Fodder Material for RBI Grade B

Phase 2
English Descriptive

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Contents
Topic 1: Empowering Growth: Unleashing the Potential of India's MSME Sector. .................................................. 3

Topic 2: Challenges faced by India’s higher education system – possible solutions. ............................................... 5

Topic 3: Discuss the issue of child labour in India. ................................................................................................... 7

Topic 4: Inclusive Growth: A Pathway to Sustainable Development ....................................................................... 9

Topic 5: Discuss India’s measures to create a conducive environment for the disabled community. ..................12

Topic 6: Buffer stocks Vs Food security – The paradox: .........................................................................................14

Topic 7: Is sustained overworking and a toxic work culture merely building success on a foundation of sand?" 17

Topic 8: The Impact of Drug Abuse on Youth. ........................................................................................................19

Topic 9: "Urbanization and Deforestation: Balancing Development and Environmental Sustainability in India". 23

Topic 10: Malnourishment in India.........................................................................................................................25

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Topic 1: Empowering Growth: Unleashing the Potential of India's MSME Sector.
Approach:

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) form a dynamic and essential component of the
Indian economy, playing a pivotal role in employment generation, export earnings, and overall
economic development. While MSMEs exhibit considerable potential in shaping India’s economic
landscape, they concurrently face multifaceted challenges that require comprehensive
interventions. This discussion explores the expanded dimensions of the potential and challenges
faced by MSMEs, assesses ongoing government initiatives, and suggests frameworks for future
enhancements.

Expanded Potential of MSMEs

MSMEs in India not only contribute significantly to the GDP and employment but also serve as the
nurseries for entrepreneurship and innovation. Here are expanded dimensions of their potential:

1. Innovation and Adaptability: MSMEs are often more agile than larger corporations, enabling
quicker adaptation to market changes and innovations, particularly in digital technologies and
sustainable practices. According to the MSME Ministry’s 2023 report, small businesses
contribute over 30% to the national GDP and 45% to total manufacturing output.

2. Local Manufacturing Hub: With the push towards 'Make in India', MSMEs are poised to become
local manufacturing hubs, catering to both domestic and global demands in various sectors
including pharmaceuticals, textiles, and electronics.

3. Socio-Economic Inclusion: They provide entrepreneurial opportunities across diverse socio-

economic segments, promoting inclusive growth and reducing regional disparities by
penetrating rural and underserved areas. MSMEs employ approximately 120 million people, as
noted in the latest economic survey.

4. Cultural Preservation: Many MSMEs are involved in handicrafts and traditional goods, which
helps in preserving and promoting regional arts and crafts on a global stage. This sector accounts
for nearly 50% of the total exports from India.

Broadened Challenges Faced by MSMEs

While MSMEs are endowed with vast potential, they encounter a broad spectrum of challenges that
stifle their growth:

1. Infrastructural Deficits: Inadequate access to modern infrastructure and logistical support limits
their operational efficiency and market expansion capabilities.

2. Skilled Labor Shortage: There is a critical gap in skilled labor availability, especially in rural and
semi-urban areas, which hampers the quality and scalability of operations.

3. Technological Gaps: While some MSMEs are quick to adapt to new technologies, a significant
portion lacks the resources to upgrade their systems and machinery, affecting their competitive
edge.

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4. Supply Chain Vulnerabilities: Many MSMEs are heavily dependent on localized supply chains,
which are susceptible to disruptions, as evident during the COVID-19 pandemic.

5. Environmental Regulations: Increasingly stringent environmental regulations pose challenges

for MSMEs that may lack the resources to comply, potentially leading to fines or shutdowns.

Government Initiatives to Support MSMEs

To harness the potential of MSMEs and mitigate their challenges, the Government of India has
instituted several key initiatives:

• Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana (PMMY): Offers loans to MSMEs without collateral to spur
entrepreneurship under three categories: Shishu, Kishor, and Tarun, which target enterprises at
different stages of their growth. Disbursals in the year ended March 2024 stood at ₹5.20 lakh,
as against ₹4.40 lakh crore in the previous financial year.

• Technology Centre Systems Program (TCSP): Establishes technology centers across the country
to provide technological assistance to MSMEs.

• ASPIRE Scheme (A Scheme for Promoting Innovation, Rural Industry, and Entrepreneurship):
Aims to set up incubation canters to promote innovation in agro-industry.

• Zero Defect Zero Effect (ZED Certification): Encourages MSMEs to manufacture quality products
with a minimal negative environmental impact.

Recommendations for Enhancing MSME Contributions:

To further amplify the role of MSMEs in India’s growth narrative, the following recommendations
are proposed:

1. Enhanced Financial Schemes: Expand existing financial schemes and integrate them with digital
platforms to ensure wider and easier accessibility.

2. Robust Infrastructure Development: Invest in infrastructure that supports MSMEs, such as

dedicated industrial zones and improved logistics networks.

3. Skill Development Programs: Implement targeted skill enhancement programs in partnership

with local industries and educational institutions.

4. Strengthening Market Access: Develop international trade portals specifically for MSMEs to
facilitate global market access.

5. Regulatory Simplification: Simplify regulatory processes with a single-window clearance system

for faster setup and operations of MSMEs.

Conclusion

The future trajectory of India's economic development significantly depends on the growth and
sustainability of its MSME sector. With their profound impact on employment, GDP, and exports,
these enterprises form an essential pillar of the national economy. By addressing their challenges
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with thoughtful and targeted interventions, including enhanced financial access, technological
support, and regulatory reforms, India can fully leverage the potential of MSMEs. These efforts will
not only stimulate economic dynamism but also ensure a more inclusive and balanced regional
development, propelling India toward achieving its vision of a $5 trillion economy by 2025. This
comprehensive approach will secure MSMEs as a cornerstone of India's economic resilience and a
major player on the global stage.

Topic 2: Challenges faced by India’s higher education system – possible solutions.

Approach:

India's higher education system, one of the largest in the world, stands at a critical juncture where
the convergence of opportunity and challenge dictates its future trajectory. With over 1000
universities and 40,000 colleges, it caters to the educational aspirations of millions. As per the QS
World University Rankings 2023, only three Indian universities have secured a spot amongst the
top 200: IISc Bengaluru (Rank 155), IIT Bombay (Rank 172), and IIT Delhi (Rank 174). However, as
it strives to enhance its quality and reach, it grapples with systemic inefficiencies and structural
constraints. This discussion not only unpacks these challenges but also proposes strategic
interventions aimed at transforming the landscape of higher education in India.

Challenges and Suggestions for Improvement:

1. Access and Equity:

• Challenge: Access to higher education remains disproportionately skewed towards urban

areas and the economically well-off, leaving behind students from rural backgrounds and
lower socio-economic statuses.
• Data Point: According to the All-India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE) 2022, the Gross
Enrolment Ratio (GER) in rural areas is significantly lower than in urban areas.
• Suggestion: Implementing targeted scholarship programs and financial aid packages can help
bridge this gap. Additionally, establishing more institutions in underserved regions would
democratize access to higher education.

