VARIETIES OF

ENGLISHES
COM101: Purposive Communication - Week 4 and 5
Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):
At the end of the lesson, the students
are expected to:
• Distinguish the similarities and
differences between World
Englishes and Philippine English.
WORLD ENGLISHES
Language is dynamic since it is constantly
evolving and changing over time due to
technological advancements, cultural
changes, and social influences. New words,
expressions, and meanings are created and
old ones become obsolete.
English remains to be the universal
language, but its variety is not
restricted to two types anymore
(American English and British
English) because of glocalization.
 What is Language Variety?
• It is a distinguishable variant of a language.
• This refers to the diverse ways in which a
language is used, ranging from differences in
pronunciation and grammar to variations in
vocabulary and discourse style. These variations
can be influenced by factors such as geography,
ethnicity, social class, education, and gender.
 Several Varieties of Language
PIDGIN
• A language that emerges when two or more groups
of people who do not share a common language
come into contact with each other and need to
communicate
• Has a simplified grammar, limited vocabulary, and
often have a distinctive syntax
 Several Varieties of Language
CREOLE
• When pidgin becomes the first language and the mother
tongue of the community
• A distinctive language, which has taken most of its
vocabulary from another language (lexifier), but has its
own grammatical rules
• Has a more complex grammar and vocabulary than the
pidgin language
 Several Varieties of Language
REGIONAL DIALECT
• The language spoken in a particular area of the country
• Can manifest in pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar,
and syntax
• For example, the Batangas dialect of Tagalog is
characterized by the use of the word “kupit” instead of
“magnakaw” to mean “to steal.”
 Several Varieties of Language
MINORITY DIALECT
• The variety of language spoken by a particular minority ethnic
group which they use as a marker of identity, usually
alongside a standard variety
• Bicolano is one of the major languages in the Philippines, it
has several minority dialects that are spoken by smaller
indigenous groups within the region. For example, the
Rinconada Bicolano dialect is spoken by the Rinconada people
in the Bicol Region of Luzon.
 Several Varieties of Language
INDIGENIZED VARIETIES
• The languages spoken mainly as second languages
in ex-colonies with multilingual populations
• Characterized by a blending of the indigenous
language with the dominant language, resulting in a
unique linguistic form that reflects the influence of
both languages.
 Several Varieties of Language
INDIGENIZED VARIETIES
BISLISH: It is a blend of Cebuano (Bisaya) and
English. It is spoken in areas where Cebuano is the
dominant language, particularly in the Visayas and
Mindanao regions. Similar to Taglish, Bislish involves
the mixing of Cebuano and English vocabulary,
grammar, and pronunciation.
 Concept of World Englishes
• These refer to different forms and varieties of English
used in various sociolinguistic contexts in different
parts of the world.
• The plural ‘Englishes’ emphasizes that the language
belongs to those who use it as their mother tongue
or as an additional language, whether in its
standard form or in its localized variation.
 History of the English Language
During 449 BCE, the Germanic tribes – Saxons,
English belongs to the
Angles, Jutes, and Frisians – began the
Germanic family of languages. Germanic Conquest of England.

The creation of Early The influence of The birth of Old English

Modern English with the French to the English from the Anglo-Saxon
onset of Age of Discovery language civilization

The British empire’s gift

The emergence of
to the globe is the
English language. world Englishes
Kachru’s Concentric Circles of English

These circles signify “the type

of spread, the pattern of
acquisition, and the functional
domains in which English
language is used across
cultures and languages”
(Kachru, 1985, p.12).
 Kachru’s Concentric Circles of English
The Inner Circle • English as a native language (ENL)
• First language among the people
The Outer Circle • English as a second language (ESL)
• Former colonies
The Expanding Circle • English as a foreign language (EFL)
• The purpose for learning the English
language is for communicating with the
Inner and Outer Circle
 INNER CIRCLE
English is the native language and holds a
central role in all aspects of society.

English is the primary language of government,

education, media, and everyday communication.
 OUTER CIRCLE
English is not the native language but is used
as a significant second language. It plays a
crucial role in various aspects of public life.

