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Scikit-Learn

i
 Scikit-Learn

About the Tutorial

Scikit-learn (Sklearn) is the most useful and robust library for machine learning in Python.
It provides a selection of efficient tools for machine learning and statistical modeling
including classification, regression, clustering and dimensionality reduction via a
consistence interface in Python. This library, which is largely written in Python, is built
upon NumPy, SciPy and Matplotlib.

Audience
This tutorial will be useful for graduates, postgraduates, and research students who either
have an interest in this Machine Learning subject or have this subject as a part of their
curriculum. The reader can be a beginner or an advanced learner.

Prerequisites
The reader must have basic knowledge about Machine Learning. He/she should also be
aware about Python, NumPy, Scipy, Matplotlib. If you are new to any of these concepts,
we recommend you take up tutorials concerning these topics, before you dig further into
this tutorial.

Copyright & Disclaimer

 Copyright 2019 by Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd.

All the content and graphics published in this e-book are the property of Tutorials Point (I)
Pvt. Ltd. The user of this e-book is prohibited to reuse, retain, copy, distribute or republish
any contents or a part of contents of this e-book in any manner without written consent
of the publisher.

We strive to update the contents of our website and tutorials as timely and as precisely as
possible, however, the contents may contain inaccuracies or errors. Tutorials Point (I) Pvt.
Ltd. provides no guarantee regarding the accuracy, timeliness or completeness of our
website or its contents including this tutorial. If you discover any errors on our website or
in this tutorial, please notify us at [email protected]

ii
 Scikit-Learn

Table of Contents
About the Tutorial ........................................................................................................................................... ii

Audience .......................................................................................................................................................... ii

Prerequisites .................................................................................................................................................... ii

Copyright & Disclaimer .................................................................................................................................... ii

Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................................... iii

1. Scikit-Learn — Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1

What is Scikit-Learn (Sklearn)? ........................................................................................................................ 1

Origin of Scikit-Learn ....................................................................................................................................... 1

Community & contributors.............................................................................................................................. 1

Prerequisites .................................................................................................................................................... 2

Installation ....................................................................................................................................................... 2

Features ........................................................................................................................................................... 3

2. Scikit-Learn ― Modelling Process ............................................................................................................. 4

Dataset Loading ............................................................................................................................................... 4

Splitting the dataset ........................................................................................................................................ 6

Train the Model ............................................................................................................................................... 7

Model Persistence ........................................................................................................................................... 8

Preprocessing the Data ................................................................................................................................... 9

Binarisation ...................................................................................................................................................... 9

Mean Removal................................................................................................................................................. 9

Scaling ............................................................................................................................................................ 10

Normalisation ................................................................................................................................................ 11

3. Scikit-Learn — Data Representation ....................................................................................................... 13

Data as table .................................................................................................................................................. 13

Data as Feature Matrix .................................................................................................................................. 13

Data as Target array ...................................................................................................................................... 14

iii
 Scikit-Learn

4. Scikit-Learn ― Estimator API ................................................................................................................... 16

What is Estimator API? .................................................................................................................................. 16

Use of Estimator API ...................................................................................................................................... 16

Guiding Principles .......................................................................................................................................... 17

Steps in using Estimator API .......................................................................................................................... 18

Supervised Learning Example ........................................................................................................................ 18

Unsupervised Learning Example ................................................................................................................... 23

5. Scikit-Learn — Conventions .................................................................................................................... 26

Purpose of Conventions ................................................................................................................................ 26

Various Conventions ...................................................................................................................................... 26

6. Scikit-Learn ― Linear Modeling .............................................................................................................. 31

Linear Regression .......................................................................................................................................... 32

Logistic Regression ........................................................................................................................................ 34

Ridge Regression ........................................................................................................................................... 37

Bayesian Ridge Regression ............................................................................................................................ 40

LASSO (Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator)........................................................................... 43

Multi-task LASSO ........................................................................................................................................... 45

Elastic-Net...................................................................................................................................................... 47

MultiTaskElasticNet ....................................................................................................................................... 51

7. Scikit-Learn — Extended Linear Modeling ............................................................................................... 54

Introduction to Polynomial Features ............................................................................................................. 54

Streamlining using Pipeline tools .................................................................................................................. 55

8. Scikit-Learn ― Stochastic Gradient Descent ............................................................................................ 57

SGD Classifier ................................................................................................................................................. 57

SGD Regressor ............................................................................................................................................... 61

Pros and Cons of SGD .................................................................................................................................... 63

9. Scikit-Learn — Support Vector Machines (SVMs) .................................................................................... 64

Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 64
iv
 Scikit-Learn

Classification of SVM ..................................................................................................................................... 65

SVC ................................................................................................................................................................. 65

NuSVC ............................................................................................................................................................ 69

LinearSVC ....................................................................................................................................................... 70

Regression with SVM ..................................................................................................................................... 71

SVR................................................................................................................................................................. 71

NuSVR ............................................................................................................................................................ 72

LinearSVR ....................................................................................................................................................... 73

10. Scikit-Learn ― Anomaly Detection .......................................................................................................... 75

Methods ........................................................................................................................................................ 75

Sklearn algorithms for Outlier Detection ...................................................................................................... 76

Fitting an elliptic envelop .............................................................................................................................. 76

Isolation Forest .............................................................................................................................................. 78

Local Outlier Factor ....................................................................................................................................... 80

One-Class SVM............................................................................................................................................... 82

11. Scikit-Learn — K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) ............................................................................................. 84

Types of algorithms ....................................................................................................................................... 84

Choosing Nearest Neighbors Algorithm ........................................................................................................ 85

12. Scikit-Learn ― KNN Learning................................................................................................................... 87

Unsupervised KNN Learning .......................................................................................................................... 87

Supervised KNN Learning .............................................................................................................................. 91

KNeighborsClassifier ...................................................................................................................................... 91

RadiusNeighborsClassifier ............................................................................................................................. 97

Nearest Neighbor Regressor ......................................................................................................................... 99

KNeighborsRegressor .................................................................................................................................... 99

RadiusNeighborsRegressor .......................................................................................................................... 101

13. Scikit-Learn ― Classification with Naïve Bayes ..................................................................................... 104

Gaussian Naïve Bayes .................................................................................................................................. 105

v
 Scikit-Learn

Multinomial Naïve Bayes ............................................................................................................................. 107

Bernoulli Naïve Bayes .................................................................................................................................. 108

Complement Naïve Bayes............................................................................................................................ 110

Building Naïve Bayes Classifier .................................................................................................................... 112

14. Scikit-Learn ― Decision Trees ............................................................................................................... 114

Decision Tree Algorithms............................................................................................................................. 114

Classification with decision trees ................................................................................................................ 115

Regression with decision trees .................................................................................................................... 118

15. Scikit-Learn ― Randomized Decision Trees ........................................................................................... 120

Randomized Decision Tree algorithms ........................................................................................................ 120

The Random Forest algorithm ..................................................................................................................... 120

Regression with Random Forest .................................................................................................................. 122

Extra-Tree Methods ..................................................................................................................................... 123

16. Scikit-Learn ― Boosting Methods ......................................................................................................... 126

AdaBoost ..................................................................................................................................................... 126

Gradient Tree Boosting ............................................................................................................................... 128

17. Scikit-Learn ― Clustering Methods ....................................................................................................... 131

KMeans ........................................................................................................................................................ 131

Affinity Propagation .................................................................................................................................... 131

Mean Shift ................................................................................................................................................... 131

Spectral Clustering ....................................................................................................................................... 131

Hierarchical Clustering................................................................................................................................. 132

DBSCAN ....................................................................................................................................................... 132

OPTICS ......................................................................................................................................................... 132

BIRCH ........................................................................................................................................................... 132

Comparing Clustering Algorithms ................................................................................................................ 133

18. Scikit-Learn ― Clustering Performance Evaluation ............................................................................... 137

Adjusted Rand Index.................................................................................................................................... 137

vi
 Scikit-Learn

Mutual Information Based Score................................................................................................................. 137

Fowlkes-Mallows Score ............................................................................................................................... 138

Silhouette Coefficient .................................................................................................................................. 139

Contingency Matrix ..................................................................................................................................... 140

19. Scikit-Learn ― Dimensionality Reduction using PCA ............................................................................. 141

Exact PCA ..................................................................................................................................................... 141

Incremental PCA .......................................................................................................................................... 142

Kernel PCA ................................................................................................................................................... 143

PCA using randomized SVD ......................................................................................................................... 143

vii
 1. Scikit-Learn — Introduction Scikit-Learn

In this chapter, we will understand what is Scikit-Learn or Sklearn, origin of Scikit-Learn

and some other related topics such as communities and contributors responsible for
development and maintenance of Scikit-Learn, its prerequisites, installation and its
features.

What is Scikit-Learn (Sklearn)?

Scikit-learn (Sklearn) is the most useful and robust library for machine learning in Python.
It provides a selection of efficient tools for machine learning and statistical modeling
including classification, regression, clustering and dimensionality reduction via a
consistence interface in Python. This library, which is largely written in Python, is built
upon NumPy, SciPy and Matplotlib.