2. Quality of Education:

• Challenge: The variability in educational quality is stark across institutions, with many lacking
in infrastructure, faculty, and modern curricula.
• Data Point: NIRF 2023 highlights a concentration of top institutions in a few states,
underscoring regional disparities in quality.
• Suggestion: Standardizing curriculum updates and investing in teacher training programs
could enhance educational quality. Furthermore, performance-based funding could
incentivize institutions to improve.

3. Faculty Recruitment and Retention:

• Challenge: Attracting and retaining qualified faculty is a persistent issue, exacerbated by

non-competitive salaries and inadequate career progression opportunities.

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 • Data Point: Reports suggest a faculty vacancy rate of over 30% in central universities.
• Suggestion: Reforming pay structures and career advancement paths for academic staff
would make faculty positions more attractive.

4. Research and Innovation:

• Challenge: Low research output and minimal innovation are symptomatic of underfunding
and lack of industry collaboration.
• Data Point: India's R&D expenditure is less than 1% of GDP, well below that of developed
countries.
• Suggestion: Increasing funding for research, fostering industry-academic partnerships, and
establishing state-of-the-art research facilities can stimulate research activities.

5. Regulatory Framework:

• Challenge: The regulatory environment is often seen as restrictive and bureaucratic,

impeding rather than facilitating quality enhancement.
• Suggestion: Simplifying the regulatory process and shifting from compliance to quality
assurance can create a more dynamic higher education environment.

6. Technological Integration:

• Challenge: Many institutions lack the infrastructure to support comprehensive digital

learning, which is increasingly important.
• Suggestion: Government and private sector investment in digital infrastructure and training
programs for both students and faculty can enhance technological integration.

7. Student Preparedness:

• Challenge: Many students enter higher education institutions lacking critical foundational
skills due to rote-based learning approaches at the school level.
• Suggestion: Integrating problem-solving and critical thinking exercises into the school
curriculum can better prepare students for higher education.

8. Employability of Graduates:

• Challenge: There is a disconnect between the skills taught in universities and those required
in the job market.
• Data Point: Industry reports indicate that only 25% of Indian graduates are immediately
employable.
• Suggestion: Curriculum reform to align more closely with industry needs and expanding
vocational and technical training can enhance the employability of graduates.

Conclusion:

India’s higher education system is at a pivotal moment, with the potential to significantly impact the
country's socio-economic fabric. By addressing the multifaceted challenges through coherent policy

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initiatives and targeted interventions, India can cultivate a more equitable, qualitative, and
responsive higher education ecosystem. This transformation is not just crucial for meeting the
educational needs of its youth but is fundamental to India’s ambition of becoming a knowledge-
driven global leader.

Topic 3: Discuss the issue of child labour in India.

Approach:

In accordance with the Child and Adolescent Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act of 1986, a
“child” is anyone under the age of 14. International Lаbоur Оrgаnisаtiоn (ILО) defines the term
child lаbоur as, “work that deprives children of their childhood, their роtentiаl and their dignity, and
that is harmful to physical and mental development. As per the National Crime Records Bureau
Report 2022, in 2021, around 982 cases were registered under the Child Labour (Prohibition and
Regulation) Act, 1986, with the highest number of cases registered in Telangana, followed by
Assam.

In this regard, let us now investigate the Causes of Child Labour in India:

1. The persistent issue of poverty:

❖ Poverty is the primary driver of child labour.
❖ A child’s income is frequently crucial to his or her life or the life of the family in impoverished
households. Children frequently have to work because the family is in debt.
❖ Also, Due to rural poverty and urban migration, child trafficking for labour is a common
occurrence.
2. Existing social norms:
❖ Some communities and families have a tradition of making their children work in certain
occupations, such as agriculture, carpet weaving, or domestic service. Some also believe that
education is not important or suitable for girls.
3. Lack of decent work opportunities:
❖ Due to the high unemployment rate and low wages, many adults and young people are
unable to find decent and dignified work. This leads them to engage in informal and
hazardous work or push their children into labour.
4. Poor School Infrastructure:
❖ Many schools in India lack adequate facilities, teachers, and quality education.
❖ Some schools also charge fees or other expenses that are unaffordable for poor families.
❖ These factors discourage parents from sending their children to school and make them drop
out.
5. Parental illiteracy and ignorance:
❖ The issue is exacerbated by the child’s parents’ lack of education. They flout the law and
subject their children to cruel exploitation because they lack literacy and knowledge of
the negative effects of child labour.
6. Other factors:
❖ Natural disasters, conflicts, and pandemics can disrupt the normal functioning of society and
increase the vulnerability of children.

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 ❖ Some children may lose their parents, homes, or access to basic services. They may be
forced to work for survival or be exploited by traffickers and other perpetrators.

The issue of child labour has several socio-economic impacts as discussed below:

1. Decreased human capital:

❖ Child labor diminishes children's ability to accumulate skills and knowledge, affecting their
future productivity and income.
❖ It also lowers wages for unskilled work, contributing to the cycle of poverty and continued
child labor and hampers technological advancements and innovation, slowing down long-
term economic growth and development.
❖ This in turn weakens social development and cohesion within a country, impacting stability
and democracy.
2. Deprivation of Rights and Opportunities:
❖ Child labor deprives children of their rights to education, health, protection, and
participation, limiting their future opportunities and social mobility.
3. Impact on health:
❖ Child labor exposes children to hazards, physical injuries, diseases, abuse, and exploitation,
adversely affecting their physical and mental well-being, mortality rates, and life expectancy.

Some of the government initiatives to tackle the issue of child labour include:

1. The Ministry of Labour and Employment created the PENCIL Portal as an electronic tool to
effectively implement the No Child Labour policy.
2. Programme for the National Child Labour Project (NCLP): This programme enrolls kids in
school and prevents them from working in order to empower and motivate them.
3. Act of 2016 amending the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act: The Amendment
Act outright forbids hiring anyone under the age of 14.

However, there are certain challenges in reducing child labour in India as discussed below:

❖ One of the biggest challenges in eradicating child labour is the confusion around the
definition of a child, in terms of age, in various laws dealing with child labour.
❖ Age identification of children is a difficult task in India due to the lack of identification
documents. Child labourers often lack school registration certificates and birth certificates,
creating an easy loophole in the law to exploit.
❖ Most often the children of migrant workers working as labourers and those employed in
domestic work go unreported.

So, what needs to be done?

Child labour is related to poverty, underemployment, unemployment, and low wages. For the
financial situation of families to improve, social safety programmes and cash transfers need to be
vigorously pursued to remove the "need" to send kids to work. It is crucial to develop the
educational infrastructure to provide both increased access to educational institutions and an
improvement in the standard and relevance of education.

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Parental literacy may be necessary to ensure that children's rights are protected. The goal of
abolishing child labor must be shared by all elements of society, including the family, the
government, civil society, and anybody who interacts with children.