English is typically employed as a

medium of instruction in education.
 EXPANDING CIRCLE
English is learned and used as a foreign
language. English may not have official
status in these areas, but it is taught in
schools and used for specific purposes,
such as business, tourism, or academia.
 EXPANDING CIRCLE
Example countries: China, Japan, Russia, and
many countries in Europe and Latin America.

English is considered a valuable skill,

but it may not be as deeply
embedded in the culture.
 American English vs. British English
GRAMMAR: Use of Present Perfect Tense
AMERICAN ENGLISH (AM E) BRITISH ENGLISH (BR E)
1. I lost my key. Can you help me 1. I have lost my key. Can you help
look for it? me look for it?
2. Did you finish your homework? 2. Have you finished your homework
3. I already saw that film. yet?
3. I have already seen that film.
 American English vs. British English
GRAMMAR: Use of ‘Have’ and ‘Have Got’
AMERICAN ENGLISH (AM E) BRITISH ENGLISH (BR E)
1. Do you have a car? 1. Have you got a car?
2. He hasn't got any friends. 2. He doesn't have any friends.
3. She has a beautiful new home. 3. She’s got a beautiful new home.
 American English vs. British English
GRAMMAR: Use of Prepositions
AMERICAN ENGLISH (AM E) BRITISH ENGLISH (BR E)
1. on the weekend 1. at the weekend
2. on a team 2. in a team
3. please write me soon 3. please write to me soon
 American English vs. British English
GRAMMAR: Simple Past and Past Participle
AMERICAN ENGLISH (AM E) BRITISH ENGLISH (BR E)
1. Burned 1. Burnt
2. Dreamed 2. Dreamt
3. Leaned 3. Leant
4. Learned 4. Learnt
5. Smelled 5. Smelt
6. Spelled 6. Spelt
7. Spilled 7. Spilt
8. Spoiled 8. Spoilt
 American English vs. British English
VOCABULARY
AMERICAN ENGLISH (AM E) BRITISH ENGLISH (BR E)
1. Elevator 1. Lift
2. Apartment 2. Flat
3. Eggplant 3. Aubergine
4. Hood and trunk (of a car) 4. Bonnet and boot (of a car)
5. Drugstore 5. Chemist
6. Garbage can 6. Dust bin
7. Parking lot 7. Car park
 American English vs. British English
SPELLING
AMERICAN ENGLISH (AM E) BRITISH ENGLISH (BR E)
1. center, liter, theater/theatre 1. centre, litre, theatre
2. color, humor, neighbor 2. colour, humour, neighbour
3. apologize, organize, recognize 3. apologise, organize, recognize
4. traveled, traveling, traveler 4. travelled, travelling, traveller
5. leukemia, maneuver, estrogen, 5. leukaemia, manoeuver, oestrogen,
pediatric paediatric
6. analog or analogue, catalog or 6. analogue, catalogue, dialogue
catalogue, dialog or dialogue
PHILIPPINE
ENGLISH
 Philippine English
• It is a variety of English that is spoken in the
Philippines as a second language. It is based on
American English, but has been influenced by the
country’s history, culture, and indigenous languages.
• It is associated with a distinct accent, a localized
vocabulary, and even a body of creative writing by
Philippine writers in English.
 Varieties of Philippine English
• ACROLECTAL
It is associated with academics, bilinguals
from English-speaking homes and English
majors at university level.
This group tends to use a more formal,
standard version of English.
 Varieties of Philippine English
• MESOLECTAL
It is spoken by professionals who are non-
English majors and who mostly use English
in workplace, and who display a noticeable
Philippine accent.
 Varieties of Philippine English
• BASILECTAL
It typically differs from the standard
language in pronunciation, vocabulary,
and grammar, and can often develop
into different languages.
 Varieties of Philippine English
• BASILECTAL
This variety is associated with
individuals who may not have as much
exposure to formal education and may
use a more colloquial or non-standard
form of the language.
 Phonological Features of Philippine English