Origin of Scikit-Learn
It was originally called scikits.learn and was initially developed by David Cournapeau as
a Google summer of code project in 2007. Later, in 2010, Fabian Pedregosa, Gael
Varoquaux, Alexandre Gramfort, and Vincent Michel, from FIRCA (French Institute for
Research in Computer Science and Automation), took this project at another level and
made the first public release (v0.1 beta) on 1st Feb. 2010.

Let’s have a look at its version history:

 May 2019: scikit-learn 0.21.0

 March 2019: scikit-learn 0.20.3
 December 2018: scikit-learn 0.20.2
 November 2018: scikit-learn 0.20.1
 September 2018: scikit-learn 0.20.0
 July 2018: scikit-learn 0.19.2
 July 2017: scikit-learn 0.19.0
 September 2016. scikit-learn 0.18.0
 November 2015. scikit-learn 0.17.0
 March 2015. scikit-learn 0.16.0
 July 2014. scikit-learn 0.15.0
 August 2013. scikit-learn 0.14

Community & contributors

Scikit-learn is a community effort and anyone can contribute to it. This project is hosted
on https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn. Following people are currently the core
contributors to Sklearn’s development and maintenance:

1
 Scikit-Learn

 Joris Van den Bossche (Data Scientist)

 Thomas J Fan (Software Developer)
 Alexandre Gramfort (Machine Learning Researcher)
 Olivier Grisel (Machine Learning Expert)
 Nicolas Hug (Associate Research Scientist)
 Andreas Mueller (Machine Learning Scientist)
 Hanmin Qin (Software Engineer)
 Adrin Jalali (Open Source Developer)
 Nelle Varoquaux (Data Science Researcher)
 Roman Yurchak (Data Scientist)

Various organisations like Booking.com, JP Morgan, Evernote, Inria, AWeber, Spotify and
many more are using Sklearn.

Prerequisites
Before we start using scikit-learn latest release, we require the following:

 Python (>=3.5)
 NumPy (>= 1.11.0)
 Scipy (>= 0.17.0)
 Joblib (>= 0.11)
 Matplotlib (>= 1.5.1) is required for Sklearn plotting capabilities.
 Pandas (>= 0.18.0) is required for some of the scikit-learn examples using data
structure and analysis.

Installation
If you already installed NumPy and Scipy, following are the two easiest ways to install
scikit-learn:

Using pip

Following command can be used to install scikit-learn via pip:

pip install -U scikit-learn

Using conda

Following command can be used to install scikit-learn via conda:

conda install scikit-learn

On the other hand, if NumPy and Scipy is not yet installed on your Python workstation
then, you can install them by using either pip or conda.

2
 Scikit-Learn

Another option to use scikit-learn is to use Python distributions like Canopy and
Anaconda because they both ship the latest version of scikit-learn.

Features
Rather than focusing on loading, manipulating and summarising data, Scikit-learn library
is focused on modeling the data. Some of the most popular groups of models provided by
Sklearn are as follows:

Supervised Learning algorithms: Almost all the popular supervised learning

algorithms, like Linear Regression, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Tree etc., are
the part of scikit-learn.

Unsupervised Learning algorithms: On the other hand, it also has all the popular
unsupervised learning algorithms from clustering, factor analysis, PCA (Principal
Component Analysis) to unsupervised neural networks.

Clustering: This model is used for grouping unlabeled data.

Cross Validation: It is used to check the accuracy of supervised models on unseen data.

Dimensionality Reduction: It is used for reducing the number of attributes in data which
can be further used for summarisation, visualisation and feature selection.

Ensemble methods: As name suggest, it is used for combining the predictions of multiple
supervised models.

Feature extraction: It is used to extract the features from data to define the attributes
in image and text data.

Feature selection: It is used to identify useful attributes to create supervised models.

Open Source: It is open source library and also commercially usable under BSD license.

3
 2. Scikit-Learn ― Modelling Process Scikit-Learn

This chapter deals with the modelling process involved in Sklearn. Let us understand about
the same in detail and begin with dataset loading.

Dataset Loading
A collection of data is called dataset. It is having the following two components:

Features: The variables of data are called its features. They are also known as predictors,
inputs or attributes.

 Feature matrix: It is the collection of features, in case there are more than one.
 Feature Names: It is the list of all the names of the features.

Response: It is the output variable that basically depends upon the feature variables.
They are also known as target, label or output.

 Response Vector: It is used to represent response column. Generally, we have

just one response column.
 Target Names: It represent the possible values taken by a response vector.

Scikit-learn have few example datasets like iris and digits for classification and the
Boston house prices for regression.

Following is an example to load iris dataset:

from sklearn.datasets import load_iris

iris = load_iris()

X = iris.data

y = iris.target

feature_names = iris.feature_names

target_names = iris.target_names

print("Feature names:", feature_names)

4
 Scikit-Learn

print("Target names:", target_names)

print("\nFirst 10 rows of X:\n", X[:10])

Output

Feature names: ['sepal length (cm)', 'sepal width (cm)', 'petal length (cm)',
'petal width (cm)']

Target names: ['setosa' 'versicolor' 'virginica']

First 10 rows of X:
[[5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2]
[4.9 3. 1.4 0.2]
[4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2]
[4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2]
[5. 3.6 1.4 0.2]
[5.4 3.9 1.7 0.4]
[4.6 3.4 1.4 0.3]
[5. 3.4 1.5 0.2]
[4.4 2.9 1.4 0.2]
[4.9 3.1 1.5 0.1]]

5
 Scikit-Learn

Splitting the dataset

To check the accuracy of our model, we can split the dataset into two pieces-a training
set and a testing set. Use the training set to train the model and testing set to test the
model. After that, we can evaluate how well our model did.

The following example will split the data into 70:30 ratio, i.e. 70% data will be used as
training data and 30% will be used as testing data. The dataset is iris dataset as in above
example.

from sklearn.datasets import load_iris

iris = load_iris()

X = iris.data
y = iris.target

from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.3,

random_state=1)

print(X_train.shape)
print(X_test.shape)

print(y_train.shape)
print(y_test.shape)

Output

(105, 4)
(45, 4)

(105,)
(45,)

6
 Scikit-Learn

As seen in the example above, it uses train_test_split() function of scikit-learn to split

the dataset. This function has the following arguments:

 X, y: Here, X is the feature matrix and y is the response vector, which need to
be split.
 test_size: This represents the ratio of test data to the total given data. As in the
above example, we are setting test_data = 0.3 for 150 rows of X. It will produce
test data of 150*0.3 = 45 rows.
 random_size: It is used to guarantee that the split will always be the same. This
is useful in the situations where you want reproducible results.

Train the Model

Next, we can use our dataset to train some prediction-model. As discussed, scikit-learn
has wide range of Machine Learning (ML) algorithms which have a consistent interface
for fitting, predicting accuracy, recall etc.

In the example below, we are going to use KNN (K nearest neighbors) classifier. Don’t go
into the details of KNN algorithms, as there will be a separate chapter for that. This
example is used to make you understand the implementation part only.

from sklearn.datasets import load_iris

iris = load_iris()

X = iris.data

y = iris.target

from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.4,

random_state=1)

from sklearn.neighbors import KNeighborsClassifier

from sklearn import metrics

classifier_knn = KNeighborsClassifier(n_neighbors=3)

7
 Scikit-Learn

classifier_knn.fit(X_train, y_train)

y_pred = classifier_knn.predict(X_test)

# Finding accuracy by comparing actual response values(y_test)with predicted

response value(y_pred)

print("Accuracy:", metrics.accuracy_score(y_test, y_pred))

# Providing sample data and the model will make prediction out of that data

sample = [[5, 5, 3, 2], [2, 4, 3, 5]]

preds = classifier_knn.predict(sample)
pred_species = [iris.target_names[p] for p in preds] print("Predictions:",
pred_species)

Output

Accuracy: 0.9833333333333333

Predictions: ['versicolor', 'virginica']

Model Persistence
Once you train the model, it is desirable that the model should be persist for future use so
that we do not need to retrain it again and again. It can be done with the help of dump
and load features of joblib package.

Consider the example below in which we will be saving the above trained model
(classifier_knn) for future use:

from sklearn.externals import joblib

joblib.dump(classifier_knn, 'iris_classifier_knn.joblib')

The above code will save the model into file named iris_classifier_knn.joblib. Now, the
object can be reloaded from the file with the help of following code:

joblib.load('iris_classifier_knn.joblib')

8
 Scikit-Learn

Preprocessing the Data

As we are dealing with lots of data and that data is in raw form, before inputting that data
to machine learning algorithms, we need to convert it into meaningful data. This process
is called preprocessing the data. Scikit-learn has package named preprocessing for this
purpose. The preprocessing package has the following techniques:

Binarisation
This preprocessing technique is used when we need to convert our numerical values into
Boolean values.

Example

import numpy as np
from sklearn import preprocessing
Input_data = np.array([2.1, -1.9, 5.5],
[-1.5, 2.4, 3.5],
[0.5, -7.9, 5.6],
[5.9, 2.3, -5.8]])

data_binarized = preprocessing.Binarizer(threshold=0.5).transform(input_data)
print("\nBinarized data:\n", data_binarized)

In the above example, we used threshold value = 0.5 and that is why, all the values
above 0.5 would be converted to 1, and all the values below 0.5 would be converted to 0.

