Networking concepts

Networking
Network Domain:
• A network domain is a collection of interconnected devices, such as computers,
printers, and servers, as well as network objects, such as users, groups, and
systems.
• Resources/Devices in a domain share common policies, security settings, and
administrative control.

Domain Controller:
A domain controller is a domain member server with specific roles that manages
logins, user and device authentication, access, and network security for a domain.
The domain controller is like a referee, enforcing the rules for how items in the
network connect and share information.
 Network Domain

192.168.0.101
Private IP 192.168.0.131
Internet Private IP
Service 82.19.264.01
Provider Public IP

Router 192.168.0.01
Private IP
192.168.0.10
Private IP

Network: A network is a system of interconnected devices, like

computers or phones, that can communicate and share resources
with each other.
IP Address: An IP address is a unique identifier assigned to a device
or domain that connects to the Internet. Each IP address is a series of
characters, such as '192.168.1.1’.

DNS: Domain Name System (DNS) is the phonebook of the Internet.

Humans access information online through domain names, like
nytimes.com or espn.com. Web browsers interact through Internet
Protocol (IP) addresses. DNS translates domain names to IP
addresses so that browsers can load Internet resources.
DNS Resolver Abc.net -- 82.18.290.10
xyz.org -- 82.18.290.10
Gmail.com
Gmail.com -- 82.18.290.10
pqr.com -- 82.18.290.10
prp.com -- 82.18.290.10
 Network Packet: In networking, a packet is a small segment of a larger
message. Data sent over computer networks, such as the Internet, is
divided into packets. These packets are then recombined by the
computer or device that receives them.

Internet Protocol (IP):The Internet Protocol is a protocol, or set of

rules, for routing and addressing packets of data so that they can travel
across networks and arrive at the correct destination(IP).
Receiver
Sender Data Packet
From: 192.16.00.12

To: 192.16.10.88

192.16.00.12 192.16.10.88
 Router: IP information is attached to each packet, and this information
helps routers to send packets to the right place (IP).

TCP: TCP:Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a communication

standard, defines how to establish and maintain a network connection
through which data is then exchanged. It also determines how to break
the application data into packets that networks can transfer and
ensures end-to-end data delivery.
Receiver A

Sender 1
TCP 192.16.10.88
TCP
3 2
Receiver B
3 2
Router 1
192.16.00.12

192.16.10.88
 TCP/IP Protocol

Application Layer - HTTP Application Layer - HTTP

Transport Layer - TCP Transport Layer - TCP

Network Layer - IP Network Layer - IP

Physical Layer - HTTP Physical Layer - HTTP

Ethernet
Application layer includes applications or processes that use transport layer protocols
to deliver the data to destination computers. It uses HTTP, FTP, SMTP...etc.

Transport layer includes applications or processes that use transport layer protocols to
deliver the data to destination computers. It uses TCP, UDP.
 HTTP vs HTTPS
HTTP:
• An application layer protocol designed to transfer
information between networked devices.

• HTTP enables you to receive data, including text, images,

videos, stylesheets, scripts, and more.

HTTPS:
• Hypertext transfer protocol secure (HTTPS) is the secure
version of HTTP.

• HTTPS is encrypted in order to increase security of data

transfer.

• Any websites which require login(Username/Password)

should use HTTPS.
 HTTP vs HTTPS data transfer Protocol

HTTP vs HTTPS URLs:

URLs with HTTP: http://

URLs with HTTPS: https://

Data sent over HTTP is plain text

Username: User1 Password:Abc*76

Data sent over HTTPS is encrypted

Username:ExMiEgNveyfkflYjD6AfSHlNt
Password:EwIXc1gU5X73xMsJorwOyrCs
Secured with TLS/SSL
 How does HTTPS Work

HTTPS uses an encryption protocol to encrypt communications. The

protocol is called Transport Layer Security (TLS), although formerly it was
known as Secure Sockets Layer (SSL).

Before Encryption:
This data is being sent over HTTP.

After Encryption:
ITM0IRyiEhVpa6VnKyExMiEgNveroyWBPlgGyfkflYjDaaFf/Kn3bo3OfghBP
DWo6AfSHlNtL8N7ITEwIXc1gU5X73xMsJormzzXlwOyrCs+9XCPk63Y+z0=
 HTTP Request
HTTP request is a message sent by a client (usually a web browser) to a
web server to request a resource, typically a web page, image, or data.

HTTP Methods: HTTP method indicates the action that the HTTP request
expects from the server.
GET: Get Request expects information back in return (usually in the form
of a website)
Post: Post Request indicates that the client is submitting information to
the web server (such as form information, e.g. a submitted username
and password).
 HTTP Response
HTTP response is what web clients (often browsers) receive
from an Internet server in answer to an HTTP request.
 HTTP Status codes
Status Code Example Description
HTTP status codes are 3-digit codes most often used to indicate whether an HTTP
1xx: request
Information 100 Continue
has been successfully completed. The server has received the
request headers. Client should
1xx: Information proceed to send the request body
2xx: Successful 200 OK The request is OK (this is the
standard response for successful
HTTP requests)
3xx: Redirection 300 Multiple Choices A link list. The user can select a
link and go to that location.
Maximum five addresses.
4xx: Client Error 400 Bad Request The request cannot be fulfilled
due to bad syntax
5xx: Server Error 500 Internal Server Error A generic error message, given
when no more specific message
is suitable.
 Aassignment

Research on networking concepts and try to understand well.