Devoicing the sibilant consonants, which are articulated

as /s/

Examples:
• “This is a lis’ of things to do.” (This is a list of
things to do)
• “I need to res’ for a bit.” (I need to rest for a bit)
 Phonological Features of Philippine English

Rendering of /th/ sounds as /t/, /d/

Examples:
• “Dere’s no need to wory.” (There's no need
to worry)
• “Dat’s de bes’ ting to do.” (That's the best
thing to do)
 Phonological Features of Philippine English

Lost of distinction between long and short vowels

Examples:
• sheep/ship
• full/fool
• boat/bought
 Lexical Features of Philippine English
Preference for specific words and collocations specifically shall,
could, such, wherein, of (to signal possession)

Examples:
• Shall: “Shall I open the window for you?”
• Could: “Could you please pass me the salt?”
• Such: “She has such a beautiful smile.”
• Wherein: “The report details the process wherein we identified
the problem.”
• Of (to signal possession): “The book on the table is of my
brother.”
 Lexical Features of Philippine English
Unusual words and collocations, specific terms, and word
combinations that may have been originally confused with other
collocations but which, because of frequent use, have become
fixed combinations in their own rights

Examples:
• “I went to the sari-sari store to buy some chips.”
• “Let's eat some balut for merienda.”
• “I need to buy some pasalubong for my family.”
 Lexical Features of Philippine English
Unusual prepositional usage, including omissions of
prepositions in two-word verbs, addition of prepositions to
verb phrases, and local use of different prepositions in noun
phrases following certain verbs or adjectives

Examples:
• “I’m looking for a job in a call center.” (Use of “in” instead of
“at” in “look for a job at a call center”)
• “Can you sit beside me?” (Omission of “with” in “sit with me”)
 Lexical Features of Philippine English
Borrowed extensively from Spanish and Tagalog,
loan translations, and local coinage
Examples:
• despedida, estafa, querida
• open/close the light/radio, joke only, you don’t only
know
• carnap, high blood, hold-upper, topnotcher
• comfort room (cr), solon, viand
 Syntactic Features of Philippine English
Word order: placement of time adverb before the place adverb; placement of the
adverb between verb and object; placement of adverb between noun and
prepositional phrase; placement of the indirect object introduced by to between verb
and direct object; and, other unusual verb placement

Examples:
• “Yesterday, I went to the mall.” (Placement of time adverb before place adverb)
• “She always sings beautifully the national anthem.” (Placement of adverb
between verb and object)
• “The car parked illegally outside the bank.” (Placement of adverb between
noun and prepositional phrase)
• “He gave his girlfriend chocolates for Valentine's Day.” (Placement of the
indirect object introduced by "to" between verb and direct object)
• “To the store, I will go later.” (Unusual verb placement for emphasis)
 The error in this sentence is the incorrect
placement of the adverb "beautifully". The
adverb should be placed before the verb
"sings", but not between the verb and object.

CORRECT:
She always beautifully sings the national anthem.
Syntactic Features of Philippine English
Use of articles, including absence of the definite article,
unusual use of the definite articles, and the absence of the
indefinite article

Examples:
• “I’m going to the church to pray.”
• “Can you pass salt, please?”
• “I want to buy car, but I don't have money yet.”
 Syntactic Features of Philippine English
“Can you pass salt, please?” - The error here is the omission
of the definite article "the" before "salt." The corrected
sentence should be: "Can you pass the salt, please?“

“I want to buy car, but I don't have money yet.” - The error
here is the omission of the indefinite article "a" before "car."
The corrected sentence should be: "I want to buy a car, but I
don't have money yet."
Syntactic Features of Philippine English
Non sub-categorizations, consisting of the non-pluralization of
count nouns, the reclassification of General American English
(GAE), mass nouns as count nouns, mass noun pluralization, and
pluralization of adjectival nouns in compounds

Examples:
• “Please give me two coffee.”
• “I need to buy a new furnitures for the house.”
• “I have so many luggages to carry.”
• “Can I have a rice?”
Syntactic Features of Philippine English
Pronoun-antecedent (noun reference) incongruence

Examples:
• “The dog wagged their tail excitedly.”
• “Everybody should bring their own food to
the picnic.”
• “The company is looking for an employee who
is willing to work hard and give their best.”
 "The dog wagged its tail excitedly."
Explanation: "Dog" is a singular noun, so the pronoun
should also be singular. Use "its" instead of "their.“

"Everybody should bring his or her own food to the picnic."