Topic 4: Inclusive Growth: A Pathway to Sustainable Development

Approach:

Inclusive growth is a development model that seeks to ensure economic growth benefits all sections
of society, particularly the marginalized and disadvantaged. It aims to reduce poverty, inequality,
and social exclusion by providing equal opportunities for everyone to participate in and contribute
to the growth process. In a country like India, characterized by significant disparities in income,
education, healthcare, and employment opportunities, inclusive growth is not just a moral
imperative but also a prerequisite for long-term, sustainable development. This essay explores the
concept of inclusive growth, its importance for India, the challenges it faces, and the policies needed
to achieve it.

What is Inclusive Growth?

Inclusive growth refers to a broad-based, shared growth process that results in improved
standards of living for all segments of society, particularly the poor and vulnerable. It focuses on
two key dimensions:

1. Participation: Ensuring that everyone, irrespective of their socio-economic background, has

the opportunity to contribute to and benefit from economic growth.

2. Equity: Reducing income and social inequalities by distributing the benefits of growth more
equitably across all sections of society.

Unlike traditional models of growth, which primarily emphasize GDP growth, inclusive growth
focuses on both the pace and pattern of growth, ensuring that economic expansion leads to
tangible improvements in people’s lives.

Why is Inclusive Growth Important for India?

India is one of the fastest-growing economies in the world, but it also faces deep-rooted
inequalities. The economic growth experienced by the country has not always translated into
improvements in the quality of life for all citizens. According to the World Inequality Report 2022,
the top 1% of India's population holds more than 20% of the national income, while the bottom 50%
holds only about 13%. Such disparities in income distribution highlight the need for a more inclusive
approach to growth.

Inclusive growth is critical for India for several reasons:

1. Poverty Reduction: Despite the progress made in poverty alleviation, millions of Indians still live
in poverty. According to the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), about 25% of India's
population remains multidimensionally poor, with limited access to basic services like education,

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 healthcare, and sanitation. Inclusive growth ensures that the fruits of economic growth reach
the poorest sections of society, helping reduce poverty and inequality.

2. Social Stability: Economic inequalities often lead to social unrest, political instability, and
conflict. Inclusive growth helps promote social harmony by reducing economic disparities and
fostering a sense of belonging among all communities, including marginalized groups like
Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and women.

3. Sustainable Economic Growth: For economic growth to be sustainable, it must be inclusive.

Growth that leaves behind large sections of the population is likely to be unstable, leading to
slower progress in the long run. By focusing on equitable distribution, inclusive growth builds a
broader, more resilient economic foundation.

4. Human Capital Development: Inclusive growth prioritizes investment in human capital, ensuring
that everyone has access to education, healthcare, and skills development. This not only
improves individual well-being but also enhances productivity, driving long-term economic
growth.

Challenges to Achieving Inclusive Growth in India:

Despite the importance of inclusive growth, India faces several challenges in achieving it:

1. Income Inequality: Economic growth in India has disproportionately benefited the wealthy.
Income inequality remains a major obstacle to inclusive growth, with the rich gaining more from
economic expansion while the poor struggle to access basic services like healthcare and
education. The Gini coefficient, a measure of inequality, has been rising in India, indicating a
widening gap between the rich and the poor.

2. Unemployment and Underemployment: While India has made strides in economic growth, job
creation has not kept pace. The country continues to face high levels of unemployment,
particularly among youth and women. Additionally, a large portion of the workforce is employed
in the informal sector, where wages are low, and job security is minimal. This prevents many
from fully participating in and benefiting from economic growth.

3. Educational Disparities: Access to quality education remains unequal, particularly in rural areas
and among marginalized communities. While the literacy rate has improved, educational
outcomes remain poor, with a significant percentage of students not achieving basic proficiency
in reading and mathematics. According to the Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2020,
only about 50% of rural children in class five could read a class two-level text.

4. Healthcare Inequalities: India's healthcare system is characterized by significant regional and

social disparities. Access to quality healthcare remains limited for large sections of the
population, especially in rural and underserved areas. The National Family Health Survey (NFHS-
5) highlights stark differences in healthcare access across states and demographic groups, with
poorer communities facing higher mortality rates and lower health outcomes.

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5. Gender Inequality: Gender disparities persist in many areas, including employment, education,
and healthcare. As per the latest PLFS report, around 32.8% females of working age (15 years
and above) were in the labour force in 2021-22 which was just 23.3% in 2017-18, registering a
surge of 9.5% points during these years. Women also face higher rates of malnutrition, limited
access to healthcare, and lower literacy rates, making it difficult for them to fully benefit from
economic growth.

Policies and Reforms for Achieving Inclusive Growth:

To overcome these challenges and achieve inclusive growth, India must adopt a multi-pronged
approach that addresses both economic and social dimensions. Key policy areas that require focus
include:

1. Job Creation and Skill Development: The government must prioritize job creation, particularly in
the formal sector, to ensure that economic growth translates into employment opportunities.
Programs like the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY), which focuses on skill
development, should be expanded to reach more people, especially in rural areas and among
marginalized groups. Additionally, labor market reforms are needed to improve wages and
working conditions in the informal sector.

2. Education for All: Investing in education is critical for building human capital and promoting
inclusive growth. The implementation of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, which
emphasizes universal access to quality education, skill development, and digital learning, is a
step in the right direction. Special efforts must be made to improve educational outcomes in
rural and underdeveloped regions through targeted interventions.

3. Healthcare Access and Affordability: Expanding access to quality healthcare services is essential
for inclusive growth. The Ayushman Bharat Scheme, which aims to provide health coverage to
the poor, is an important initiative. However, more needs to be done to strengthen the
healthcare infrastructure in rural areas and ensure that marginalized communities have access
to affordable medical care.

4. Social Protection Schemes: Strengthening social safety nets is essential for protecting vulnerable
populations from economic shocks. Programs like the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural
Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) provide a vital source of income for rural households.
Expanding such programs and introducing targeted cash transfer schemes, such as Direct
Benefit Transfer (DBT) linked to social security programs, can ensure more inclusive growth.

5. Gender Inclusivity: Empowering women and ensuring their full participation in economic
activities is crucial for inclusive growth. Policies that promote gender equality in education,
healthcare, and employment must be reinforced. Initiatives like the Beti Bachao Beti Padhao
campaign and Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana have shown positive results, but more focus is
needed on increasing women's workforce participation and leadership roles.

6. Infrastructure Development: Building inclusive infrastructure is key to reducing regional

inequalities. Investing in rural infrastructure, such as roads, irrigation, electrification, and digital

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 connectivity, will improve access to markets, education, and healthcare, enabling rural
populations to benefit more from economic growth. Programs like Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak
Yojana (PMGSY) and BharatNet should be expanded to ensure that underserved regions have
access to basic infrastructure.

Conclusion:

Inclusive growth is not just an economic goal but a pathway to building a more equitable,
sustainable, and resilient society. For India, achieving inclusive growth requires addressing the deep-
rooted inequalities in income, education, healthcare, and gender. Through targeted policy
interventions, increased investments in human capital, and strengthened social safety nets, India
can ensure that its economic progress benefits all sections of society.

