CHOPPERS

1. In de choppers, if Ton is the on-period and fis the chopping frequency, then output
voltage in terms of input voltage Vs is given by
(a) V, Ton/f (6) V f/Tan c) V,/f: Ton d V,fTn

.
2. In dc choppers, the waveforms for input and output voltages are respectively
(a) discontinuous, continuous (6) both continuous
(c) both discontinuous ) continuous, discontinuous.
A chopper can be used on only (6) frequency modulation only
a) pulse-width modulation
(c) amplitude modulation only d both PWM and FM
output voltage in a chopper,
4. In PWM method of controlling the average
1. on-time Ton is varied and chopping frequency fis kept constant
2. Ton is kept constant and fis varied
3. both Ton and off-time Toff are varied and fis kept constant
4. Tofr is varied and T is kept constanR3t ritsos da
are
ete3 hat sesta1
From above, the correct statements (c)
b) 1,3, 4 2, 3, 4 (d) 3, 4 0
(a) 1,3
742 Power Electronlew

. ees

In PM method of controlling the avorago output. voltage in a chopper,

1. on-time 7on is kopt constant and chopping period T ia varied
2. turn-off time Toff is kept constant and 7 is varied
3. Ton is kept constant and Toff is varied
4. Toff is kept constant and Ton is variod

. From these the correct statoemonts ar

(a) 1,3, 4 (6) 2, 3, 4 () 1,2,3, 4 (d) 1,2,3
A step-down chopper is operated in the continuous conduetion mode in atondy atato
with a constant duty ratio D. If Vo is the magnitudo of tho de output. voltago and ir
Vsis the magnitude of the de input voltago, the ratio Vo/V» is givon by
a) D (6) 1-D d)
-D (GATE, 2002)
7. A step-down chopper is operated in the discontinuous conduetion modo in stoady
state with a constant duty ratio a. If tr = extinction time, Vs = dc sourco voltago, T
chopping period and E = constant de load voltago, thon the magnitudo of tho
average output voltage is given by
(a)
av,-1-E 6 av,+ 1-

o)av,+1+E d) av,+
8. For type-A chopper, Vs is the source voltago, R is the load rosistance and a is tho
duty cycle. The average output voltage and current for this choppor are rospoctively
Ka) aV, a
(V,/R) (6 (1-a) V,. (1 - a) V,/R
(c) V,/a, V/aR (d) V,/(1- a), V,/(1 - a)R.
9. A chopper has V, as the source voltage, R as the load resistance and a as the duty
cycle. For this chopper, rms value of output voltage is
(a) aV, b) va V, () VNa d)vi-aV
10. For a chopper, Vs is the source voltage, R is the load resistance and a is the duty
cycle. Rms and average values of thyristor currents for this chopper are
a a
a)
Sc) Va ld) Vi-a1-)V/R.
.In (a) dc choppers, per unit ripple is maximum when duty cycle a is
0.2 6) 0.5
(c) 0.7 (d) 0.9.
12. In the circuit shown in Fig. C. 41, L=5 uH and
C 20 F. C is initially charged to 200 V. After the
switch Sis closed at t= 0, the maximum value of
current and the time at which it reaches this value
are, respectively,
Sa) 400 A, 15.707 us (6) 50 A, 30 us Fig. C.41
(c) 100 A, 62.828 ua (d) 400 A, 31.414 us.
 Appendix 743

19. A voltage
commutated chopper has the following parameters 3
toV200 V, Load circuit parameter: 10, 2 mH, 50 V92 i1t1
Commutation circuit parameters, L 25 uH,
Ton 500 jus, T=2000 C=50 p
us
For a constant load current of 10 A, the effective on period and peak current tnroug
aEthe main thyristor are respectively
(a) 1000 us, 200 A (6} 700 Hs, 382.8AT 9 t 9r(13)
(c) 700 us, 282.8 A (d) 1000 us,.382.8 A.
. ana
man
14. For the voltage-commutáted chopper of Prob. 13, the turn-off times 1or main
auxiliary thyristors are, respectively, nar eri 70
(a) 120 us, 60 us (6) 100 s, 0.5 us 7diA 77 nteinyrir
(c) 120 u, 55 us d) 100 us, 55.54 us.
15. In the current-commutated chopper shown
in Fig. C. 42, thyristor T1 is conducting a D1

load current Io. When thyristor TA is turned

on, with capacitor polarity as shown, the lo
ot g
capacitor current ic would flow through. T1 D2
(a) diode D1 because it provides an easy
path. TA
con
(b) thyristor T1 because it is already Vs
ducting
Ti is
(c) diode D1 because thyristor L
unidirectional device and therefore cur
to anode
rentie cannot flow from cathode
D1 is reverse
o sFig. C.42
(d)SCR T1 because diodeacross T1.
biased by voltage drop eio g05
3 1 source, has a constant load current
commutated chopper, fed from 200 V dc frequency of 2 kHz, the value of
sd 16. Aof load
50 A. For a duty
cycle of 0.4 and a chopping
thyristor pair are respectively
the turn-oft time for one

