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Associated with the porphyry are strata of metamorphic rocks, of a
hard, dark, quartzose character. A quarter of a mile northwest of the
mine is a bunch-like outcrop of porphyry, carrying silver and copper
carbonate. The black veins outcrop for a distance of 2 miles 45
northwest from the mine, extending into the porphyry, which
replaces the granite in that direction. The granite extends eastward
for many miles.

The general geological features which obtain here are: A semi-

circular area of granite over 2 miles in diameter, surrounded on the
northwest and south by porphyries and joined on the east to a great
body of granitic rocks extending indefinitely in that direction. Around
the border of this granite protuberance are many dikes of a fine-
grained granite. Cutting through the granite in a northeast and
southwest direction are the black tourmaline veins, which form the
gangue of the tin ore when it is present.

Tin occurs here under conditions different from any other known
deposit. Tin veins are almost always found in granitic formations, but
such an extensively developed tourmaline veinstone is remarkable.
The direction of the fissure system shown here is an uncommon one
in California. The veinstone, together with the associated metals, has
probably resulted from a process of sublimation along lines of
fracture, removing those portions of the granite easily affected, over
a large area, as at Cajalco Hill, and in the immediate contact
completely replacing it with the massive aggregate of minute
tourmaline crystals.

Thanks are due to the manager, Captain Harris, for the facility freely
afforded me for examining the mine, the works, and the country
about.

North of South Riverside the Tertiary beds dip at a small angle to the
north. The Santa Ana River has cut its course through the hills at the
northern end of the Santa Ana Mountains. No outcrop of the
metamorphic rocks appears in the cañon. The Tertiary strata no
longer dip toward the west, but in the Chino hills north of the river
show a great anticlinal arch. Along the south side of the river the
beds dip 70° northeast; farther west, near the heart of the range,
they dip 60° southwest, strike north 30° west. Near the upper end
of the cañon there are fault lines dipping toward the range, which
show an elevation of the hanging wall. Bedrock Cañon is the first
large one which opens to the Santa Ana River from the western
slope of the mountains. Opposite the mouth of this cañon the
greatest amount of water appears in the bed of the river, indicating
the presence of hard rock only a little distance below. Coal veins are
located near the head of this cañon, one 700, the other one 1,300
feet above the river. They dip only a few degrees to the southwest.
They are exposed on cliffs facing the mountains to the northeast.
Below them are very hard sandstones carrying fossils, probably
Cretaceous. One prospect shows a number of seams within a width
of 8 feet. The widest is 29 inches, the others much smaller. The
other prospects show only one 39-inch seam. Their position, lying so
flat high on the mountains, indicates an uplift without great
disturbance, while the gypsum mines farther down on the flank of
the mountains dip at a high angle to the southeast. It may be that
all of the coal deposits of the western slope of the Santa Ana
Mountains belong to the Cretaceous, and have been greatly
separated by faulting and folding. A deposit of white, granular
gypsum has been opened in Gypsum Cañon, 2 miles south of the
river. The beds have a thickness of 8 or 10 feet. At one spot a large
mass of crystalline dolomite was found. The deposits run with the
strata, north and south, and dip west 60°. As we approach Olive, the
few croppings seen still dip south or southwest, but at a less angle.
South of the mouth of Silverado Cañon a line of hills extends 46
north and south, bordering the Santa Ana Plain. The western
portion of these hills is formed of basalt considerably decomposed.
The basalt varies from scoriaceous to fine-grained and compact. Its
eastern edge was seen to rest on Miocene sandstones, and it dips
west at a small angle, perhaps 10°. The lava seems to have been
squeezed up in fissures, judging from the way in which it outcrops.
Its greatest elevation is 800 feet. At some places the sandstones,
where not covered with lava, have been silicified, turned to
quartzite, or rendered granitic in appearance. This may be due to an
intrusive neck of lava, or more probably to the action of thermal
springs.