Only by fostering inclusive growth can India achieve long-term prosperity and create a more just
and equitable society, where no one is left behind in the march towards development.

Topic 5: Discuss India’s measures to create a conducive environment for the disabled community.
Approach:

Disability is the outcome of the interplay between those who have disabilities and the psychological,
social, and environmental constraints that prevent them from fully and equally participating in
society. As per Census 2011, at all India level, disabled persons constitute 2.21% of the total
population. 7.62% of the disabled persons belong to the age group 0-6 years.

The Constitution of India ensures equality, freedom, justice, and dignity of all individuals and
implicitly mandates an inclusive society for all, including persons with disabilities. The government
has also taken various legal and welfare initiatives for the cause of disables and some of them are
discussed below:

Legal and welfare measures Schemes and other initiatives

1. Rights of persons with disabilities act: The

act, increased number of include disabilities I. Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana: For providing
from 7 to 21, made provision for reservation Physical Aids and Assisted-living Devices for
in higher education and government jobs, Senior citizens belonging to BPL category.
free education for children between 6 to 18
years.

2. Mental Healthcare Act 2017: to protect, II. Scheme for Implementation of Persons
promote and fulfill the rights of mentally with Disabilities act (SIPDA): To provide
challenged during delivery of mental financial assistance to the states for
healthcare and services. implementation of act.

3. The Rehabilitation Council of India Act, III. Accessible India Campaign: To help make
1992: The Council act regulates and monitors buildings and other infrastructure disabled
the training of rehabilitation professionals friendly.

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 and personnel and promotes research in
rehabilitation and special education.

4. The National Trust for the Welfare of

Persons with Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental IV. Assistance to Disabled Persons for
Retardation and Multiple Disabilities Act, Purchase/Fitting of Aids and Appliances
1999: To enable and empower persons with (ADIP) Scheme: provides for distribution of
disability to live as independently and as fully aids and assistive devices.
as possible within and as close to the
community to which they belong.

5. Institutional measure: A separate

Department for Empowerment of Persons V. Sugamya Pustakalaya: Online library for
with Disabilities was carved out of the persons with disabilities.
Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment
VI. National Action Plan for Skill
6. Financial measure: Establishment of National development which aims to cover 2.5
fund for Person with disabilities. million persons with disabilities by the year
2022 through various stakeholders.
VII. Deendayal Disabled Rehabilitation
7. Corporate Social responsibility: For enabling Scheme: Promote Voluntary Action by
and empowering disabled persons. releasing grant-in aid to NGOs.
VIII. Educational measures: Various scholarship
8. Research: Setting up of Indian Sign language schemes have been introduced for disabled
research and training centre to benefit students at different educational levels. 5%
persons with hearing disabilities. reservation is provided to disabled in
higher education.
Despite these efforts, the impact is limited due to the following reasons:

❖ Large number of people with disabilities: In India, the number of disabled populations is
large. Social stigma attached to the disabled and people’s attitudes towards them is the main
cause of a limited impact.
❖ Lack of data: There is a lack of data on prevalence and instances of disabled in the country”.
Further, there is also a lack of universal definition of who constitute the disabled.
❖ Red tapism: Corruption and mismanagement of funds allocated for schemes lead to poor
implementation. Also, the budgetary allocation for the implementation of the welfare
schemes has been less.

Way forward:

Through education initiatives for both teachers and the public, attitudes that have been instilled
because of India's past approach to disability must be addressed. Key national and state education
stakeholders are needed for these projects, as well as partnerships with universities to promote
research-based initiatives. The mainstreaming of these people is a difficult problem in a country like

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India. To accomplish this objective, public perceptions must be altered, social stigma must be
eliminated, a barrier-free environment must be provided, and institutional and policy
transformation is required.

Topic 6: Buffer stocks Vs Food security – The paradox:

Approach:

India is one of the largest producers of food grains globally and has established a robust system of
buffer stocks to ensure food security. Managed primarily by the Food Corporation of India (FCI),
these stocks serve to stabilize food prices, support vulnerable populations, and ensure the
availability of food grains during times of scarcity. Despite these efforts, India continues to grapple
with significant food security challenges, such as malnutrition, hunger, and inefficient distribution
systems. The paradox of having substantial buffer stocks while millions remain food insecure
underscores the complexities of food security in India.

This essay examines the reasons behind this paradox, explores the structural inefficiencies within
the food security framework, and discusses potential reforms to bridge the gap between surplus
stocks and food insecurity.

Buffer Stocks and Their Purpose in India:

India’s buffer stock system is designed to manage surplus food grain production to address
shortfalls during lean periods or crises such as droughts, floods, or economic disruptions. The Food
Corporation of India (FCI), established in 1965, is responsible for procuring food grains at the
Minimum Support Price (MSP), storing them in warehouses, and distributing them through the
Public Distribution System (PDS) and other welfare schemes.

The buffer stocks serve several key purposes:

1. Price Stabilization: By controlling the supply of food grains, the government can manage price
volatility, ensuring that farmers receive a fair price for their produce while preventing sharp
price increases for consumers.

2. Public Distribution System (PDS): Buffer stocks form the foundation of the PDS, which provides
subsidized food grains to millions of low-income households. The National Food Security Act
(NFSA), 2013, institutionalized the right to food, covering about 75% of the rural population and
50% of the urban population.

3. Emergency Relief: During natural disasters, pandemics, or economic downturns, buffer stocks
are crucial for ensuring that food remains available to the most vulnerable populations.

Despite these mechanisms, India's food security remains precarious, highlighting deep-rooted
inefficiencies and other structural issues.

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 Food Security Challenges in India Despite Huge Buffer Stocks:

1. Widespread Hunger and Malnutrition: Despite having surplus food stocks, India struggles with
high levels of hunger and malnutrition. According to the Global Hunger Index 2023, India
ranked 111th out of 125 countries, indicating a serious level of hunger. Neighboring countries,
such as Pakistan (102nd), Bangladesh (81st), Nepal (69th), and Sri Lanka (60th ), scored better
than India.

Statistics from the NFHS-5 data:

• Zero-food: Among mothers with a child between ages 6-23 months, 18% reported that
their child did not eat any food whatsoever (“zero-food”) in the 24 hours preceding the
survey. The zero-food prevalence was 30% for infants aged 6-11 months, 13% among 12-17
months old, and 8% among 18-23 months old.

• Zero-protein: More than 80% of children in the age group of 6-23 months had not
consumed any protein-rich foods for an entire day (“zero-protein”). Close to 40% of
children in the age group of 6-23 months did not eat any grains (roti, rice, etc.) for an entire
day.

• Zero-milk: Six out of 10 children in the age group of 6-23 months do not consume milk or
dairy of any form every day (“zero-milk”).

One of the key reasons for this is that buffer stocks alone cannot address the multifaceted issue of
food insecurity. Food security is not only about the availability of food but also its accessibility and
utilization. Even though there are ample food stocks, poor distribution mechanisms, inadequate
access to nutritious food, and poverty prevent large sections of the population from benefiting.