Output

Binarized data:
[[ 1. 0. 1.]
[ 0. 1. 1.]
[ 0. 0. 1.]
[ 1. 1. 0.]]

Mean Removal
This technique is used to eliminate the mean from feature vector so that every feature
centered on zero.

Example

import numpy as np
from sklearn import preprocessing
Input_data = np.array([2.1, -1.9, 5.5],

9
 Another Random Document on
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Bagas, name of the Paphlagonians, ii. 302.
Bagōus, a eunuch, iii. 141.
Bagradas, r. of Africa (Wady Mejerdah), iii. 285.
Bagras. See Pagræ.
Baiæ, t. of Campania, i. 336, 362, 364, 366, 369.
Baïus, companion of Ulysses, i. 39, 364.
Bakyr-Tschai. See Caïcus.
Bala Hissar. See Pessinus.
Balanæa, t. of Syria, iii. 167.
Balari, people of Sardinia, i. 334.
Balbek. See Chalcis.
Balbura, t. of Lycia (Giaur-Kalessi), ii. 410.
Balbus, the Gaditanian, i. 253, 254.
Baleares, Balearic islands, i. 251, 252; iii. 32.
Balearicus, Metellus, i. 252.
Balithōn. See Ammon.
Balk. See Bactra.
Balkesi. See Aspendus.
Ballyk. See Metropolis.
Bambyce, t. of Syria, iii. 158, 163.
Bamōnītis, part of Pontus, ii. 302.
Bandobēne, distr. of India, iii. 89.
Bara. See Paros.
Barathra, Berethra, ii. 76; iii. 241.
Barbarian laws, i. 240.
Barbarians, i. 17, 18, 77, 104, 114.
Barbarium, Cape, prom. of Lusitania (Capo Espichel), i. 227.
Barca, city of Cyrene, same as Ptolemais, iii. 291, 292.
Barcas, Hamilcar, father of Hannibal, i. 226, 238.
Bards, Celtic poets, i. 294.
Bardyli, Bardyali, Bardyētæ, Bardyītæ, people of Spain, i. 233, 243.
Baretoun. See Parætonium.
Bargasa, t. of Caria, iii. 34.
Bargosa, city of India, iii. 119.
Bargus, r. of Illyria, i. 488.
Bargylia, t. of Caria, ii. 383; iii. 37.
Baris (Zaris), temple of, ii. 273.
Baris, city, i. 429.
Barium (Bari), i. 432, 433.
Barnichius, r. of Elis. See Enipeus, ii. 32.
Barnus, city of Macedonia, i. 495.
Basgœdariza, fortress of Armenia, ii. 304.
Basileius, r. of Mesopotamia, iii. 158.
Basilii, i. 470.
Basoropeda, district of Armenia, ii. 269.
Bassus, Cecilius, iii. 166.
Bastarnæ, i. 141, 177, 194, 443, 451-453, 468-471.
Bastetani, Bastuli, i. 210, 212, 234, 243, 245.
Bastetania, i. 232, 235.
Bata, t. of Pontus (Pschate), ii. 225.
Bathynias, i. 518.
Bathys Limen (Deep Harbour), in Aulis, ii. 95.
Batiæ, city of the Cassopæi, i. 497.
Batieia, ii. 328, 361, 399.
Batōn, leader of the Pannonii, i. 483.
Batōn, historian, ii. 293.
Battus, founder of Cyrene, iii. 292.
Baubola. See Bilbilis.
Bayjah. See Vaga.
Bear, the (constellation), i. 4, 5.
——, Greater, i. 21, 117-120.
——, Lesser, i. 117-120, 200.
Beas. See Hypanis.
Beaucaire. See Ugernum.
Bebryces, a people of Thrace, i. 453; ii. 287, 304, 346; iii. 63.
Beit-el-ma. See Daphne.
Beitylus, ii. 36. See Œtylus.
Beja. See Pax Augusta.
Beknesch. See Oxyrynchus.
Belbina, an island, ii. 57, 89.
Belgæ, i. 264, 266, 286, 290-293.
Bĕlio, r. of Lusitania (see Limæa), i. 229.
Bellerophon, ii. 62, 328, 409; iii. 48.
Bellovaci, a people of Gaul (inhabitants of the Beauvoisin), i. 289, 293, 310.
Bĕlō (Rio Barbate), i. 210.
Belus, i. 67.
——, tomb of, iii. 145; temple of, 153.
Bembina, city of Argolis, ii. 60.
Ben-Ghazi. See Berenice.
Bēnacus, lake of Italy, i. 311.
Bendamir. See Araxes.
Bender-el-Kebir. See Berenice.
Bendidæan rites, ii. 186, 188.
Beneventum, t. of Samnium (Benevento), i. 370, 371, 431.
Bengal, Bay of. See Ocean, Eastern.
Berecyntes, people of Phrygia, ii. 184, 337; iii. 66, 67.
Berecyntia, distr. of Phrygia, ii. 337.
Berecyntian pipes, ii. 187.
Berenice, dr. of Salome, iii. 184.
——, t. of Cyrene, (Ben Ghazi), iii. 291, 292.
——, t. in the Troglodytic, iii. 197, 260.
——, t. of Egypt (Bender-el-kebir), ii. 200; iii. 193, 260.
Berenice, Hair of (constellation), i. 4.
Berga, i. 514.
Bergæan, the. See Antiphanes.
Bērisades, king of the Odrysæ, i. 516.
Bermium, Bermius, mtn of Macedonia (Buræus), i. 510, 511; iii. 66.
Bernic. See Hesperides.
Berœa, t. of Macedonia (Karafaja), i. 511.
——, t. of Syria, iii. 163.
Bērones, people of Spain, i. 238, 243.
Bertiscus, mtn of Macedonia, i. 505.
Bērytus (Beyrout), city of Phœnicia, iii. 69, 170, 171.
Bēsæeis, Bēsæenses, ii. 127.
Besbicus, isl. (Imrali or Kalo-limno), ii. 332.
Bēssa, in Locris, ii. 127.
Bessi, nation of Thrace, i. 489, 516.
Bēssus, ii. 248, 255.
Betarmones, ii. 190.
Betteres, t. of Spain, i. 240.
Bevagna. See Mevania.
Beyrout. See Berytus.
Beziers. See Bætera.
Bias, iii. 7.
Biasas, name of the Paphlagonians, ii. 302.
Bibracte, fortress of the Ædui, i. 286.
Bieda. See Blera.
Bilbilis, t. of the Celtiberians, (Baubola), i. 244.
Billarus, sphere of, ii. 293.
Bion, philosopher, i. 23, 24; ii. 210.
——, astronomer, i. 45.
Bīsa, ftn of Elis. See Pīsa?], ii. 32.
Bisalti, Bisaltæ, people of Macedonia, i. 506, 514.
Biscay, people of. See Cantabrians.
Bistones, race of Thrace, i. 515.
Bistonis, lake of Thrace (Burum), i. 92, 515.
Bisurgis. See Visurgis.
Bithynia, ii. 289, 293, 313-318, 329, 356, 402; iii. 297.
Bithynians, i. 195, 453; ii. 277, 286, 287, 289, 290, 314, 316, 319, 320, 330; iii.
63.
——, of Thrace, ii. 287.
Bithynium (Boli), ii. 317.
Bituitus, son of Luerius, i. 285.
Bituriges Cubi, i. 283, 284.
——, Vivisci, people of Gaul, i. 283.
Bizōne, t. of Mœsia, i. 84, 490.
Bizya, t. of Thrace, i. 516.
Black Forest, the. See Hercynia.
Black Sea, i. 6, n., 457, 468, 469. See Euxine.
Blaēnē, distr. of Paphlagonia, ii. 313.
Blascōn, isl., i. 271.
Blaudus, t. of Phrygia (Suleimanli), ii. 320.
Bleminātis, in Laconia, ii. 15.
Blemmyes, a people of Ethiopia, iii. 219, 266.
Blera, t. of Etruria (Bieda), i. 335.
Blēsino, t. of Corsica, i. 333.
Blessed, Isles of the (Canary Islands), i. 3, 226.
Blucium (Luceium ?), fortress of the Tolistobogii, ii. 320.
Boagrius, r. of Locris (Boagrio), i. 95; ii. 126.
Bōcalia (?), Bōcarus, r. of Salamis, ii. 83.
Bocchus, king of Mauritania, iii. 280.
Bœa, t. of Laconia, ii. 41.
Bœbē, t. of Magnesia, ii. 139, 142, 272.
Bœbēis or Bœbias, lake of Thessaly, ii. 131, 139, 142, 146-148, 235; iii. 22.
Bœi, people of Gaul, i. 291-485.
Bœōnōa, t. of Elis, ii. 9.
Bœoti, t. of Laconia, ii. 2.
——, (Athenians), ii. 81.
Bœotia, i. 6, n., 16, 94, 493, 494, 506, 507; ii. 4, 6, 36, 48, 62, 78, 79, 82, 90-
115, 122-125, 136, 138, 142, 151, 154, et passim; iii. 31.