An interesting fold of the Tertiary strata was observed at the

entrance of Santiago Cañon. The sandstones and conglomerates on
the eastern side dip to the northeast at an angle of 30°, while those
on the west side dip in the opposite direction. The valley has been
eroded in the summit of an anticlinal. The rocks of the eastern side
rise again against the side of the mountains, thus forming a
synclinal. Up the cañon the sandstones on the west maintain a
southwest dip of 45° to 50°, and strike north 40° west. The cañon
finally leaves the anticlinal, and the rocks dip southwest on both
sides. Toward the summit of the hill, north of the Harris Coal Mine,
the dip increases to 70°, but on the top they turn so that the strata
lie horizontal. Here they consist of clay shale. The strata at the coal
mine swing around, and one mile northeast they strike north and
south and dip west. This hill seems to form the southern termination
of the anticlinal ridge north of Santiago Cañon. Southeast of this
point there is a simple monoclinal fold or slope away from the older
rocks of the high mountains. There has apparently been a fault
extending northwest in this anticlinal ridge, bringing up the clay
shales which farther south were shown to belong to the Cretaceous.
Harris Coal Mine shows a seam 18 inches wide, shale forming the
foot wall and sandstone the upper. There is a fault of 200 feet
cutting this coal seam. The sandstone at the mouth of Silverado
Cañon dips south 30°, forming bold cliffs. A half mile up the cañon
there are heavy beds of clay shale inclosed in the sandstone.
Cretaceous fossils appear in the shales, as well as in a coarse
sandstone which underlies them. This sandstone is replaced by
conglomerates near the contact with the underlying Metamorphic
Series. The sandstone rises to a height of 2,500 feet, with bold,
almost perpendicular cliffs facing the mountains. Portions of the
sandstone containing the fossils are often very much hardened.
The first crystalline rocks met are dark and fine grained, with traces
of bowlder-like inclusions, and are evidently eruptive tuffs. Above
these are green, dioritic rocks. These intrusives are followed for
several miles by sandstone and shale, in which the stratification is
often obliterated. In other places thin layers of sandstone and shale
are wonderfully contorted. The dip is at a high angle either east or
west. In the vicinity of the old Silverado Camp there are dikes and
bunches of a green dioritic rock. The mines in the Silverado district
are again being developed to some extent. The mineral belt is about
2 miles wide, and extends nearly north and south. The country is
formed to a great extent of dikes of greenish to blackish rocks, often
showing distinct hornblende crystals. The dip of the metamorphic
rocks is east about 45°. There is one main mineral vein located,
beginning about a mile north of Silverado, and extending in a 47
southerly direction for 7 or 8 miles. The Quincy Mine is one of
the most northern ones. The vein has a width of 2 feet; the ore,
silver-bearing galena in a calcite gangue. It carries but little base
metal of any kind. The ore has a peculiar appearance, the galena
being distributed through the gangue in little leafy crystals or
aggregates. The fissure is well defined and regular, with a pale green
syenitic rock on the hanging wall, and a dark diorite on the foot wall.
This hanging wall rock weathers to a light gray color, producing a
rock known as porphyry among the miners. South of this mine a side
vein carries much antimony. The Quincy has been opened along a
length of 500 feet. The ore is quite uniform, producing one eighth in
concentrates. The Quincy camp has an elevation of 2,300 feet.
South of Silverado Cañon, in Silver and Pine Cañons, a great amount
of work was done during the former excitement. The sides of the
steep, rocky cañons are fairly honey-combed with tunnels, which
were undertaken without sufficient prospecting, and, of course,
never struck anything. The New York Mine spent much money, but
did not prove a success. West is the Princess, and farther still, about
1,200 feet above the cañon, is the Blue Light Mine, on which much
work has been done and rich ore taken out. The mines south of the
cañon are in a feldspathic rock, which weathers white. It is
undoubtedly an intrusive porphyry, for traces of feldspar crystals are
to be seen. The mines are characterized by a large amount of zinc-
blende, iron pyrites, and not a large percentage of lead, making
them more difficult to reduce. The porphyry is mineralized in many
places where no traces of the precious metals occur. Litigation and
poor management seem to be the chief factors in stopping work in
this district. Though some of the ore runs into hundreds of dollars to
the ton, the most of it is medium to low grade.

About a mile and a half down the cañon from the old Silver Post
Office, and in a cañon coming in from the south, is a cropping of
dark, somewhat argillaceous limestone inclosed in shales. The
limestone does not seem to have been highly metamorphosed, yet
the fossils which it contains are almost obliterated. The faint
impressions are those of coral stems, stromatopora, and some other
low forms of life. Half a mile farther down the cañon is a cropping of
brecciated marble. At many points, particularly on the north side of
the cañon, there are great masses of apparently conglomeritic
character, but with a crystalline structure. The matrix has a green to
brown color, and in it are imbedded pebbles of the same degree of
fineness, but often distinguished by much brighter red, purple, and
green colors. In this cañon, as in others of this range, the water
holds much lime in solution, and extensive tufas are frequently to be
seen. The basal members of the Cretaceous at the mouth of
Silverado Cañon consist of conglomerates passing up into sandstone,
and those into shales; dip 55° away from the mountains in the
highest ridge, but in the course of a quarter of a mile becoming
much less. The change in dip is very sharp, giving the appearance of
a fault.