2. Inefficiencies in the Public Distribution System (PDS): The PDS, which is the primary channel
through which buffer stocks are distributed, suffers from significant inefficiencies. Leakages,
corruption, and the diversion of food grains to the black market reduce the effectiveness of the
system. According to the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG), nearly 40% of food grains
meant for PDS beneficiaries do not reach them due to diversion and inefficiencies.

In addition, the exclusion errors in PDS mean that many deserving households do not receive food
subsidies, while some ineligible households continue to benefit. This leads to uneven access to food
across states and communities, further exacerbating food insecurity.

3. Poor Storage and Wastage: India's storage infrastructure for buffer stocks is inadequate. A
significant portion of the food grains procured by the FCI gets wasted due to poor storage
facilities, inadequate warehousing, and lack of proper management. The FCI Report (2020)

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 estimated that around 6-10% of food grains in buffer stocks are lost annually due to poor
storage and pest infestations.

This wastage is particularly concerning in a country where millions go hungry. Improving storage
infrastructure, such as the construction of modern silos, cold storage, and better warehousing
facilities, is crucial to reduce food grain losses and ensure that more people benefit from buffer
stocks.

4. Nutritional Security vs. Caloric Security: While buffer stocks ensure caloric security, they often
fail to address nutritional security. The food grains primarily stored and distributed—wheat and
rice—do not provide the necessary variety of nutrients required for a balanced diet. This leads to
the "hidden hunger" phenomenon, where people consume enough calories but remain deficient
in essential nutrients like proteins, vitamins, and minerals.

The limited procurement of pulses, oilseeds, and other nutrient-dense foods exacerbates this issue.
While India produces large quantities of pulses, they are not adequately integrated into the buffer
stock system, and many households cannot afford them due to high market prices. This imbalance
between caloric intake and nutritional requirements contributes to persistent malnutrition.

5. Economic Inequality and Poverty: Food security is closely tied to economic access. Even though
buffer stocks may ensure the availability of food grains, millions of people remain food insecure
due to poverty. The World Bank's 2022 report says, India saw "an increase of 56 million poor
people" in 2020 (at USD 2.15) due to the pandemic. For these individuals, even subsidized food
grains through the PDS may not be sufficient to meet all their nutritional needs, particularly
when income is insufficient to cover other essentials like housing, education, and healthcare.

Economic inequalities also mean that marginalized groups, such as Scheduled Castes, Scheduled
Tribes, and landless laborers, often face higher rates of food insecurity compared to the general
population.

6. Climate Change and Agricultural Risks: Climate change poses a significant threat to India’s
agricultural production, which, in turn, affects the management of buffer stocks. Erratic rainfall,
droughts, floods, and shifting weather patterns disrupt food production cycles, leading to both
surplus and deficit situations. This volatility makes it difficult to maintain adequate buffer stocks
and ensure a stable supply of food grains.

Additionally, climate change-induced crop failures disproportionately impact small and marginal
farmers, many of whom depend on government procurement at MSP. Inconsistent procurement
policies and delayed payments to farmers further weaken the efficiency of the buffer stock system.

4. Reforms and Solutions to Enhance Food Security

1. Improving Storage Infrastructure: Modernizing storage facilities is crucial to reducing wastage

and ensuring the effective management of buffer stocks. The government needs to invest in
large-scale infrastructure projects, including the construction of modern silos, cold storage units,
and scientific warehousing systems. Initiatives like the Warehouse Infrastructure Fund (WIF),
which aims to improve the capacity and management of storage systems, should be expanded.
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2. Diversification of Buffer Stocks: To ensure nutritional security, the government should diversify
the buffer stock system to include a broader range of food items, such as pulses, oilseeds, and
millets. This would not only address the issue of hidden hunger but also promote more
sustainable and climate-resilient agricultural practices. Programs like the National Food Security
Mission (NFSM), which promotes the cultivation of pulses and millets, should be scaled up to
integrate these crops into the buffer stock system.

3. Reforming the Public Distribution System (PDS): The PDS needs to be more efficient,
transparent, and inclusive. The adoption of Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) for food subsidies,
linked to Aadhaar and bank accounts, can reduce leakages and ensure that beneficiaries receive
their entitlements directly. States like Tamil Nadu have successfully implemented more efficient
PDS models, which can serve as a model for reform in other parts of the country.

4. Strengthening Farmer Support and Procurement: Timely procurement at MSP, along with
prompt payments to farmers, is essential for the effective functioning of the buffer stock system.
Encouraging the procurement of diverse crops, including those that are climate-resilient, will
ensure that farmers' incomes are stable even in the face of climate risks. Programs like the
Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) can be leveraged to protect farmers from crop
failures, ensuring consistent agricultural production.

5. Promoting Climate-Resilient Agriculture: Investing in climate-resilient agricultural practices is

vital to ensuring consistent food production in the face of changing weather patterns. Programs
such as the National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) and Pradhan Mantri Krishi
Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) focus on improving irrigation, promoting water conservation, and
supporting sustainable farming methods, which can help safeguard food security in the long
term.

Conclusion:

Despite having substantial buffer stocks, India continues to face significant challenges in ensuring
food security for its population. These challenges arise from inefficiencies in storage, distribution,
and the PDS, as well as issues of malnutrition, poverty, and economic inequality. To address these
issues, India must reform its food security framework by modernizing storage infrastructure,
diversifying buffer stocks, and making the PDS more efficient and inclusive.

By aligning food security initiatives with sustainable agricultural practices and addressing the socio-
economic barriers that limit access to food, India can bridge the gap between its buffer stocks and
the food security needs of its people.

Topic 7: Is sustained overworking and a toxic work culture merely building success on a
foundation of sand?"
Approach:

In the relentless pursuit of success, many organizations foster a culture of overworking, assuming
it's a viable shortcut to economic prosperity and organizational achievement. However, this
approach may be as precarious as building a house on a foundation of sand—eventually, the

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structure is likely to collapse under its own weight. Here we explore the implications of overworking
and toxic work cultures on the sustainability of success, incorporating examples from India and
globally, and propose viable alternatives to ensure long-term organizational health and employee
well-being.

The Global Context: Overworking and Its Consequences

In many parts of the world, long working hours are often celebrated as a badge of honor,
particularly in highly competitive industries. In Japan, for instance, the phenomenon of 'karoshi,' or
death from overwork, has prompted governmental action. Similar trends can be observed in South
Korea and China, where high workplace demands have led to significant health issues, including
stress-related illnesses and a negative impact on mental health. These cases illustrate that without a
balanced approach, the very fabric of a workforce can deteriorate, undermining the foundations of
sustainable success.

The Indian Scenario:

In India, the culture of overworking is prevalent across various sectors. The IT industry, for example,
is notorious for its gruelling hours, which often lead to burnout and high employee turnover rates.
Many Indian IT companies have been in the spotlight for their stringent work environments, where
employees spend long hours at work at the expense of their personal life and health. While these
practices may result in short-term gains in productivity, they contribute to long-term problems such
as decreased job satisfaction, lowered productivity over time, and a tarnished company reputation.