Bœotian coast, ii. 98.
Bœotians, i. 102, 493; ii. 98, 101, 102, 105, 134, 175, et passim.
Bœōtus, son of Melanippe, i. 399.
Bœrebistas, king of the Getæ. See Byrebistas.
Boēthus, Sidonian, iii. 173.
——, of Tarsus, iii. 58.
Bœum, city of the Dorians, i. 505; ii. 128, 195.
Bog. See Hypanis.
Bogdana. See Hyampolis.
Bogodiatarus (? Deïotarus), ii. 320.
Bogus, king of Mauritania, i. 151, 153, 154; ii. 36; iii. 278, 280.
Boïanum, city of the Samnites (Bojano), i. 371.
Boii, i. 291, 306, 307, 317, 321, 322, 448, 450, 454, 466, 482, 485.
Bolbe, lake of Macedonia, i. 514.
Bolbitine mouth of the Nile, iii. 239.
Boli. See Bithynium.
Bologna. See Bononia.
Bolsena. See Volsinii.
Bōmianes, a nation of Ætolia, ii. 160.
Bondoniza. See Scarpheia.
Bonōnes, son of Phraates, iii. 160.
Bonōnia, city of Italy (Bologna), i. 322, 324.
Boos-Aule, cave of Eubœa, ii. 152.
Boosura, city of Cyprus (Bisur), iii. 70.
Bordeaux. See Burdegala.
Boreas, Borras, i. 42, 44, 97.
Boreion, prom. of Cyrene (Ras-Teyonas), iii. 291.
Borrhama, iii. 170.
Borsippa, t. of Babylonia, iii. 146.
Borsippeni, Chaldæans, iii. 146.
Borus, ii. 110.
Borysthenes (Dnieper), i. 98-100, 110, 111, 113, 114, 116, 162, 172-175, 188,
190, 191, 202, 203, 442, 443, 451, 457, 470-472, 475, 478; ii. 222, 298.
Bosporani, Asian, ii. 223.
——, European, ii. 223.
——, Bosporiani, Bosporians, ii. 223, 224; iii. 180.
Bosporii, i. 476.
Bosporus, Cimmerian (Straits of Kertch or Zabache, Azof), i. 8, 31, 114, 164,
189, 223, 441, 450, 463, 472, 475-478, 480; ii. 216, 219-222, 224, 225, 239,
294, 302, 305, 318, 401, 402.
——, Thracian, i. 138, 189; ii. 318.
——, Mysian, ii. 318.
Botrys, fortress of Syria, iii. 170.
Bottiæa, distr. of Macedonia, i. 430, 508, 509.
Bottiæi, people of Macedonia, i. 425, 506, 508.
Bottōn, i. 506.
Bougie. See Salda.
Bouz Dagh. See Tmolus.
Boxos, Boxes, iii. 208.
Bracchiano, Lago di. See Sabatus.
Brachmānes, philosophers of India, iii. 109-111, 114, 117.
Branchidæ, priests of Apollo, ii. 254; iii. 4, 259.
——, their city in Sogdiana, ii. 254.
Branchus, ii. 120; iii. 4.
Braurōn, t. of Attica, ii. 52, 88, 89.
Breasts, the (Stethè), i. 79, 82.
Brĕnæ, people of Thrace, i. 516.
Brennus, i. 280.
Brentĕsium, t. of Iapygia (Brindisi), i. 347, 370, 423, 428-435, 497.
Brescia, i. 317.
Brettii, i. 315-441.
Breuci, people of Hungary, i. 483.
Breuni, nation of Illyria, i. 306.
Brigantii, a people of the Vindelici, i. 307.
Brigantium (Briançon), i. 268, 307.
Briges, people of Thrace, i. 453, 510.
Brilessus, mtn of Attica, ii. 90.
Brindes. See Brundusium.
Brindisi. See Brentesium.
Briseïs, ii. 343, 384.
Britain, i. 99, 100, 111, 116, 117, 141, 157, 172-175, 181, 193, 263, 264, 281,
283, 288-290, 295-298.
Britannic Islands, British Islands, i. 172, 173, 194, 196, 221.
British Channel, i. 192.
Britomartis, ii. 199, 200.
Britons, i. 116, 177, 298, 299.
Briula, iii. 26.
Brixia, t. of the Insubri, i. 317.
Brothers, Seven, monuments of the, iii. 278.
Bructeri, a people of Germany, i. 444, 445, 447.
Brundusians, i. 430.
Bruttii, i. 315, 339, 374, 377-383, 391, 431.
Brutus, the Gallician, i. 228, 230, 233.
——, Decimus, vanquished at Philippi, i. 305, 515.
Bryanium, t. of Macedonia, i. 501.
Bryges, Brygi, Phryges, ii. 298.
Brygi, people of Epirus, i. 500, 501.
Bubastite nome, iii. 245.
Bubastus, t. of Egypt, iii. 245.
Bubōn, t. of Lycia (Ebedschek-Dirmil), ii. 410.
Buca, t. of the Frentani, i. 359, 436.
Bucephālia, city of India, iii. 91.
Bucephalus, the horse of Alexander, iii. 91, 92.
Buchetium, city of the Cassopæi, i. 497.
Bucolopolis, t. of Judæa, iii. 175.
Budŏrus, r. of Eubœa, ii. 153.
——, mtn of Salamis, ii. 153.
Budrun. See Teos.
Bujæmum, i. 444.
Bulliones, people of Illyria, i. 500.
Buprasian district, ii. 18.
Buprasii, Buprasians, ii. 12, 13, 27.
Buprasium, ii. 12, 14, 23, 28, 74.
——, t. of Elis, ii. 12, 13, 27, 32, 162.
Būra, city of Achæa (Diakopton), i. 84, 92; ii. 71, 73.
Burdegala (Bordeaux), i. 283.
Burum, Lake. See Bistonis.
Busiris, king of the Egyptians, iii. 240.
——, city of Egypt, iii. 240.
Busirite nome, iii. 240.
Būthrōtum, t. of Epirus (Butrinto), i. 497.
Butice-limnè, lake of Egypt, iii. 239.
Būtrium, t. of the Umbri (Butrio), i. 318.
Būtus, t. of Egypt, iii. 239.
Byblos (Gebail), city of the Phœnicians, iii. 170.
Bylliace, district of Illyria, i. 486.
Byrchanis, island (Borcum), i. 445.
Byrebistas, Bœrebistas, king of the Getæ, i. 457, 466, 467; iii. 180.
Byrsa, acropolis of Carthage, iii. 285, 286.
Byzacii, people of Libya, i. 198.
Byzantines, ii. 292, 332.
——, Horn of the, i. 491.
Byzantium (Constantinople), i. 78, 81, 100, 109, 110, 114, 160, 172-174, 188,
189, 202, 203, 491, 492, 505, 518; ii. 2, 286, 318; iii. 34, 62.
——, Strait of, i. 80, 110, 189; ii. 314, 318.
——, temple of, i. 491.
Byzēres, a nation of Pontus, ii. 297.
Cabæum, prom. of the Ostimii (Cape St. Mahé), i. 101.
Cabaleis, same as Solymi, ii. 409.
Cabalis, c. and distr. of Phrygia and Lycia, ii. 408, 409.
Caballa, t. of Armenia, ii. 271.
Caballiō, t. of Gaul (Cavaillon), i. 268, 276.
Cabeira, t. of Pontus, ii. 190, 306.
Cabeirides, ii. 190.
Caberus, mtn of Berecyntia, ii. 189.
Cabes, Gulf of. See Syrtis, Lesser.
Cabesus, ii. 367.
Cabiorides, ii. 190.
Cabiri, i. 516; ii. 180, 189, 190.
Cabul. See Cophes.
Cabyllīnum, t. of Gaul (Châlons-sur-Saone), i. 286.
Cadēna, t. of Cappadocia, ii. 281.
Cadi, t. of Phrygia (Gadis), ii. 332.
Cadiz. See Gades, Gadeira.
Cadmē, same as Priene, iii. 7.
Cadmeia, citadel of Thebes, ii. 108, 109.
Cadmeian victory, i. 224.
——, territory, i. 493; ii. 93.
Cadmus, founder of Cadmeia, i. 493, 500; ii. 93, 154.
——, Melesian, i. 281; iii. 66.
——, r. of Phrygia, ii. 334.
——, mtn of Phrygia, ii. 334.
Cadurci, a people of Gaul (Querci), i. 284.
Cadusii, a people of Asia, ii. 240-242, 245, 248, 249, 263, 264.
Cæcias, name of a wind (N.E.), i. 45.
Cæcilius Bassus, iii. 165.
Cæcubum, distr. of Latium, i. 345, 347.
Cælius, Mount, i. 348.
Cænepolis, ii. 36.
Cæni, people of Thrace, ii. 401.
Cænys, prom. of Italy, i. 385, 400.
Cæpio, Q. S., a Roman general, i. 280.
——, tower of, i. 211.
Cæratus, same as Cnossus, ii. 190.
Cærea, c. of Etruria, i. 328.
Cæretana, hot-springs, i. 328.
Cæretani, i. 327, 335.