A cañon which enters Silverado Cañon from the northeast near its
mouth was followed up nearly to its head for the purpose of
investigating some limestone outcrops. The first outcrop in this
cañon is the usual dark porphyry. Beyond this the stream has cut a
deep cañon through an immense conglomerate of porphyritic and
quartzose pebbles. The porphyritic pebbles are dioritic and part red
and black porphyries. Some of them are similar to dikes farther up
the mountains. Through this great conglomerate bed there are 48
dikes of black porphyry, with pale feldspar. Tufaceous
porphyries form a large part of these dikes. The base is purple and
the pebbles light green, or the reverse. These conglomeritic
porphyries differ from the great beds of sedimentary origin, in
having all the pebbles of a uniform character with a crystalline
matrix. The sedimentary beds contain pebbles of all sizes and
description, in a matrix of small pebbles or coarse sand. Farther up
the cañon the great body of the rock is crushed shale and black to
gray sandstone; dip vertical, inclining most generally to the east,
strike north and south. Two miles up the cañon is a dike of diorite
porphyrite, coarse in the middle and fine on the edges. Four miles
up is a stratum of gray limestone. More outcrops appear on the
north side of the cañon, but whether they belong to the same
stratum or different cannot be told, on account of the crushing
undergone. These deposits are bunchy, swelling in one case to a
width of 100 feet. It is not crystalline. The color is from black to
gray. It contains fine specimens of a bivalve shell, and faint traces of
corals and univalve shells. These beds are said to extend to the
summit, and undoubtedly further examination would reveal more
fossils. Several specimens were sent to the National Museum and
pronounced Carboniferous in age. We have here, then, the first
announcement of the age of the Santa Ana range. This range stands
in such intimate relation to the granite and crystalline schists farther
south, that an approximate determination of the latter is made
possible. Professor Whitney and others following him have classified
this range as Cretaceous. Their grounds are utterly untenable
stratigraphically, but this discovery of Carboniferous fossils makes
the evidence of greater age certain.

On the eastern side of the range, near its northern end, the
sandstones were observed to be silicified, being filled with a network
of quartz veinlets, exactly similar to the silicification of the
metamorphic rocks of the Coast Range proper.
The lowest Cretaceous beds are between Silverado and Williams
Cañons, but the fossils are very similar to those generally found
through the Cretaceous of this region. The lowest beds are a
duplicate of those seen at the mouth of the Silverado Cañon, though
apparently a thousand feet lower in the series. Between the two
beds there is another conglomerate stratum, carrying bowlders
different from any seen in the Santa Ana Mountains. Many of the
porphyry bowlders in the basal Cretaceous conglomerates resemble
the porphyry about Temescal. The Santa Clara Coal Mine, at the
mouth of Silverado Cañon, is undoubtedly in strata of Cretaceous
age, though no fossils are found in the strata above till the Miocene
is reached. Up the Santiago Cañon as far as Madame Modjeska’s
place, the fossils are chiefly confined to the eastern side of the
cañon, but the character, dip, and strike of the strata on both sides
are the same. The Cretaceous is separated from the metamorphics
by a line of cross cañons. The highest portions of the Cretaceous
terminate in a line of hills with sharp eastern escarpments.

Shrewsbury Cañon comes in just below Modjeska’s. After passing the

Cretaceous, through which the cañon has cut, the Metamorphic
Series was seen to consist of slates and sandstones, followed by
light-colored granitic rocks, chiefly hornblende and triclinic feldspar.
The metamorphic rocks generally dip to the east.
A mile above Modjeska’s the Santiago Cañon cuts through bold 49
cliffs of Cretaceous sandstones and conglomerates, and higher
up still has eroded a cañon in the Metamorphic Series. The cliffs, a
little back from the stream, rise probably 1,000 feet. Sandstone
belonging to the Metamorphic Series outcrops in the cañon for some
distance, and is followed by conglomeritic porphyries, containing
purple and red bowlders. In some places the inclusions are angular.
These rocks are extensively developed about the Santiago Mines and
higher up in the mountains.