The Impact of Toxic Work Cultures:

A toxic work culture, characterized by high stress, lack of support, and unrealistic expectations,
can exacerbate the problems associated with overworking. Employees in such environments often
experience chronic stress, which is linked to numerous health problems, including cardiovascular
diseases, diabetes, and mental health disorders such as anxiety and depression. Moreover, toxic
cultures can lead to a lack of engagement, diminished creativity, and a higher rate of absenteeism
and turnover, which all contribute to organizational instability.

Sustainable Success: Alternative Strategies

1. Promoting Work-Life Balance: Companies like Google and Netflix have adopted policies that
emphasize work-life balance, offering flexible working hours and wellness programs. These
practices not only enhance employee satisfaction but also improve productivity and creativity
within the workforce.

2. Implementing Strong HR Practices: Organizations can develop robust human resources policies
that prioritize employee well-being. This includes regular assessments of workloads, providing
mental health support, and fostering a supportive and inclusive work environment.

3. Leadership and Management Training: Training leaders and managers to recognize the signs of
overwork and stress among their teams can help in taking timely corrective actions. This

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 approach has been beneficial for companies like Salesforce, which emphasizes the well-being of
its employees as a core company value.

4. Feedback Mechanisms: Encouraging a culture of feedback where employees can voice concerns
without fear of reprisal can help organizations identify and mitigate issues before they escalate.
This practice is integral to the success of organizations like Adobe, which regularly engages in
employee feedback to refine its work practices.

Conclusion:

The metaphor of building success on a foundation of sand aptly captures the precariousness of
overworking and toxic work cultures. While such practices may yield immediate results, they are
unsustainable in the long run and detrimental to both individual and organizational health. By
shifting focus from merely maximizing output to enhancing the quality of work life, companies can
build a more stable foundation for sustained success. It is imperative for organizations to adopt
humane work practices that support and uplift their workforce, ultimately ensuring that their
success is both substantial and sustainable.

Topic 8: The Impact of Drug Abuse on Youth.

Approach:

Drug abuse among youth in India is an alarming social, economic, and public health issue. With
increasing urbanization, easy access to substances, and sociocultural changes, the vulnerability of
the younger population to drug addiction has escalated. In the Indian context, this problem is
multidimensional, with significant consequences for individual well-being, community stability, and
national development. This essay examines the causes, consequences, and possible solutions to
drug abuse in India, along with relevant government initiatives aimed at addressing the crisis.

Extent of drug abuse in India – statistics:

According to the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment’s 2019 report on the "National Survey
on Extent and Pattern of Substance Use in India," the scale of substance abuse in the country is
alarming:

• Around 16 crore people (14.6%) aged between 10 and 75 are current alcohol users, with 5.2%
suffering from alcohol dependence.

• Approximately 3.1 crore individuals (2.8%) use cannabis, while 72 lakh (0.66%) experience
problems related to cannabis use.

• 2.06% of the population uses opioids, with 60 lakh (0.55%) needing treatment services for
opioid-related issues.

• 1.08 crore people (1.08%) are current users of sedatives for non-medical purposes.

• Inhalant use is especially concerning among children and adolescents, with 7% of them using
inhalants, compared to just 0.58% of adults. Nearly 18 lakh children require help for inhalant
addiction.

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 • It's estimated that 8.5 lakh people in India use injectable drugs.

Opioid use is particularly troubling, with a prevalence in India three times the global average (2.1%
in India vs. 0.7% globally). Opioids, especially heroin, are associated with the highest rates of
disease, death, and disability.

India's geographical location between the Golden Crescent (Iran-Afghanistan-Pakistan) and the
Golden Triangle (Thailand-Laos-Myanmar) makes it highly susceptible to opioid trafficking.

According to the World Drug Report 2022, India ranked fourth globally in terms of seized opium in
2020, with 5.2 tons confiscated, and third for seized morphine, totaling 0.7 tons in the same year.

Causes of Drug Abuse Among Youth in India:

1. Peer Pressure and Social Influences: Peer influence remains a primary factor driving young
individuals toward drug consumption. Social acceptance, especially in urban settings, compels
youth to experiment with substances.

2. Mental Health and Stress: With increasing competition in education and employment, Indian
youth often face mental health challenges, including stress, anxiety, and depression. Due to the
stigma surrounding mental health, many youth resort to drug use as a coping mechanism.

3. Easy Availability of Drugs: Despite the stringent Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances
(NDPS) Act, 1985, drugs remain accessible, particularly in border states like Punjab, where
heroin and other substances are smuggled in from neighboring countries like Pakistan.

4. Breakdown of Traditional Social Structures: Urbanization and migration have weakened

traditional family support systems, leading to a rise in feelings of alienation among youth. The
erosion of these values has made them more vulnerable to substance abuse.

5. Unemployment and Economic Inequality: Economic distress, especially in marginalized

communities, further increases vulnerability to addiction. In regions where unemployment rates
are high, like the Northeastern states, youth often turn to drugs as a means of escaping socio-
economic hardship.

Consequences of Drug Abuse in Indian Society:

1. Health Deterioration: Prolonged drug use leads to severe physical and mental health issues,
including cardiovascular diseases, liver damage, and mental illnesses. According to the National
Survey on Extent and Pattern of Substance Use in India (2019), around 14.6% of the population
aged 10-75 years used alcohol, while cannabis and opioids accounted for a significant portion of
drug use, posing serious public health concerns.

2. Impact on Families: Drug addiction disrupts family life, leading to financial distress, emotional
trauma, and broken relationships. Families, particularly in rural areas, often lack access to
rehabilitation resources, worsening the addict’s condition.

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3. Crime and Lawlessness: Drug abuse correlates with an increase in criminal activities, as addicts
engage in theft, violence, and illegal activities to sustain their addiction. States like Punjab and
Manipur, which have witnessed a high prevalence of drug use, have also reported a rise in petty
crimes and social unrest.

4. Loss of Productivity and Workforce: As drug abuse affects the youth, who constitute a large part
of India’s workforce, the nation suffers a loss in productivity. India's demographic dividend—its
large youth population—could be wasted if the addiction problem is not tackled effectively.

5. Social Instability and Terrorism Linkages: In certain border areas, drug abuse is intricately linked
with terrorism and militancy. Drug profits fund terrorist organizations, leading to greater
national security concerns.

Solutions to Address Drug Abuse Among Youth in India:

1. Stronger Law Enforcement: While the NDPS Act provides a legal framework to combat drug
trafficking, it must be enforced more rigorously. The capacity of law enforcement agencies must
be enhanced through better training and modern surveillance technologies to break drug cartels
and reduce the supply of narcotics.

2. Preventive Education and Awareness Campaigns: Awareness programs in schools and

universities are critical. Under the NAPDDR, efforts are underway to educate students on the
dangers of drug use. The government, in collaboration with NGOs, should focus on scaling up
such initiatives, especially in rural and border areas.