Explanation: "Everybody" is a singular pronoun, and you use
"his or her" to match the singular antecedent.
"The company is looking for an employee who is willing to work
hard and give his or her best."
Explanation: "Employee" is a singular noun, and you use "his or her"
to match the singular antecedent.
 Syntactic Features of Philippine English
Subject-predicate incongruence

Examples:
• “The group of students were arguing with each other.”
• “Her collection of coins are displayed on the shelf.”
• “The class were studying for their exams.”
• “The committee disagree on the new policy.”
• “The flock of birds is flying south for the winter.”
1."The group of students was arguing with each other."
Explanation: "Group" is a singular noun, so the verb
should also be singular.
2."Her collection of coins is displayed on the shelf."
Explanation: "Collection" is a singular noun, so the
verb should also be singular.
3."The class was studying for their exams."
Explanation: "Class" is a singular noun, so the verb
should also be singular.
4. "The committee disagrees on the new policy."
Explanation: "Committee" is a collective noun, and
when referring to the group as a whole, it takes a
singular verb.

5. "The flock of birds is flying south for the winter."

Explanation: "Flock" is a collective noun, and
when referring to the group as a whole, it takes a
singular verb.
Syntactic Features of Philippine English
Reclassification of GAE transitive verbs as intransitive verbs

Examples:
• “I just closed the TV because it was too loud.” (Reclassification
of transitive verb “turn off” as intransitive verb “close”)
• “I need to shampoo my hair before going out.”
(Reclassification of transitive verb “wash” as intransitive verb
“shampoo”)
• “Can you iron my clothes for me?” (Reclassification of
transitive verb “press” as intransitive verb “iron”)
Syntactic Features of Philippine English
Tense-aspect usage consisting of unusual use of verb forms and tenses,
use of the perfect tense where the simple past tense or even present
perfect tense is called for in GAE, and lack of tense sequence

Examples:
• “I already eat breakfast this morning.”
• “She have been to Japan twice.”
• “Last night, I am watching a movie.”
• “I will go to the mall yesterday.”
• “He already went home before I am leaving the office.”
“I already eat breakfast this morning.” - The error here is the incorrect
verb tense. "Eat" should be changed to the past tense "ate" to indicate
that the action occurred in the past. The corrected sentence is: "I
already ate breakfast this morning."
“She have been to Japan twice.” - The error here is subject-verb
agreement. "Have" should be changed to "has" to agree with the
singular subject "she." The corrected sentence is: "She has been to
Japan twice."
“Last night, I am watching a movie.” - The error here is the incorrect
verb tense. "Am watching" should be changed to the past tense "was
watching" to indicate an action that occurred in the past. The corrected
sentence is: "Last night, I was watching a movie."
 “I will go to the mall yesterday.” - The error here is the
incorrect verb tense. "Will go" is future tense, but "yesterday"
indicates that the action has already happened in the past. The
corrected sentence is: "I went to the mall yesterday."