Cæsar, i. 213, 241, 242, 270, 271, 285, 290, 305; ii. 44, 270, 274, 278, 297.
——, Augusta, c. of the Celtiberi (Saragossa), i. 227, 242, 244.
——, Augustus, i. 234, 265, 275, 286, 298, 304, 306, 308, 349-351, 369, 388,
404, 408, 411, 439, 441, 444, 446, 448, 467, 483, 484; ii. 294, 309, 334,
356-358, 392, 402; iii. 36, 53, 54, 58, 59, 74, 118, 159, 184, 209, 231, 233,
281, 296, 297.
——, Julius or divus, i. 265, 285, 288, 297, 298, 317, 350, 439, 457, 497-499;
ii. 65, 294, 308; iii. 20, 24, 227, 284, 287.
Cæsarea, c. of Numidia, iii. 284.
Cæsarium, temple of Alexandria, iii. 230.
Cæsēna, c. of Italy, i. 322.
Cafsa. See Capsa.
Caiata, gulf of (Gaëta), i. 347.
——, promontory of, i. 347.
Caicus, r. of Mysia (Bakyr-Tschai), ii. 326, 327, 339, 376, 383, 387-390, 395,
397, 401.
——, plain of, ii. 332, 388-390, 401; iii. 82.
Caieta, nurse of Æneas, i. 347.
Cainochorion, fortress of Pontus, ii. 306.
Calabri, i. 422, 423.
Calabria, i. 430.
Calachene, distr. of Assyria, ii. 235, 272; iii. 142.
Calaguris, t. of Spain (Calahorra), i. 242.
Calamis, i. 490.
Calanus, iii. 74, 112, 113, 115, 116.
Calasarna, t. of Lucania, i. 379.
Calatia, c. of Campania (Le Galazze), i. 431.
Calauria, island (Poros), i. 187; ii. 49, 55.
Calbis, r. of Caria (Doloman Ischai), iii. 28.
Calchas the prophet, iii. 15, 50, 59, 60.
——, shrine of, i. 434; ii. 324.
Calche, the, ii. 271.
Cale-Peuce, ii. 371.
Calenian wine, i. 361.
Calēs, c. of Campania (Calvi), i. 352, 370.
Caleti, people of Gaul, i. 281, 289.
Callaïci, people of Spain, i. 222-251.
Callanian plain, ii. 407.
Callas, r. of Eubœa, ii. 152.
Callateria (Galazze), i. 370.
Callatis, t. of Mœsia (Mangalia), i. 489, 490; ii. 288.
Calliarus, t. of Locris, ii. 127.
Callias, ii. 393.
Callicolōnē, ii. 362.
Callidromus, part of Œta, ii. 129.
Callimachus, i. 70-72, 321, 459; ii. 21, 29, 87, 141, 199, 206; iii. 9, 35, 245,
292.
Callinicus, iii. 162, 168. See Seleucus.
Callīnus, ii. 373, 405; iii. 3, 22, 23, 50.
Calliŏpe, ii. 189.
Callipidæ, nation of Scythia, ii. 298.
Callipolis, t. of Sicily, i. 412.
——, t. of the Thracian Chersonesus (Gallipoli), i. 518; ii. 349.
——, t. of Macedonia, i. 514.
Calliste. See Thēra.
Callisthenes, ii. 39, 254, 288, 356, 383, 405; iii. 5, 49, 66, 225, 245, 261,
passim.
Callydium, fortress of Mysia, ii. 330.
Calpas, r. of Bithynia, ii. 288.
Calpè, t. of Spain, i. 81, 210, 212.
——, rock of Spain (Gibraltar), i. 164, 234, 235, 253, 255.
Calvi. See Cales.
Calybe, t. of the Asti, i. 492.
Calycadnus, r. of Cilicia (Kelikdni), ii. 405; iii. 53-55.
Calydna, same as Tenedos, ii. 214, 372.
Calydnæ, islands, ii. 212-214, 372.
Calydōn, c. of Ætolia, ii. 127, 155, 159, 160, 171, 172, 175, 179.
Calymna, Calymnæ, isl. (Calimno), ii. 214.
Calynda, c. of Caria, iii. 28.
Calypso, island of, i. 459.
Camarina, c. of Sicily (Torre di Camarana), i. 401, 411.
Camasch. See Commagene.
Cambysene, distr. of Armenia, ii. 232, 234, 269.
Cambyses, ii. 190; iii. 141, 224, 245, 261.
Cameirus, t. of Rhodes (Camiro), iii. 31, 33.
Camertes, t. of Umbria, i. 338.
Camici, t. of Sicily, i. 413, 425.
Camillus, son of Vulcan, ii. 189.
Camisa, fortress of Pontus, ii. 310.
Camisene, distr. of Cappadocia, ii. 293, 310.
Campanella, Puntadella. See Athenæum and Sirenussæ.
Campani, Campanians, i. 352, 357, 361, 366, 369, 371, 373, 377, 387, 404.
Campania, i. 326, 344, 346, 360, 361, 369-371, 373, 379, 429, 431, 432.
Campodunum, t. of the Vindelici, i. 307.
Campsiani, people of Germany, i. 445.
Campus Martius, i. 350, 371.
Camuni, people of the Rhæti, i. 306.
Canæ, c. of Æolia, ii. 153, 388.
——, mtns (Adschane), ii. 339, 342, 376, 388, 390, 391.
Canary Islands. See Blessed, Islands of the.
Canan, Cape. See Cephalæ.
Canastræum, prom. of Macedonia (Cape Pailuri), i. 510.
Canastrum, prom. of Pallene (Cape Pailuri), i. 511, 512.
Candace, queen of Ethiopia, iii. 268, 269.
Candavia, mtns of Illyria, i. 495, 500.
Candia. See Crete.
Canēthus, hill of Eubœa, ii. 154.
Canidius, ii. 231.
Cannæ, t. of Apulia, i. 436.
Canopic mouth of the Nile, i. 101; iii. 237, 238. See Nile.
——, gate of Alexandria, iii. 231, 237.
——, canal, iii. 231, 237, 239.
Canōpus, constellation, i. 4, 180.
——, c. of Egypt (Aboukir), i. 130; iii. 48, 222, 237, 238.
Cantabria, i. 236, 247.
Cantabrian mtns, i. 250.
Cantabrians, i. 230, 233, 234, 239, 241, 243, 246-248, 250, 439.
——, Conish, the, i. 243.
Cantharius, prom. of Samos, iii. 10.
Cantharōlĕthron, i. 511.
Cantium. See Kent.
Canusitæ, emporium of the, i. 433.
Canusium, t. of Apulia (Canosa), i. 431, 433.
Capedunum, t. of the Scordisci, i. 488.
Caphareus, prom. of Eubœa, ii. 48.
Caphyeis, t. of Arcadia, ii. 75.
Capitol, the, i. 298, 342, 348, 351, 424, 490; iii. 8.
Capitūlum, t. of Latium, i. 353.
Capnobatæ, i. 454, 455.
Capo Boeo. See Lilybæum.
Cappadocia, i. 113, 195, 262, 279; ii. 216, 218, 246, 259-261, 265, 273, 276-
286, 301, 307, 310, 314, 319-322; iii. 35, 44, 54, 63-65, 137, 150, 232.
——, the Great, ii. 278, 293, 294, 307, 321.
——, Upper, ii. 259.
——, on Pontus, ii. 278.
Cappadocians, i. 440; ii. 273-286, 290, 301, 320, 322.
Capreæ, Capriæ, Capria, isl. (Capri), i. 34, 93, 185, 368, 369, 387.
Capria, l. of Paphlagonia, iii. 49.
Caprus, port of Chalcidia, i. 512, 513.
——, island, i. 512, 513.
——, r. of Phrygia, ii. 334.
——, r. of Assyria (The Little Zab), iii. 144.
Capsa, t. of Numidia (Cafsa), iii. 284.
Capua, (S. Maria di Capoa), i. 351, 360, 370, 431.
Capyæ, t. of Arcadia, ii. 378.
Capys, ii. 378.
Caracoma, i. 516.
Caralis, t. of Sardinia (Cagliari), i. 333.
Caraman. See Laranda.
Carambis, prom. of Paphlagonia (Kerempi-Burun), i. 188, 476; ii. 225, 291,
293.
Carana, t. of Pontus, ii. 310.
Caranītis, ii. 310.
Carcathiocerta, t. of Armenia (Kharput), ii. 268.
Carchi. See Chalcia.
Carcinites Gulf, i. 471, 473, 474, 478.
Carcoras, r. of Noricus, i. 482.
Cardaces, iii. 138.
Cardamylæ, t. of Messenia (Scardamula), ii. 35-37.
Cardia, t. of the Thracian Chersonesus, i. 517.
Cardiana. See Lagusa.
Cardūchi, people of Asia, iii. 157 Carēnitis, distr. of Armenia, ii. 269.
Carēsēnē, distr. of the Troad, ii. 371.
Carēsus, t. of the Troad, ii. 304, 371.
——, r. of the Troad, ii. 357, 371.
Caria, i. 8, 102, 103, 133, 140, 172, 187, 190, 195, 202, 493; ii. 56, 68, 259,