3. Rehabilitation and Mental Health Services: The establishment of more de-addiction centers
under the National Drug De-addiction Program (NDAP) is essential. Integrated care models,
combining mental health services with rehabilitation, can address the dual problems of drug
abuse and mental health disorders. The National Mental Health Programme (NMHP) should
also include provisions for tackling substance abuse.

4. Community-Based Interventions: Grassroots organizations and community leaders play a

pivotal role in addressing drug abuse at the local level. Initiatives like Nasha Mukt Bharat
Abhiyaan have succeeded in involving local communities, families, and youth in preventive
activities, such as workshops, counseling, and rehabilitation programs.

5. Employment and Skill Development Initiatives: Addressing the economic roots of drug abuse is
crucial. Government schemes like the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) should be
specifically targeted in regions affected by high drug use to provide alternative livelihoods for
youth. This will prevent them from falling prey to substance abuse out of economic despair.

6. Media Campaigns and Popular Culture: Popular media and social influencers can play an
important role in creating a drug-free culture. Collaborations with film stars, sportspersons, and
youth icons can significantly contribute to spreading awareness and encouraging a positive
lifestyle free from drug use.

Government Initiatives to Tackle Drug Abuse:

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1. Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act, 1985: The NDPS Act forms the legal
backbone of India’s fight against drug abuse. The law provides strict penalties for drug trafficking
and unauthorized possession. Amendments to the Act have increased its deterrent effect,
although challenges remain in curbing drug supply chains.

2. National Action Plan for Drug Demand Reduction (NAPDDR) 2018-2025: Launched by the
Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, this plan seeks to reduce drug demand through a
comprehensive strategy that includes education, treatment, rehabilitation, and awareness
generation. It also aims to strengthen institutional support for rehabilitation programs.

3. Nasha Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan (Drug-Free India Campaign): Initiated in 2020, this flagship
campaign by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment focuses on 372 identified districts
across the country with high rates of substance abuse. The initiative includes awareness
programs, community interventions, and capacity-building efforts for local organizations and law
enforcement agencies.

4. National Drug De-addiction Program (NDAP): This initiative focuses on establishing counseling
and treatment centers across India. These centers provide support services such as medical
treatment, psychological counseling, and rehabilitation to drug users.

5. SAMBANDH Initiative: An initiative under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare,
SAMBANDH aims to foster collaboration between healthcare providers, community leaders, and
families to tackle substance abuse. The program emphasizes early identification, community
engagement, and skill development for affected individuals.

6. International Cooperation and Border Control: India works with organizations like the United
Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) to enhance its capacity to combat drug trafficking.
Cross-border cooperation with countries like Afghanistan, Nepal, and Pakistan focuses on
strengthening security at borders and reducing smuggling routes.

Conclusion:

Drug abuse among youth in India poses a severe threat to the country’s demographic dividend,
social stability, and economic growth. While the government has implemented several initiatives
like the NDPS Act, NAPDDR, and Nasha Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan, more needs to be done to address
the root causes of drug addiction. A multi-pronged approach, including stronger law enforcement,
community involvement, better access to mental health services, and skill development, is essential
to combat this crisis effectively.

By leveraging government initiatives and working closely with civil society, India can curb the rise of
drug addiction among its youth and secure a healthy, productive future for the nation.

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Topic 9: "Urbanization and Deforestation: Balancing Development and Environmental
Sustainability in India".
Approach:

India's rapid urbanization has been one of the most transformative developments of the 21st
century. The nation's cities are expanding at an unprecedented pace, driven by economic growth,
migration, and increasing population pressures. While urbanization is often viewed as a symbol of
progress, it has also led to significant environmental challenges, chief among them being
deforestation. The rapid clearing of forests to accommodate urban expansion is eroding India's
ecological balance, threatening biodiversity, climate regulation, and the livelihoods of indigenous
communities. Having said the same, now let us discuss the complex relationship between
urbanization and deforestation in India and the need for sustainable development models that can
address both economic growth and environmental conservation.

Urbanization in India: A Boon and a Challenge:

India's urban population has surged dramatically over the past few decades. According to the
United Nations World Urbanization Prospects (2018), nearly 34% of India’s population resides in
urban areas, a figure projected to increase to over 40% by 2030. Economic opportunities, better
infrastructure, and improved living standards are among the main factors driving this growth.

However, this rapid urban expansion comes with significant costs. As cities expand, they require
more land for housing, infrastructure, and industrial development. This has led to the encroachment
of natural ecosystems, particularly forests. According to the Forest Survey of India (2021), India has
lost around 1,582 square kilometers of dense forest over the past few years, primarily due to
urbanization, industrialization, and infrastructure projects.

Causes of Deforestation Linked to Urbanization:

1. Infrastructure Development: Urbanization necessitates the development of infrastructure such

as roads, railways, airports, and housing projects. This results in large-scale deforestation, as
forests are cleared to make way for expanding urban spaces. For example, the Char Dham
highway project in the Himalayas led to the felling of over 25,000 trees, disrupting the local
ecology.

2. Real Estate and Industrial Expansion: As urban populations grow, so does the demand for land
for residential, commercial, and industrial use. This has led to rampant deforestation,
particularly around major cities like Mumbai, Bengaluru, and Delhi. Forest lands are often
cleared for real estate development and to set up industrial hubs, further degrading natural
ecosystems.

3. Mining and Extraction: The demand for minerals and raw materials to fuel urban growth has
driven large-scale deforestation. Mining projects in states like Odisha, Jharkhand, and
Chhattisgarh have resulted in the loss of significant forest cover. In some cases, these projects
have displaced indigenous populations and destroyed wildlife habitats.

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4. Illegal Logging and Encroachments: Urbanization has also led to an increase in illegal logging and
land encroachments, particularly in peri-urban areas. Unregulated timber harvesting and
encroachments into forest lands by urban settlers seeking agricultural or residential plots further
accelerate deforestation.

Consequences of Deforestation in the Context of Urbanization:

1. Loss of Biodiversity: India is home to some of the world's most diverse ecosystems, but rapid
deforestation threatens the survival of many species. Forests serve as critical habitats for
wildlife, and their destruction puts many endangered species at risk. The IUCN Red List
highlights that India has lost a significant portion of its biodiversity due to habitat loss, much of
which is linked to urban expansion.

2. Climate Change and Carbon Emissions: Forests play a vital role in carbon sequestration, helping
to regulate the climate by absorbing carbon dioxide. Deforestation not only reduces the capacity
of these ecosystems to act as carbon sinks but also releases stored carbon, contributing to global
warming. Urban areas, with their high energy demands and carbon footprints, further
exacerbate the problem.

3. Water Cycle Disruptions: Forests are crucial for maintaining the water cycle by facilitating
groundwater recharge, preventing soil erosion, and regulating rainfall patterns. The loss of forest
cover can lead to increased flooding, reduced water availability, and worsened drought
conditions in nearby urban areas. This is evident in cities like Bengaluru, which have seen
increased flooding due to unchecked urban sprawl and deforestation.

4. Livelihood Losses for Indigenous Communities: Indigenous and tribal communities, who depend
on forests for their livelihoods, are often the most affected by deforestation. In states like
Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Jharkhand, forest-dwelling communities have been
displaced to accommodate urban projects, leading to social and economic marginalization.