Just below the Alma Mine, on its western side, the creek has cut
through dikes of diorite, which are coarse in the center and fine on
the edges. On the hill south of the Alma Mine the diorite is on the
opposite or eastern side of the vein. Although the exposures are poor,
all the crystalline rocks have the character of intrusives. No blending
into the metamorphic rocks has been noticed. About 3 miles up
Shrewsbury Cañon several claims are located on the southern
continuation of the veins of the Silverado district. Near the head of
Santiago Cañon these again appear well defined, and considerable
active work was going on here at the time of my visit. The veins here
have a direction a little east of south, dipping to the east somewhat
less than 45°. It appears that the mineral belt follows a certain line,
generally quite regular, without any particular reference to the dikes
and bunches of intrusives scattered irregularly here and there. The
fissure system has taken a comparatively regular line and the walls
may or may not be intrusive. The Alma Mine, the northern claim of
the Santiago Silver Mining Company, has been worked by the former
operators in a very irregular manner. The veins and stringers as far as
exposed lie wholly in the crushed quartzose argillites. A tunnel is now
being run to open what is supposed to be the main vein, several
hundred feet farther east, and which has syenite on the hanging wall.
Other tunnels are being run along the creek, one near a body of
granitoid rocks, others in slate or quartzite. The ore is a leafy galena,
arranged often in narrow bands with the crystalline orientation
different in alternating bands. Sometimes it occurs in the form of
large solid bunches. Thus far the ore deposits have been found quite
irregular, but it is thought that the main body has not yet been
reached. Very little base metal is present. South, on the hill, the
Morrow claims have been bonded by the same company and are
being opened. On the summit of the hill diorite lies on the eastern
side of the veins. Down the southern slope the veins lie wholly in
metamorphic rocks; the foot wall being more silicious, the hanging
argillaceous. The mineralized portion has a width of 20 feet. A small
vein occurs in the upper side, and a heavier one, sometimes reaching
3 feet, on the foot wall. There are occasional stringers in the crushed
portions between. The gangue is calcite, with some quartz, all mixed
with the broken clayey slates. More zinc-blende and iron pyrites are
found here, also a little antimony. In the Alma Mine the richest galena
is very fine, and sometimes resembles antimonial ores.

South of these mines, toward Trabuco Cañon, another claim is being

worked. South of the Trabuco the conglomerates hide the lode,
except at one spot, where it appears and has been worked. The
Cretaceous formation grows lower as the Trabuco is approached, and
does not appear prominent south of it. In all probability it is covered
by the Tertiary, for the elevation and consequent erosion have not
been as great in this direction.

50
 SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY.

By W. H. Storms, Assistant in the Field.

No portion of California has more diversified mineral wealth than the

county of San Bernardino. Although its area is comprised largely of
rugged mountains and desert waste, yet this county is a producer of
gold, silver, copper, lead, and tin, and contains mines of zinc, iron,
and manganese, besides deposits of borax, salt, soda, baryta,
gypsum, sulphur, onyx, marble, asbestos, and structural material,
granite, and sandstone of great beauty and value. Within its borders
are found a wide range of geological formations from Paleozoic (if not
Archæan) to Tertiary, and a great variety of rocks of igneous origin.

The mines are scattered all over its thousands of square miles of
territory, and have already added millions of dollars to the wealth of
the State and the world. Many of its mines are of phenomenal
richness, and were it not for the expense and extreme difficulty
attending transportation in the desert, San Bernardino County would
undoubtedly take first place in adding to the mineral wealth of
California. The largest and most productive section in the county at
present is

THE CALICO MINING DISTRICT.

No region affords better opportunities for the study of a certain class

of ore deposits occurring in eruptive and fragmental rocks than may
be found in the Calico District. The mines, condemned at first, came
quickly to the front nevertheless, and have for the past twelve years
been steady producers of silver bullion. The district is situated 6 miles
north of the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad, the nearest station being
Daggett.

GENERAL GEOLOGY OF THE REGION.

The geology of the Calico Mountains at first sight looks simple

enough, but a more thorough investigation quickly convinced me that
there were structural problems to be studied of more than passing
importance, as they seemed to have a bearing upon the extent of the
ore deposits. The most complex region is that immediately about the
town of Calico, in the vicinity of the mines. The balance of the
mountain area is more simple.

In a general way the Calico uplift consists of a core of massive

rhyolite, overlying which are heavy deposits of light-colored breccia
and tufa. Along the flanks of the range, and in some places extending
well up into the mountains, are accumulations of undoubted
sedimentary origin, sandstone, sandy shales, and argillaceous rocks,
which, with some local exceptions, dip away from the central mass on
all sides toward the desert plain. While in the district I made some
notes on the general geological features, but not having sufficient
time at my disposal to complete these investigations, I have 51
determined not to present my views until I have had an
opportunity to investigate the region more carefully.

