Group 4: LINEAR MAPPING/TRANSFORMATIONS
Linear mapping is a mathematical operation that transforms a set of input values into a set
of output values using a linear function. In machine learning, linear mapping is often used as
a preprocessing step to transform the input data into a more suitable format for analysis.
Linear mapping can also be used as a model in itself, such as in linear regression or linear
classifiers.
The linear mapping function can be represented as follows:
y = Wx + b
where x is the input vector, W is the weight matrix, b is the bias vector, and y is the output
vector. The weight matrix and bias vector are learned during the training process.
Let V and W be vector spaces over a field K. A function f: V → W is called a linear map if, for
any vectors u, v ∈ V and a scalar c ∈ K, the following conditions hold:
• If the transformation is additive in nature: f (u + v) = f(u) + f(v)
• If they are multiplicative in nature in terms of a scalar f(cu)=c⋅ f(u)
Zero/Identity Transformation
A linear transformation T: V→V from a vector space into itself is called a Linear operator:
• Zero-Transformation: For a transformation T: V→W is called zero-transformation if:
T (𝑣)=0∀ V
• Identity-Transformation: For a transformation T: V→V is called identity-
transformation if:
T (𝑣)=𝑣∀ V
Properties of Linear Transformation
Let T: V→W be the linear transformation where 𝑢, 𝑣 ∈ 𝑉 Then, the following properties are
true:
Linear Transformation of Matrix
ⁿ → 𝑚
Let T be a mxn matrix, the transformation 𝑇：Ｒ Ｒ is a linear transformation if:
T (𝑣)=A (𝑣)
Zero and Identity Matrix operations
• A matrix mxn matrix is a zero matrix, corresponding to zero transformation
ⁿ → 𝑚
from Ｒ Ｒ
• A matrix nxn matrix is Identity matrix In, corresponds to zero transformation
ⁿ → 𝑚
from Ｒ Ｒ
• An m x n matrix has m rows and n columns. The individual numbers are called
elements of the matrix. Elements are denoted by two subscripts, the first denoting
the row, the second the column.
Example
２ → ３
Let’s consider the linear transformation from Ｒ Ｒ such that:
Now, we will be verifying that it is a linear transformation. For that we need to check for the
above two conditions for the Linear mapping, first, we will be checking the constant
multiplicative conditions:
and the following transformation:
It proves that the above transformation is Linear transformation.
Examples of not linear transformation include trigonometric transformation, polynomial
transformations.
Kernel/ Range Space
Let T: V→W is a linear transformation then ∀𝑣 ∈ 𝑉 such that:
T⋅ 𝑣 = 0
is the kernel space of T. It is also known as the null space of T.
• The kernel space of zero transformation for T: V→W is W.
• The kernel space of identity transformation for T: V→W is {0}.
The dimensions of the kernel space are known as nullity or null(T).
Range Space: Let T: V→W is a linear transformation then ∀𝑣 ∈ 𝑉 such that:
T⋅ 𝑣 = 𝑣
is the range space of T. Range space is always a non-empty set for a linear transformation on
a matrix because: T⋅0=0
The dimensions of the range space are known as rank (T). The sum of rank and nullity is the
dimension of the domain:
null(T) +rank(T) =dim(V) =n
Linear Transformation as Rotation
Some of the transformation operators when applied to some vector give the output of
vector with rotation with angle \theta of the original vector.
２ → ２ cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃
The linear transformation T：Ｒ Ｒ given by matrix: A= [ ]has
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
the property that it rotates every vector in anti-clockwise about the origin wrt angle \theta:
which is similar to rotating the original vector by θ
Linear Transformation as Projection
3 → 2
A linear transformation T：Ｒ Ｒ is given by:
1 0 0
T= [0 1 0]
0 0 0
If a vector is given by v = (x, y, z). Then, T⋅𝑣 (𝑥, 𝑦, 0). That is the orthogonal
projection of the original vector.
Differentiation as Linear Transformation
Let T: P(F)→P(F) P(F)→P(F) be the differentiation transformation such
that: T⋅p(z)=p‘(z). Then for two polynomials p(z), q(z)ϵP(F) , we have:
T(p(z)+q(z))=(p(z)+q(z))‘
=p‘(z)+q‘(z)
=T(p(z))+T(q(z))
Similarly, for the scalar 𝑎 ∈ 𝐹 we have:
T(a⋅p(z))=(a⋅p(z))‘=ap‘(z)=aT(p(z))
The above equation proved that differentiation is a linear transformation.
ASSESSMENT:
Instructions:
This quiz bee consists of three rounds: Easy, Moderate, and Difficult.
Each question will be presented in either a multiple-choice or true/false format. For multiple-
choice questions, select the best answer from the options provided. For true/false questions,
indicate whether the statement is correct or incorrect. Each correct answer in the Easy round
will be awarded 1 point. Each correct answer in the Moderate round will be awarded 2 points.
Each correct answer in the Difficult round will be awarded 3 points. Teams or individuals will
take turns answering questions as per the quiz master's instructions. The first team/individual
to provide the correct answer within the allotted time will receive the points. Incorrect
answers may or may not incur point deductions, as decided by the quiz master before the
commencement of the quiz. The team or individual with the highest total score at the end of
all rounds will be declared the winner. All decisions made by the quiz master are final.
Collaborate within your team (if applicable) but ensure that the final answer submitted is clear.
Pay close attention to the wording of each question before providing your answer.
Easy Round (1 point each)
1. What is the primary function of linear mapping/transformation?
a) To convert data into a more complex format
b) To transform a set of input values into a set of output values using a linear function
c) To analyze non-linear data sets
d) To create random data points
2. In the equation y = Wx + b, what does 'W' represent?
a) Input vector
b) Output vector
c) Weight matrix
d) Bias vector
3. Which of the following is a condition for a function f to be a linear map?
a) f (u + v) = f(u) - f(v)
b) f(cu) = c + f(u)
c) f (u + v) = f(u) + f(v)
d) f(cu) = f(u) - c
4. A Zero-Transformation always results in an output of zero.
5. An Identity-Transformation changes the vector to its negative.
Moderate Round (2 points each)
1. If T(v) = A(v), then T is a:
a) Non-linear transformation
b) Linear transformation
c) Quadratic transformation
d) Exponential transformation
2. Linear mapping is sometimes used as a preprocessing step in machine learning.
3. Differentiation is a linear transformation
Difficult Round (3 points each)
1 Linear mapping can be used as a model itself.
2. Which of the following equations is a property of linear transformations?
a) T(-v) = T(v)
b) b) T(-v) = -T(-v)
c) c) T(-v) = -T(v)
d) d) T(-v) = v
3. The transformation T(p(z)) = p'(z) is a linear transformation.
4. To prove that a transformation is linear, you must show it satisfies:
a) Additivity only
b) Scalar multiplication only
c) Both additivity and scalar multiplication
d) Neither additivity nor scalar multiplication
SOURCE : GeeksforGeeks. (2025, March 2). Linear mapping. Retrieved May 14, 2025, from
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/linear-mapping/