5. Heat Island Effect: The expansion of urban areas often leads to the urban heat island effect,
where city temperatures are significantly higher than surrounding rural areas due to the
replacement of vegetation with concrete and asphalt. The lack of tree cover exacerbates this
phenomenon, making cities more susceptible to extreme heatwaves, a growing concern as
climate change intensifies.

Balancing Urbanization and Environmental Sustainability:

Addressing the deforestation challenge in the context of rapid urbanization requires a multi-faceted
approach that balances development with environmental conservation. Some strategies to achieve
this include:

1. Sustainable Urban Planning: Cities need to adopt sustainable urban planning models that
prioritize green spaces, forest conservation, and eco-friendly infrastructure. Initiatives like the
Smart Cities Mission can incorporate green building standards, renewable energy use, and
integrated water management to minimize environmental impact.

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2. Afforestation and Reforestation Initiatives: Reforestation and afforestation programs must be
scaled up to mitigate the effects of deforestation. The National Afforestation Programme (NAP)
aims to restore degraded forests, and the Green India Mission under the National Action Plan
on Climate Change (NAPCC) seeks to enhance forest cover and improve ecosystem services.

3. Conservation of Urban Forests: Urban forests play a crucial role in maintaining environmental
balance within cities. The Miyawaki method of urban afforestation, which involves planting
dense, native forests in urban areas, has been successfully implemented in cities like Bengaluru
and Chennai. Protecting and expanding urban forests should be a priority for policymakers.

4. Legal Protections for Forests: Strengthening the enforcement of environmental regulations like
the Forest Conservation Act (1980) and Wildlife Protection Act (1972) is essential to prevent
unchecked deforestation. Regular monitoring and evaluation of projects that require forest land
must be carried out to ensure compliance with environmental laws.

5. Community Involvement and Indigenous Rights: Involving local communities and indigenous
people in forest conservation efforts is crucial. Programs like Joint Forest Management (JFM)
and Van Panchayats in Uttarakhand have demonstrated the potential of community-led
conservation. Ensuring that these communities have a stake in forest governance can lead to
more sustainable outcomes.

6. Green Infrastructure and Public Spaces: Urban areas need to prioritize the development of
green infrastructure—such as parks, urban forests, and wetlands—to maintain ecological
balance. Promoting sustainable transportation systems like electric vehicles and public
transport can also reduce the environmental footprint of cities.

Conclusion:

India stands at a critical juncture in its development journey, where urbanization is inevitable, but
so are its environmental consequences. The delicate balance between urban growth and forest
conservation must be carefully maintained to ensure a sustainable future for the country. While
urbanization is essential for economic progress, unchecked deforestation threatens the very
ecosystems that sustain life.

By adopting sustainable development practices, integrating green infrastructure into urban

planning, and strengthening forest conservation efforts, India can create a model of urbanization
that supports both economic growth and environmental sustainability. The need of the hour is to
view forests not as obstacles to development but as essential assets that contribute to the well-
being of urban and rural populations alike.

Topic 10: Malnourishment in India

Approach:

WHO has defined malnutrition as deficiencies, excesses, or imbalances in a person’s intake of

energy and/or nutrients. The term malnutrition addresses 3 broad groups of conditions:

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 1. Undernutrition, which includes wasting (low weight-for-height), stunting (low height-for-age)
and underweight (low weight-for-age);
2. Micronutrient-related malnutrition, which includes micronutrient deficiencies (a lack of
important vitamins and minerals) or micronutrient excess; and
3. Overweight, obese, and diet-related noncommunicable diseases (such as heart disease,
stroke, diabetes, and some cancers).

According to the data by NFHS – 5, Meghalaya has the highest number of stunted children (46.5%),
followed by Bihar (42.9%). Maharashtra has 25.6% wasted children (weight for height) — the
highest — followed by Gujarat (25.1%). Jharkhand has the highest percentage of women (26%),
between 15 and 49 years, who have a below-normal Body Mass Index (BMI).

It is therefore imperative to investigate the reasons for malnourishment in India.

Reasons for malnutrition in India:

1. Poverty and inequality:

❖ It is the main reason behind the lack of adequate nutritional food which results in
malnutrition.
❖ For example, girl children are more likely to be malnourished than boys. Similarly, the low-
caste children are more likely to be malnourished than upper-caste children.
2. Sanitation:
❖ Most children in rural areas and urban slums still lack sanitation. This makes them vulnerable
to the kinds of chronic intestinal diseases that prevent bodies from making good use of
nutrients in food, and they become malnourished.
❖ Lack of sanitation and clean drinking water are the reasons high levels of malnutrition
persists in India despite improvement in food availability.
3. Lack of diversified food:
❖ With the increase in diversity in food intake malnutrition (stunted/underweight) status
declines.
❖ Only 12% of children are likely to be stunted and underweight in areas where diversity in
food intake is high, while around 50% children are stunted if they consume less thanthree
food items.
4. Issues related to food security:
❖ The dismal health of Indian women and children is primarily due to lack of food security.
Nearly one-third of adults in the country have a Body Mass Index (BMI) below normal just
because they do not have enough food to eat.
5. Failure of government approaches:
❖ Although India already has following two robust national programmes addressing
malnutrition, but these are yet to reach enough people:
I. Integrated Child Development Service (ICDS) and
II. The National Health Mission

Steps taken to mitigate malnutrition:

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1. ICDS scheme:
❖ It focuses on improving the nutritional and health status of children in the age group 0-6
years. It involves:
✓ Supplementary nutrition (SNP),
✓ Immunization,
✓ Health check-up,
✓ Referral services,
✓ Pre-school non-formal education
2. Mid-day meal:
❖ It focuses on improving the nutritional status of children.
3. Poshan Abhiyan:
❖ POSHAN Abhiyaan was initiated by the Government of India in 2017 with an aim to reduce
the level of stunting in children (0-6 years), under-nutrition (underweight prevalence) in
children (0-6 years) and Low Birth Weight at 2% per annum and reduce anemia among young
children (6-59 months), women and adolescent girls at 3% per annum across the country.
❖ It ensures convergence with various programmes, organizing Community-Based Events;
incentivizing States/UTs for achieving goals.
❖ Included pulses in the PDS and mid-day meals for dealing with protein hunger and to reduce
micronutrient malnutrition.

What more needs to be done?

Programs should be monitored and evaluated, and both systemic and local issues should be
addressed. A new or existing committee or the pertinent standing committees convene to discuss
sensible policy choices, keep an eye on the execution of plans, and assess the nutritional status of
States.

The nation should take innovative and practical measures to combat hunger and the rising anemia
burden. This is essential to turning an aspirational India free of anemia and malnutrition become a
reality. Everyone has a stake in the effort to eradicate anemia and hunger. It is to be noted that “We
should not become part of a tragedy that is preventable.”

27 | P a g e W W W . E D U T A P . C O . I N QUERY? [email protected]/ 8146207241