“He already went home before I am leaving the office.” - The error here is
the incorrect verb tense. "Am leaving" should be changed to the past tense
"left" to indicate an action that occurred before another action in the past.
Use "had already gone" (past perfect) to indicate that his action (going home)
happened before another past action (you leaving the office). The corrected
sentence is: "He had already gone home before I left the office."
 LANGUAGE
REGISTERS
COM101: Purposive Communication - Week 4 and 5
Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:
• Use the appropriate language register depending on
the communication situation.
 What is Language Register?
• According to David Crystal (2008), register is defined as “a
variety of language defined according to its use in social
situations, e.g., a register of scientific, religious, formal
English (p. 409).”
• This is determined by different factors such as social
occasion, context, purpose, and audience.
• It is marked by a variety of specialized vocabulary and turns
of phrases, colloquialisms and use of jargon, and a difference
in intonation and pace.
 Types of Language Registers
FROZEN
• Also known as static register, which is characterized by the
use of historic language or archaic expressions that is
intended to remain unchanged
• Examples are Biblical verses, prayers, constitutions, and
literary texts like Romeo and Juliet and The Bhagavad Gita.
 Types of Language Registers
CONSULTATIVE
• Used in formal and professional settings where individuals
need to consult with others to make decisions or to provide
expert opinion
• Characterized by a formal tone that is respectful and polite,
and a complexity of sentences that is often used to convey
abstract or technical ideas
 Types of Language Registers
CASUAL
• Used in informal or relaxed settings such as with friends,
family, or acquaintances
• Characterized by a relaxed tone, more colloquial vocabulary,
and simpler sentence structures that may include slang or
regional dialects
• Includes linguistic features such as contractions, informal
vocabulary, and sentence fragments
 Types of Language Registers
INTIMATE
• Used in very close relationships, such as in romantic
partnerships, close friendships, or familial relationships
• Characterized by a high level of familiarity, a relaxed tone,
and a more personal vocabulary that may be unique to the
relationship
• Often includes inside jokes, nicknames, and shared
experiences that are unique to the relationship
Intimate language involves the following:
• private conversations
• inside jokes
• telling secrets
• greetings
• terms of endearment/pet names
• flirting
• non-verbal language
 Types of Language Registers
FORMAL
• Used in formal speaking and writing situations
• Appropriate to be used in professional writing like
business letters, position papers, and project proposals
• Is factual, objective, and more impersonal
• Often follows a prescriptive format
 Formal Language Register: Rules in Writing
DO NOT USE CONTRACTIONS. Contractions are a
combination of two or more words in a shortened form, usually
with an apostrophe. In formal writing, contractions should be
spelled out.
can’t cannot
haven’t have not
isn’t is not
won’t will not
couldn’t could not
 Formal Language Register: Rules in Writing
DO NOT USE CONTRACTIONS. However, contractions can be
used if it is a direct quotation.

Example:
“Two-thirds of my eighth grade students can’t read at grade
level,” the professor stated.

Note: An apostrophe does not always make a contraction. It can

also be added to nouns to show ownership.
 Formal Language Register: Rules in Writing
SPELL OUT NUMBERS LESS THAN ONE HUNDRES

Examples:
• Nineteen out of 108 participants answered …
• Based on the data gathered, six students got …
 Formal Language Register: Rules in Writing
WRITE IN THIRD-PERSON POINT OF VIEW. Do not use first person
or second person pronouns unless it is a quote. Thus avoid using I,
you, we, and us.

Examples:
• Informal: You can purchase a second-hand car for under Php
100,000.
• Formal: One can purchase a second-hand car for under Php
100,000.
• Informal: We decided to invest in the company.
• Formal: The group decided to invest in the company.
 Formal Language Register: Rules in Writing
AVOID USING TOO MUCH PASSIVE VOICE. In formal
writing, it is better to use an active voice.

Examples:
• Passive: The bone was eaten by the dog.
• Active: The dog ate the bone.
• Passive: The research was completed by the students in
2019.
• Active: The students completed the research in 2019 or In
2009, the students completed the research.
 Formal Language Register: Rules in Writing
AVOID USING SLANG, IDIOMS, EXAGGERATION
(HYPERBOLE), AND CLICHES

Slang is commonly used in informal writing and spoken English.

• Examples: awesome/cool, okay/ok, check it out

Cliché is a phrase that is overused (said too often).

• Examples: too much of a good thing; moment of truth;
Time is money; Don’t push your luck; Beauty is only skin
deep.
 Formal Language Register: Rules in Writing
AVOID ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS. When using an
acronym or abbreviation, write it out the first time.