298, 313, 329, 333, 334, 383, 407, 409; iii. 1, 2, 6, 27-44, 59.
——, coast, iii. 34.
Carians, i. 96, 103, 493, 494; ii. 50, 56, 88, 277, 327-329, 383; iii. 2, 35, 38-43,
63.
Cariatæ, ii. 254.
Carmalas, r. of Cataonia, ii. 280-283.
Carmania (Kerman), i. 121-126, 129, 131, 132, 135, 196, 201; iii. 109, 120,
122, 124, 125, 127-133, 146, 152, 186, 187.
Carmanians, iii. 120.
Carmēl, mtn of Judæa, iii. 175.
Carmentis, mother of Evander, i. 343.
Carmō, t. of Spain (Carmona), i. 213.
Carmylessus, t. of Lycia, iii. 46.
Carna, Carnana, c. of Arabia, iii. 190.
Carneades, iii. 293.
Carneates, mtn of Sicyonia, ii. 66.
Carni, i. 307-309, 321, 448, 482, 483.
Carnus, t. of Syria (Carnoon), iii. 167.
Carnutes (people of the Chartrain), i. 284, 289.
Carpasia, t. of Cyprus, iii. 69.
Carpasian islands, iii. 69.
Carpathian Sea, i. 187; ii. 212; iii. 68.
Carpathus, ii. 212, 213.
Carpetani, i. 209, 212, 228, 229, 243.
Carpetania, distr. of Spain, i. 214.
Carrhæ, c. of Mesopotamia, iii. 157.
Carseoli, t. of Latium (Carsoli), i. 353.
Carsūli, t. of Umbria, i. 337.
Carta, t. of Hyrcania, ii. 242.
Cartalia, t. of Spain, i. 239.
Carteïa, c. of Spain, i. 210, 213, 218, 226.
Cartera, Comè, vill. of Thrace, i. 515.
Cartero. See Heracleium.
Carthæ, ii. 210.
Carthage, in Africa, i. 101, 140, 180, 184, 197, 198, 201, 403, 411, 439; ii. 331;
iii. 51, 282, 284-291.
Carthagena, in Spain, i. 222, 234, 238, 239, 245, 251, 262, 334; iii. 279.
Carthaginian Bay, iii. 285, 287.
——, wars, iii. 284.
Carthaginians, i. 104, 226, 238, 334, 377, 403, 404, 408, 424, 438, 439; ii. 71,
73; iii. 240, 275, 285.
Carura, t. of Phrygia, ii. 334, 336, 409; iii. 43.
Caryanda, t. and isl. of Caria, ii. 318, 340; iii. 37.
Caryandians, iii. 37.
Carystian marble, ii. 140, 153.
Carystus (Castel Rosso), t. of Eubœa, ii. 153.
——, in Laconia, ii. 153.
Casiana, fortress of Syria, iii. 165.
Casii, ii. 213, 214.
Casilīnum, t. of Campania (Nova Capua), i. 351-353, 370, 431.
Casīnum, t. of Latium, i. 352.
Casium, mtn of Egypt (El Kas), i. 62, 79, 87, 91; iii. 149, 233.
——, mtn of Syria (Ras el Kasaroun), iii. 162, 164, 174-177.
Caslona. See Castulōn.
Caspian Sea, i. 54, 102, 109, 115, 122, 123, 132, 135-138, 183, 194, 451, 471;
ii. 216-218, 226, 227, 230, 232, 235, 239, 240-246, 249, 255, 256, 260, 267,
270, 272.
Caspian Gates (Firouz-Koh), i. 94, 100, 121, 124, 125, 127, 130-132, 136-139,
202; ii. 218, 237, 242, 249, 250, 259-265; iii. 120, 124, 125, 130, 153.
——, tribes, ii. 234.
Caspiana, distr. of Albania, ii. 234, 269.
Caspii, ii. 226, 248, 253, 258.
Caspius, mtn of the Caucasus, i. 137-139; ii. 226.
Cassander, king of Macedonia, i. 509-511; ii. 88, 89.
Cassandra, i. 398, 511; ii. 367.
Cassandria, i. 511.
Cassiŏpē, port of Epirus (Cassiopo), i. 497.
Cassiopeia, constellation, i. 202.
Cassiterides (Scilly Islands), i. 181, 194, 221, 262.
Cassius, i. 515; iii. 164.
Cassōpæi, people of Epirus, i. 493, 496-498.
Castabala, t. of Cilicia, ii. 278, 281.
Castalian fountain, ii. 116.
Castel Franco. See Phœnix.
Castel Rosso. See Carystus.
Castellum, port of Firmum Picenum (Porto di Fermo), i. 357.
Castezzio. See Clastidium.
Casthanæa, t. of Magnesia, ii. 148.
Castor, father of Deiotarus, ii. 314.
——, son of Saocondarus, ii. 321.
Castor and Pollux. See Dioscuri.
Castrum, Castrum Novum, t. of Picenum (Giulia Nova), i. 357, 358.
Castulōn, Castlōn (Caslona), t. of Spain, i. 214, 222, 228, 241, 250.
Casus, ii. 212-214.
Casystes, iii. 17.
Catabathmus, mtn and t. of Egypt, Akabet-el-Kebira, iii. 226, 235, 275, 294.
Catacecaumene, distr. of Mysia, or Lydia, ii. 332, 335, 336, 403, 404, 406; iii. 8,
43.
Catacecaumene, wine of, ii. 406; iii. 8.
Catacolo, Cape. See Ichthys.
Catana, c. of Sicily (Catania), i. 356, 367, 402, 403-405, 411, 415.
Catanæa, i. 405, 411.
Catanæi, Catanæans, i. 405, 406, 412.
Cataones, Cataonians, people inhabiting the Taurus, ii. 269, 276, 277; iii. 64.
Cataonia, part of Cappadocia, i. 82, 202; ii. 259, 276-279, 280; iii. 59, 65.
Cataractes, r. of Pamphylia, iii. 49.
Cataracts, of Teverone, i. 353.
——, of the Euphrates, iii. 147.
——, of the Nile, iii. 217, 265.
Catennenses, mtn of Pisidia, ii. 324.
Cathæa (? Cathay), distr. of India, iii. 92.
Cathæi, iii. 93.
Cathylci, people of Germany. See Caulci, i. 447.
Cato, Marcus, ii. 250; iii. 58, 72, 291.
Catocas. See Menippus.
Catopterius, near Parnassus, ii. 123.
Catoriges, an Alpine nation, i. 303.
Cattabaneis, people of Arabia, iii. 190.
Cattabania, iii. 191.
Caucasian mtns, i. 106, 115-117, 130, 131, 162, 177, 195, 273; ii. 219, 220,
230-232, 235, 258, 269; iii. 79.
——, tribes, ii. 227.
Caucasus, ii. 224-226, 229-235, 238, 239, 245, 267; iii. 77, 78, 80, 107, 125.
Cauci, a people of Germany, i. 445.
Caucon, r. i. 14, 15; ii. 74.
——, monument of a, ii. 18.
Caucōnes, in Elis, i. 493, 494; ii. 8, 14, 15, 18, 19, 28, 31, 74, 286-288, 290,
327, 383, 394.
Cauconia, ancient name of Elis, ii. 18.
Cauconiatæ, Cauconītæ, in Paphlagonia, ii. 18, 286-288; iii. 63, 65.
Cauconis, Cauconitis, ii. 14, 74.
Caudium, t. of the Samnites (S. Maria di Goti, Paolisi), i. 370, 431.
Caulci, people of Germany, i. 445.
Caulōnia, t. of the Bruttii, i. 392. See Aulonia.
Caunians, iii. 28.
Caunus, t. of Caria (Dalian), iii. 28.
Cavaillon. See Caballio.
Cavaliere. See Zephyrium.
Cavari, people of Gaul, i. 276-278.
Cavo, Monte. See Albanus.
Caÿster, r. of Ionia, ii. 145, 396, 397, 402-407; iii. 10, 14, 26.
——, plain of, ii. 397; iii. 82.
——, Larisæans in the, ii. 397.
Caÿstrius, iii. 26.
Ceans, ii. 210.
Cĕbrēn, Cebrēnē, t. of the Troad, ii. 373, 375, 376.
Cĕbrēni, in the Troad, ii. 361, 375.
——, in Thrace, ii. 351.
Cĕbrēnia, a part of the Troad, ii. 360, 362.
Cĕbriŏnes, ii. 360.
Cecrŏpia, citadel of Athens, ii. 88.
Cĕcrops, i. 493; ii. 87, 88, 101.
Ceii, inhabitants of Ceus, ii. 253.
Cĕladōn, r. of Elis, ii. 15, 22.
Celænæ, hill of the Troad, ii. 333, 390.
——, t. of Phrygia, ii. 333, 335, 407.
Celæno, one of the Danaids, ii. 335.
Celænus, son of Neptune, ii. 335.
Celenderis, t. of Cilicia (Kilandria), iii. 52, 177.
Cĕlia, t. of Apulia (Ceglie), i. 431.
Celmis, one of the Dactyls, ii. 191.
Cēlōssa, mtn of Sicyonia, ii. 66.
Celsa, t. of Spain (Xelsa), i. 241, 242.
Celtica. See Keltica.