6a)
commutating capacitor
25 F, 100 is
(c) 25 uF, 25 ps
and
(d) 50 ,
(b) 50 uF, 50 us
25 us.
through a chopper. The
charged from a constant dc source of 200 V battery has
17. A dc battery is
charged from its internal emf of 90 to 120 V. The
dc battery is to be 1 Q. For constant charging current of 10 A, the range of duty
internal resistance of
cycle is (c) 0.4 to 0.55 (d) 0.5 to 0.6
(6)0.5 to 0.65
(a) 0.45 to 0.6 10 and a are respectively the
dc source voltage, load
Vs, R,
18. For type-A chopper; chopper, average and rms
onstant load current and duty cycle. For this
diode currents are
values of freewheeling 6r(1-a)o, V1-a 1
(a) aIo, 10Va d) (l-a) o, Va lo
(c) a V/R, Va V/R source voleage and a as the duty cycle. The outnnt
Vs as the
has
19. A step-up chopper is given by
this chopper
voltagefor (c) V, (1-o) (d) V(1+0).
(a) V, (1+o) (6V1-)
744 Power Electronics

20. A de chopper is fed from 100 V dc. Its load voltage consists rectangular pulses of
of

duration 1 msec in an overall cycle time of 3 msec. The average output voltage and
ripple factor for this chopper are respectively
(a) 25 V, 1 (b) 50 V, 1
1cii.c) 33.33 V, 2 (d) 33.33 V,1
21. When a series LC circuit is connected to a de supply of V volts through
a thyristor,
then the peak current through thyristor is
(a) V. VLC 6) VNCL
(c V VC/L (d) V. NL/C
22. For the arrangement shown in Fig. C. 43, the circuit is initially in steady state with
thyristor T off. After thyristor T is turned on, the peak thyristor current would be

C100 HF

200V 0.01H
R-100 n

Fig. C.43
(a) 2A S6) 22 A d shnib (oj
(c) 40 A (d) 42 A
23. In type-A chopper, source voltage is 100 V de, on-period = 100 us, off-period
= 150 Hs and load RLE consists of R = 22, L = 5 mH, E = 10 V, For continuous
conduction, average output voltage and average output current for this chopper are
R
respectively:
(a) 40 V, 15 A (b) 66-66Y 28.33 A
0 7
(c) 60 V, 25 A (d) 40 V, 20 A.
24. Refer to the circuit in Fig. C. 44. The maximum current in the main SCR M can be
(a) 200 A 4 (6 170.7 A
(c) 141.4A (d) 70:7A

16pF

660 70-7A 97
200V 64uH

Fig. C44
 Appendix 3i
745
25. Refer to the cireuit in Fig.
tensure C. 44. The maximum
its proper commutation, turn-off time of the mal
(a) 2t in us, is
(c) 6t (b) 4r
(dy 8rt
26. Match List I with List II
and give the correct
anawer by using the codes given berow
ListI
Chopper configurations List I
Output Voltage Waveforms

A. Voltage-commutated chopper
1.
T

Vs
B. Load-commutated chopper 2.

Vo

a G..Current-commutated chopper 3.
O0

2Ns
t0 D. Ideal dc chopper

Codes
A B C D A B C D
Sa) 2 4 1 (6) 2 3

(c)4 2 3 (d) 2 1 4 3 &

41. Match List I with List II and give the correct answer by using the codes given
below
the lists.
746
Power Electronics

List I List I1
(1ypes of choppers) (Circuit Configurations)

gt
A. Type-A chopper 1. Vs

B. Type-B chopper LO AD
+Vo

C. Type-C chopper 3. Ns

D. Type-D chopper

Codes
A B C D B C D
(a) 3 (6) 3 2
1 2
(c) 1 3 2 4 d 3 2
V.
28. A step-up chopper is fed from a 220 V dc source to deliver a load voltage of 660
If the non-conduction time of the thyristor is 100 us, the required pulse width would
be
(a) 100 s 6) 200 us
(c) 220 us (d) 660 us
29. A chopper, where voltage as well as current remain negative, is known as
(a) type-AA b) type-B
(c) type-C (d) type-DP
30. A chopper, in which current remains positive but voltage may be positive or negative,
is known as
(a) type-A (6) type-B
(c) type-C )type-D
following
81. The freewheeling diode is subjected to double the source voltage in the
chopper configurations
1. Voltage commutated chopper
2. Current commutated chopper
 747
Appendix

