by the
the solid inside the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 36 and above the cone
S
x2 + y 2 = 3z 2 . sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 and bounded below by the xy-plane.
3 Use the triple integral in spherical coordinates to set-up the integral 2 Use the triple integral in spherical coordinates to find the volume of
for the volume of the solid inside the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2z and the solid above the xy-plane which is inside the sphere
above the paraboloid x2 + y 2 = z. x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 8 and outside the cone x2 + y 2 = z 2 .
4 Use the triple integral in spherical coordinates to find the volume of a
right-circular cone of height h units and base radius r units, if the
vertex of the cone is at the origin.

Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 57 / 59 Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 58 / 59

4.7 The Triple Integral in Spherical Coordinates

Exercises 19
3 Let S be the solid above the xy-plane bounded by the cylinder
x2 + y 2 = 4 and the two cones x2 + y 2 = 3z 2 and 3x2 + 3y 2 = z 2 .
(a) Draw a sketch of the solid S.
(b) Set-up the iterated triple integral representing the volume of S using
Cartesian coordinates.
(c) Set-up the iterated triple integral representing the volume of S using
cylindrical coordinates.
(d) Find the volume of S using the triple integral in spherical coordinates.

Karlo S. Orge (MSU-IIT) MAT070 Chapter 4 59 / 59