Cemmenus, mtn (the Cevennes), i. 193, 264-267, 272, 276, 277, 279, 282,
283, 285, 310.
Cēnæum, prom. of Eubœa (C. Lithada), i. 94; ii. 126, 130, 137, 150.
Cenchreæ, port of the Corinthians, (Kankri), i. 85, 88; ii. 49, 62, 63.
——, t. of Argolis, ii. 58.
Cencrius, r. near Ephesus, iii. 11.
Cenomani, people of Cisalpine Gaul, i. 321.
Centauri, Centaurs, ii. 20.
Centoripa, t. of Sicily (Centorbe), i. 411, 414.
Centrones, Alpine ntn, i. 303, 305, 309.
Ceōs, island (Zia), ii. 156, 208, 210.
Ceperano. See Fregellæ.
Cephalæ, prom. (Cape Canan), iii. 289, 290, 291.
Cephallēnes, Cephallenians, ii. 83, 161, 162, 166, 167, 173.
Cephallenia (Cephalonia), i. 187; ii. 5, 9, 15, 25, 161-169; iii. 8.
Cephalœdium, t. of Sicily (Cefalu), i. 401, 411.
Cephalōn, ii. 350.
Cephalus, son of Deïonius, ii. 162, 166, 170, 173.
Cēphēnes, i. 67.
Cephisia, t. of Attica, ii. 88.
Cēphissis, lake of Bœotia, ii. 102, 107.
Cēphissus, r. of Phocis and Bœotia (Mauropotamos), i. 25; ii. 91, 98, 100-102,
123, 124, 128.
——, r. of Attica, ii. 91, 124.
——, r. of Salamis, ii. 124.
——, r. of Sicyonia, Scyrus, Argolis, ii. 124.
——, ftn of Apollonia, ii. 124.
Cephisus, r. ii. 351.
Cēpi, t. of the Cimmerian Bosporus, ii. 223.
Ceramietæ, iii. 40.
Ceramus, t. of Caria, iii. 34.
Cerasus, t. of Pontus, ii. 296.
Cerata, mtns of Attica, ii. 84.
Ceraunia, part of the Caucasus, ii. 232, 235.
Ceraunian mtns, on the coast of Albania, i. 31, 159, 429, 432, 435, 486, 487,
489, 497, 500; ii. 78, 79.
Cerberus, ii. 40.
Cerbesii, people of Phrygia, ii. 337.
Cercaphus, father of Ormenus, ii. 142; iii. 32.
Cercesura, t. of Egypt, iii. 247.
Cercetæ, people of Asia, ii. 219, 225.
Cerceteus, mtn of Icaria, ii. 212.
Cercinna, isl. and town (Karkenah), i. 185; iii. 285, 288.
Cercinnītis, island, iii. 288.
Cercītæ, people of Pontus, ii. 296.
Cercyra. See Corcyra.
Cereate, t. of Latium (Cerretano), i. 353.
Ceres. See Demeter, i. 95, 295, 516; ii. 66, 118, 130, 138, 139, 183.
——, Eleusinian, temple of the, ii. 84; iii. 2.
——, temples of, i. 411; ii. 17, 138, 139.
——, grove of, ii. 17.
Cēreus, r. of Eubœa, ii. 137.
Cerigo, isl. See Cythera.
Cerretano. See Cereate.
Cērilli, t. of the Bruttii (Cirella), i. 380.
Cērinthus, t. of Eubœa, ii. 152, 153.
Cerne, island. See Kerne.
Cersobleptes, king of the Odrysæ, i. 516.
Ceryneia, t. of Achæa, ii. 73.
Cestrus, r. of Pamphylia (Ak-su), ii. 325; iii. 49.
Cētæi, ii. 389, 395; iii. 63, 65.
Cēteium, r. of Mysia, ii. 389.
Cevennes, the. See Cemmenus.
Ceylon. See Taprobane.
Chaa, c. of Triphylia, ii. 22.
Chaalla, c. of Arabia, iii. 212.
Chaarene, distr. of Ariana, iii. 126.
Chabaca, c. of Pontus, ii. 296.
Chabrias, iii. 241.
——, rampart of, vill. in the Delta of Egypt, iii. 177.
Chabum, c. of the Tauric Chersonesus, i. 479.
Chæanœtæ, Chamæeunæ, Chamæcœtæ, people of the Caucasus, ii. 239.
Chærēmōn, iii. 246.
Chærōneia, c. of Bœotia (Kapurna), ii. 101, 110, 111, 123.
Chalcēdōn, c. of Bithynia, i. 491; ii. 286, 289, 314, 315, 318, 380.
——, temple at, i. 491; ii. 289, 315.
Chalcedonian shore, i. 491.
Chalcēdonians, i. 491, 492.
Chalcētŏres, Chalcētōr, c. of Caria, iii. 6, 37.
Chalcia, Chalcis, mtn of Ætolia (Varassova), ii. 160, 171, 172.
——, one of the Sporades (Carchi), ii. 212, 213.
Chalcideis, in Eubœa, iii. 17.
Chalcidenses, Chalcidians, in Eubœa, i. 361, 365, 369, 385, 404, 506; ii. 154,
157, 158.
——, in Ionia, iii. 17.
——, in Thrace, i. 506.
Chalcidic cities, i. 513.
Chalcidica, distr. of Syria, iii. 166.
Chalcis, iii. 33.
——, c. of Eubœa, i. 65, 86, 90; ii. 96, 151-156, 160, 162, 178, 188.
——, or Hypochalcis, c. of Ætolia, ii. 127, 155, 160, 172.
——, c. of Triphylia, ii. 16, 25, 26.
——, c. of Syria (Balbek and Kalkos), iii. 166, 170.
——, r. of Triphylia, ii. 16.
——, or Chalcia, mtn of Ætolia (Varassova), ii. 160, 171, 172.
Chaldæans, i. 35; iii. 185.
Chaldæi, people of Pontus, ii. 296, 297, 300, 304, 305.
Chalestra, c. of Macedonia, i. 508, 509, 510.
Châlons-sur-Saone. See Cabyllinum.
Chalybē, c. of Pontus, ii. 297.
Chalybes, people of Pontus, ii. 269, 297, 298, 300; iii. 63, 64.
Chalybonian wine, iii. 140.
Chalonītis, distr. of Assyria, ii. 271; iii. 142.
Chamæcœtæ, ii. 239.
Chamanēnē, prefecture of Cappadocia, ii. 278, 284, 285.
Chanes, r. of Albania, ii. 230.
Chaones, nation of Epirus, i. 496, 497.
Charadra, c. of Messenia, ii. 36.
Charadrūs, fortress of Cilicia (Charadran), iii. 52.
Charax, t. of Corsica, i. 333.
Charax, place near the Greater Syrtis, iii. 290.
——, Chabriou. See Chabrias.
——, Patrŏclou. See Patrŏclus.
Charaxus, iii. 250.
Chares, of Lindus, iii. 29.
——, r. of Colchis, ii. 229.
Charilaus, king of Sparta, ii. 204.
Charimortus, altar of, on the coast of Egypt, iii. 201.
Charmides, father of Phidias, ii. 29.
Charmŏlĕo, i. 247.
Charmŏthas, c. and port of Arabia, iii. 205.
Charon, of Lampsacus, ii. 340, 350.
Charondas, ii. 284.
Charonia, ii. 385. See Plutonium.
Charonitis, ii. 271.
Charonium, sacred cave, iii. 6, 25.
Charybdis, in the frith of Sicily (Garafalo), i. 31, 32, 35, 37, 39, 69, 404, 416.
Chatramōtītæ, people of Arabia Felix, iii. 190.
Chatramōtītis, iii. 191.
Chatti, people of Germany, i. 445-447.
Chattuarii, people of Germany, 445-447.
Chaubi, i. 445.
Chaulotæi, people of Arabia, iii. 189.
Chazēnē, distr. of Assyria, iii. 142.
Cheimĕrium, prom. of Epirus, i. 497.
Cheirocrates (leg. Deinocrates), architect, iii. 12.
Chelidoniæ, islands, near the coast of Pamphylia (Schelidan Adassi), ii. 259; iii.
27, 43, 47, 48, 61, 62, 68.
Chĕlōnatas, prom. of Elis (Cape Tornese), ii. 5, 9, 15, 22, 167; iii. 291.
Chĕlōnophagi, iii. 199.
Chenab. See Acesines.
Cherronesus, t. of Spain (Peniscola), i. 239.
Chersicrates, i. 407.
Chersiphron, iii. 12.
Cherso and Ossero. See Absyrtides.
Chersonesus, c. of the Tauric Chersonese, i. 474-480; ii. 288.
——, same as Apamea in Syria, iii. 165.
——, port of Lyctus in the isl. of Crete, ii. 199, 200; iii. 294.
——, fortress of Egypt, iii. 236.
——, prom. and port of Cyrenæa (Ras-el-Tyn), iii. 294.
——, Thracian, by the Hellespont (Peninsula of Gallipoli), i. 140, 506, 517; ii.
171, 291, 349, 357, 358.
——, Tauric or Scythian, by the Palus Mæotis, i. 474-480; ii. 291; iii. 61.
——, Greater, i. 471, 474, 475, 478.
——, Smaller, i. 475.
Chersonitæ, i. 475-480.
Cherūsci, people of Germany, i. 445-447.