3. Load commutated chopper

4. Jone's chopper
From these, the correct statements are
a) 1,3, 4 (6) 1, 2,3 (c) 1, 2,4 (d) 2, 3, 4

,
32. The effective on period in a voltage commutated chopper
(a) increases with load current as well as with the
commutating capacitance
(6) decreases with 7, as well as C
cdecreases with 7, but increases with C
(d) increases with I, but decreases with C
Vs and feeds a dc motor
33. A step-down chopper operates from a dc voltage source
that the current
armature with a back emf E%. From oscilloscope traces, it is found
zero for time to, 1n every
increases for time tr, falls to zero over time tf and remains
freewheeling diode is
chopping cycle. Than the average dc voltage across the
(a) V,.t/t, +ty+t)
.
(6) (V,.t+ Ep t/(t, +t+ t)
Ae) (V, .t,+ E. t/¢, + t,+ t)
[GATE, 2000]
(d) [V,.t,+ B, (t+ t,1/t,+t+1)
34. Fig. C. 45 shows a step-down chopper switched
at 1 kHz with a duty ratio D = 0.5. The peak-
peak ripple in the load current is close to 200 mH
(a) 10 A (b) 0.5 A
c) 0.125A (d) 0.25 A
GATE, 2005] 100V

35. A dc chopper is fed from constant voltage

mains. The duty ratio a of the chopper is
progressively increased while the chopper
feeds RL load. The per unit current ripple Fig. C.45
Would
(a) increase progressively
(6) decrease progressively
c) decrease to a minimum value at a = 0.5 and then increase
d) increase to a maximum value at a= 0.5 and then decrease
36. In a two-quadrant dc to dc chopper, the load voltage is varied from positive maximum
to negative maximum by varying the time-ratio of the chopper from
(a) zero to unity tb) únity to zero
c) zero to 0.5 (d) 0.5 to zero
37. A chopper circuit is operating on TRC principle at a frequency of 2 kHz on a 220 V
dc supply. If the load voltage is 170 V, then the conduction period of thyristor in
each cycle is
(a) 3.86 ms 29(6) 7.72 ms
(c) 0.772 ms d0.386 ms
a
38. A chopper is employed to charge battery as shown in Fig. C. 46. The charging
current is 5 A. The duty ratio 1s 0.2. The chopper outut voltage is also
shown in Fie.
C. 46. The peak to peak ripple current in the charging current is
 748 Power Electronics

dc
60V
5A L20mH

Chopper Vdc
12V
au 200 us
fer
1 ms
$31O
Fig. C.46
(a) 0.48A (6) 1.2 A
(c) 2.4 A d) 1A
s

[GATE, 2003]
39. Fig. C. 47 shows a chopper operating
from a 100 V dc input. The duty ratio of
the main switch S is 0.8. The load is
sufficiently inductive so that load cur-
rent is ripple free. The average current
100 V D
through the diode D under steady state

(a) 1.6A (6) 6.4 A

(c) 8.0 A (d) 10.0 A ss
Fig. C.47
[GATE, 2005]

40. Fig. C. 48shows a chòpperThe t EEA3E

7 RE YSERoda ot
device S1 is the main switching
device. S2 is the auxiliary com-
mutation device. S1 is rated for
400 V, 60 A. S2 is rated for 400 V, S2 20A
2 HF
30 A. The load current is 20 A. The
main device operates with a duty 200V 200 uH
ratio of 0.5. The peak current
through S1 is1090
ateizst (a) 10 A Tt (6) 20 Av
(c) 30 eqeozio (dý 40 A
A
IGATE, 2004] Fig. C.48

Forrippleeliminating fifth harmonic from the output voltage wave of a dc chopper, the
factor should be
S 4 (a) 1 6 2 9 (c) 3 eio S(d) 4
In a chopper, for eliminating third harmonic from the output voltage wav, the duty
2. cycle should be equal to
(a) 1/5 1/4 1E
6) c1/3
48. A chopper circuit, feed from an input voltage of 20 V dc, delivers a load power o
(d) 1/2

watts. For a chopper efficiency of 0.8, the input current is

(a) 0.64 A (b) 0.8 A (d) 1.25 A
(c1A
Appendix
749
44. Type-A chopper, fed from
200 V dc, is connected to load R = 52. This chopper operates
with on and off periods of 2 ms and 3 ms respectively.
and ripple factor are The peak value of load current
(a) 16 A, 1.225 (6) 25.3 A, 1.225 (c) 24 A, 0.8165 ( 40 A, 1.225

ANSWERS
1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4.(6) 5.-(c) 6. (a)
7. (6) 8. (a) 9. (6) 10. (c) 11. (6) 12. (a)
13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (d) 16. (a) ta tos 17. (b) 012ti 18. (b)
19. (6) 20. (c) 21. (c) 22. (6) 23. (a) 24. (6)
25. (d) 26. (a) 27. (d) 28. (6) E29. (6)* 30. (d)
31. (a) 32. (c) 33. (c) 34. (c) 35. (d) 36. (b)
37. (d) 38. (a) 39. (a)es40. (d) 41. 6) 42. (c)
43. (c) 44. (d)