When using acronyms, write the entire name out first time it
appears, followed by the acronym.
• National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
• Department of Education (DepEd)
• The National Teachers College (NTC)
 Formal Language Register: Rules in Writing
AVOID ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS. When using an
acronym or abbreviation, write it out the first time.

For abbreviation, write the complete word the first time, then
use the abbreviation.
• Influenza – flu
• United States of America – USA
• Tablespoon – tbsp.
• Philippine Pesos - PhP
 Formal Language Register: Rules in Writing
AVOID ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS. When using an
acronym or abbreviation, write it out the first time.

Do not use slang, abbreviations, or symbols that you would use

in friendly emails or texts.
• LOL (laugh out loud)
• brb (be right back)
• & (and)
• coz (because)
• w/o (without)
• w/ (with)
 Formal Language Register: Rules in Writing
DO NOT START SENTENCES WITH WORDS LIKE AND, SO,
BUT, ALSO. Instead, use transitional word and phrases
appropriate for formal writing.

Examples:
• Nevertheless
• Additionally
• However
• In addition
• As a result of
• Although
 Formal Language Register: Rules in Writing
ALWAYS WRITE IN COMPLETE SENTENCES

WRITE LONGER, MORE COMPLEX SENTENCES

CHOICE OF VOCABULARY. Vocabulary needs to be adjusted

depending on the level of formality of any written work.

Examples:
• Informal: The study checked out the health effects of passive
smoking.
• Formal: The study examined the health effects of passive
smoking.
INFORMAL LANGUAGE REGISTER FORMAL LANGUAGE REGISTER
The registration period for the upcoming
Hey guys! Just wanted to remind you that
semester will begin on August 1st and end
registration for next semester starts on
August 1st and ends on September 15th.on September 15th. During this time,
students will be able to register for the
Don't forget to sign up for your classes
classes through the online portal. Please
through the online portal and make sure
note that late registration will not be
you meet with your advisor to make sure
you're taking the right courses. accepted. Students are encouraged to meet
with their respective academic advisors to
discuss course selections and ensure that
If you have any questions, hit up the
the degree requirements are completed.
Registrar's Office and they'll help you out.
For questions or concerns, please contact
the Registrar’s Office.
INFORMAL LANGUAGE REGISTER FORMAL LANGUAGE REGISTER
I did a little research on Apple and This report provides a comparative
Samsung's marketing strategies and I analysis of the marketing strategies of
thought I'd share my findings with you. two leading companies in the mobile
Basically, Apple dominates the high-end phone industry, Apple and Samsung. The
smartphone market while Samsung is the objective of this study is to understand
leader in the mid-range and low-end how these companies have positioned
segments. Apple only sells iPhones, while themselves in the market and how they
Samsung has a wider product range with have differentiated their products from
smartphones, tablets, and wearables. their competitors. The report covers the
following topics: market analysis, product
portfolio, pricing strategy, promotion
strategy, and distribution channels.
 References
• Cayaban, N.B., et al. (2022). #Borderless Purposive Communication in the 21st Century.
Book Atbp. Publishing Corp.
• Madrunio, M.R. & Martin, I.P. (2022). Purposive Communication Using English in
Multicultural Contexts (2nd ed.). C & E Publishing, Inc.
• Padilla, M.M., et al. (2018). Communicate & Connect! Purposive Communication. Mutya
Publishing House, Inc.
• Kachru, B.B., et al. (2006). The Handbook of World Englishes. Blackwell Publishing.
https://blogs.baruch.cuny.edu/globalizationofenglish/files/2020/01/Handbook-of-
World-Englishes.pdf
• Al-Mutairi, M.A. (2019). Kachru’s Three Concentric Circles Model of English Language:
• An Overview of Criticism & the Place of Kuwait in It. English Language Teaching, 13(1),
85-88. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1239144.pdf
• Yahaya, F.HJ. (2003). American English vs. British English: Principal Differences and the
Confusions. https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/58361/1/58361.PDF