Chian pottery, i. 487.
Chiana, i. 349.
Chians, ii. 396; iii. 19.
Chieti. See Teatea.
Chiliocōmon, ii. 312.
Chimæra, monster, iii. 46.
——, valley of Lycia, iii. 46, 47.
——, mtns of, in Albania. See Ceraunian mountains.
Chimerium, promontory, i. 497.
Chios, isl. (Skio), i. 187; ii. 204, 213, 349, 368, 394; iii. 2, 3, 8, 19.
——, wine of, iii. 36.
Chiusi. See Clusium.
Chlomos. See Cnemis.
Chlōris, mother of Nestor, ii. 20.
Choaspes, r. of India (Attock), iii. 89.
——, r. of Persia (Ab-Zal), i. 75; iii. 131, 132.
Chœnicides, ii. 292.
Chœrilus, poet, i. 465; iii. 55.
Chōne, c. of Lucania, i. 378, 380.
Chōnes, inhabitants of Lucania, i. 377, 378, 380.
Chōnia, iii. 33.
Chorasmii, people of the Sacæ or Massagetæ, ii. 248.
Chordiraza, c. of the Mygdones in Mesopotamia (Racca), iii. 157.
Chorene, ii. 250.
Chorzēne, distr. of Armenia (Kars), ii. 269.
Chrysa, c. of the Troad, ii. 373, 374, 384-386.
——, Cilician, ii. 385.
Chrysaoreōn, Chrysaoric body, in Caria, iii. 39, 40.
Chryseïs, ii. 343, 384, 385.
Chryses, ii. 385.
Chrysippus, Stoic, i. 463; ii. 382; iii. 55.
Chryso. See Crisa.
Chrysopolis, vill. in Bithynia, ii. 315.
Chrysorrhoas, r. of Syria, iii. 169.
Chun. See Mallus.
Chytrium, place near Clazomene, iii. 20.
Cibotus, port of Alexandria, iii. 230.
Cibyra, Great, city of Phrygia (Chorsum), ii. 409, 410; iii. 27, 45.
Cibyratæ, ii. 409, 410; iii. 50.
——, the Little, in Pamphylia, iii. 50.
Cibyrātis, Cibyratica, ii. 408, 410; iii. 27.
Cicero, ii. 166; iii. 40, 234.
Cichyrus, i. 497; ii. 10.
Cicŏnes, people of Thrace, i. 508, 515, 519.
Cicynēthus, isl. (Trikeri), ii. 140.
Cicysium, ii. 32.
Cidēnas, iii. 146.
Cierus, t. of Thessaly, ii. 138.
Cilbianum, plain, in Lydia, ii. 407.
Cilicia, i. 75, 76, 82, 96, 105, 107, 109, 110, 130, 189, 190; ii. 74, 115, 244,
259, 276, 278-281, 285, 404; iii. 28, 44, 50-64, 73, 160, 162, 177, 216.
Cilicia, Tracheia, ii. 276-278, 281, 285, 322; iii. 44, 45, 50, 54, 68.
——, Lyrnessian, ii. 345.
——, Pedias, iii. 50.
——, sea of, i. 129; ii. 218, 281.
Cilician Gates, ii. 281, 283; iii. 53, 61.
Cilicians, i. 196; ii. 197, 216, 345, 322, 327, 329; iii. 1, 50-64.
——, in the Troad, ii. 375, 383, 385, 389, 394, 395; iii. 49, 63.
Cilla, t. of the Troad, ii. 384, 385.
Cillæum, mtn of the Troad, ii. 384.
——, mtn of Lesbos, ii. 384.
Cillæan Apollo, ii. 384, 385.
Cillanian plain, in Phrygia, ii. 407.
Cillus, r. near Cilla, ii. 385.
——, charioteer of Pelops, ii. 385.
Cimarus, prom. of Crete, ii. 193, 195.
Cimbri, nation of Germany, i. 154, 288, 292, 319, 445, 448-451.
Cimiata, fortress of Paphlagonia, ii. 314.
Cimiatēnē, distr. of Paphlagonia, ii. 314.
Ciminius, lake, in Etruria (Lago di Vico or di Ronciglione), i. 336.
Cimmerian Bosporus. See Bosporus.
——, village, ii. 222.
Cimmerians, Cimmerii, Kimmerii, i. 8, 31, 96, 223, 224, 363, 364, 476; ii. 221,
246, 301, 329, 405.
——, Cimbri Cimmerii, i. 450.
Cimmericum, city of the Cimmerian Bosporus, ii. 221.
Cimmeris, i. 459.
Cimmerium, hill in the Tauric Chersonesus, i. 476.
Cimōlus, isl. Argentière, ii. 207, 208.
Cindya, vill. of Caria, iii. 37.
Cindyas Artemis, iii. 37.
Cineas, historian, i. 503.
Cingulum, Mount, i. 337.
Cinifo, r. See Cinyps.
Cinnamon country, i. 99, 111, 115, 144, 171, 179-181, 199, 200.
Cinōlis, t. of Paphlagonia (Kinoli), ii. 291.
Cinōlis, Anti, ii. 291.
Cinyras, tyrant of Byblus, i. 63; iii. 170.
Circæum, prom. of Latium (Monte Circello), i. 35, 344, 346.
Circe, i. 31, 69, 70, 73, 332, 346; ii. 85.
Circello, Monte. See Circæum.
Cirella. See Cerilli.
Cirphis, t. of Phocis, ii. 114.
——, mtn of Phocis, ii. 116.
Cirra, t. of Phocis, ii. 114, 116.
Cirrha, ii. 77.
Cirta, c. of Numidia (Constantine), iii. 280, 285.
Cisamus, t. of Crete (Kisamos), ii. 200.
Cispadana, i. 316, 321, 322, 323.
Cisseus, i. 509, 510.
Cissia, mother of Memnon, iii. 130.
Cissii, same as Susii, iii. 130.
Cissus, father of Althæmenes, ii. 77, 203.
Cissus, t. of Macedonia, i. 509, 510.
Cisthēnē, t. of Mysia, ii. 376.
——, isl. and t. near Lycia, iii. 47.
Cithærōn, i. 40; ii. 62, 82, 97, 99, 103, 107, 108.
Citium, c. of Cyprus, i. 24; ii. 382; iii. 69.
Citrum, t. of Macedonia, i. 509.
Cius, friend of Hercules, ii. 315.
——, c. of Bithynia, ii. 314.
Civita Lavinia. See Lanuvium.
Cizari, citadel of Phazemonitis, ii. 311.
Clanis, r. in the Norican Alps, i. 308.
——, r. of Latium, i. 347.
Clarus, c. of Ionia, iii. 15, 50.
Clastidium, t. of Cisalpine Gaul (Castezzio), i. 323.
Claterna (Quaderna), i. 322.
Clautinatii, people of the Vindelici, i. 307.
Clazomenæ, c. of Ionia (Kelisman), i. 91; iii. 3, 20.
Clazomenians, i. 517; ii. 221; iii. 17.
Cleanactidæ, tyrants of Mitylene, ii. 391.
Cleandria, t. of the Troad, ii. 371.
Cleandridas, leader of the Thurii, i. 398.
Cleanthes, Stoic, ii. 382.
——, painter, ii. 16.
Cleides, islands, iii. 68-70.
Cleitor, t. of Arcadia, ii. 75.
Cleobūlus, iii. 33.
Cleomachus, iii. 23.
Cleombrotus, founder of Heræa, ii. 8.
Cleōn, ii. 330.
Cleōnæ, t. on Mt Athos, i. 512, 513.
——, city of Argolis, ii. 59, 60, 66.
Cleōnæi, ii. 60.
Cleonymus, i. 427; ii. 8.
Cleopatra, daughter of Auletes, i. 440, 499; iii. 52-56, 71, 72, 231-234, 281.
——, wife of Euergetes II., i. 149, 150.
——, Selene, iii. 161.
Cleopatris, t. of Egypt, iii. 210, 243, 244.
Cleophanes, rhetorician, ii. 318.
Cleuas, leader of the Æolians, ii. 340.
Climax, mtn of Lycia, iii. 48.
——, mtn of Cœle-Syria, iii. 170.
Clitarchus, i. 332, 449; ii. 217, 237; iii. 117.
Clusium (Chiusi), city of Etruria, i. 327, 336, 349.
Clymĕnē, i. 52.
Clypea, city of the Carthaginians. See Aspis.
Clytemnestra, i. 25.
Cnemīdes, t. of the Locrians, ii. 126.
Cnemis, mtn in Locris (Chlomos), ii. 114, 125.
Cnidian wine, iii. 8.
——, territory, ii. 213.
Cnidii, Cnidians, i. 417, 484; iii. 30.
Cnidus, city of Caria (Crio), i. 180, 187; iii. 8, 31, 34, 227, 247.
Cnōpia, Thebaïc, vill. of Bœotia, ii. 96.
Cnōpus, son of Codrus, iii. 2.
Cnossus, city of Crete (Makro Teichos), i. 430; ii. 195-197, 200, 202.
Cnuphis, god of the Egyptians, iii. 263.
Coa, same as Cos.
Coans, iii. 31, 36.
Cōbialus, vill. of Paphlagonia, ii. 291.
Cōbus, of Trerus, i. 96.
Cōcalus, i. 413, 425.
Coccēius, i. 364.
Coccēs. See Ptolemy.
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