Subsequent to the uplift of these mountains, erosion has carved deep

cañons and removed great mountain masses. The central area is now
entirely denuded, whereas it was at one time covered with from 100
to 200 feet of tufa and upward of 1,000 feet of sedimentary strata.
Not only have these more recent accumulations been removed, but a
large amount of the hard, dense liparite has also been disintegrated
and carried away by the violent storms which are characteristic of the
desert. Faults are very numerous throughout that portion of the
mountains lying along the south side of the range. They extend for at
least 10 miles in an easterly and westerly direction. The mines occur
along this faulted zone.
The rocks of the region are a violet to brown rhyolite, often
porphyritic; green, yellow, and white tufa; yellowish and greenish
breccia; a greenish gray, fine-grained rock, which has been called
hornblende andesite by Mr. Lindgren, and a yellowish or buff to light
gray felsitic rock, which may be either rhyolite or an older felsite. It is
extremely difficult to distinguish between these rocks, even with the
aid of thin sections under the microscope. I think, however, upon
structural grounds, that I may call the rock felsite. As this is one of
the important questions upon which I have not thoroughly satisfied
myself, it will be left until such time as I have opportunity to make
the necessary investigation.

THE ORE DEPOSITS.

The formation of the ore deposits in the Calico District has been a
subject of much discussion, and the question has received the closest
study and thorough investigation. In my opinion, the ore deposits
were formed through the agency of percolating waters carrying
mineral solutions, which deposited their contents along fault planes
and in certain zones of the country rock, where its brecciated and
crushed state offered superior conditions for the deposit of the silver
ores and the accompanying baryta. That all of these ore deposits
have a common genesis I do not doubt, whether they occur in the
liparite, in the tufa, or in the “mud” overhanging country rock, as is
the case at the Bismarck, Humbug, Waterloo, and some other mines.
The form of the deposits differ somewhat, it is true, for we find the
reticulated veins in the King Mine; the segregated deposits in the
Odessa and Waterloo; the fissures in the Langtry, in West Calico, and
the impregnated deposit in the Humbug. However, all the deposits of
the district, of whatever form, I believe are due to a common cause,
having been deposited in their various forms from mineral-bearing
solutions which derived their contents from the neighboring eruptive
rocks (the liparites and tufas), part of the material doubtless arising
from great depth, and a portion coming from the adjacent inclosing
rocks by what is known as lateral secretion. It is almost an
impossibility to find in the Calico region a piece of rock that does not
contain more or less silver, from a fraction of an ounce per ton
upward.

The phenomena of ore deposition was very thoroughly investigated

by Messrs. Louis Janin, E.M., John Hays Hammond, E.M., Ross E.
Browne, E.M., and Wm. Irelan, Jr., State Mineralogist, at the time of
the lawsuit of John S. Doe vs. Waterloo Mining Company. These 52
gentlemen all agreed upon the origin of the ore deposits, and
their opinions coincide with my own and are in accordance with the
ideas expressed above. The wide difference in the size and form of
the many ore bodies does not in any manner conflict with the theory
that in each instance the primary cause of the deposit was a
fracturing and crushing of the rock masses and the subsequent
infiltration of mineral solutions, which precipitated their contents in
the zones and crevices thus prepared for their reception.

SKETCH SHOWING
DISTRIBUTION OF ORE ON THE SURFACE IN THE
 SILVER KING MINE
AS IT OCCURS BETWEEN THE FAULT PLANES
CALICO MINING DISTRICT
SAN BERNARDINO CO. CAL.
COPIED FROM EXHIBIT “R”
COURT RECORDS IN THE SUIT OF
JOHN S. DOE VS. WATERLOO MINING CO.

In the Silver King Mine occurs a perfect network of veins, concerning

which Mr. Hammond testified: “At the time of the uplifting of the
liparite, or at some subsequent time, a fault occurred, which
separated a wedge-like mass of liparite from the main mountain
mass, and this fault plane was generally conceded to be what might
be termed the foot wall of the mineral belt, or zone, or lode.
Contemporaneously with this faulting a second fault occurred, which
separated the overlying brown tufa from the liparite, which fissure
forms the overhanging wall of the mineral deposits of the Silver King
Mine. At the same time cross fissures were formed in the liparite
mass between the two main fissures. Thus there was a main fissure
or plane of contact between the brown tufa and the liparite, and a
similar fault plane between the segment of liparite broken off and the
main mass of the mountain. Between these two main fissures, and
throughout the whole mass of this segment of liparite were
innumerable fissures, some similar and equal in size to the main
fissures, and others forming a finer system of fissures and cracks,
extending through the rocks in all directions, leaving it in a broken
and disintegrated, and in many places an almost pulverized condition.
Although these finer fissures generally had a parallelism with the two
main fissures bounding this segment of rock, yet, in many places,
these finer seams or fissures run in every direction through the rock,
forming a network, or reticulated mass. The mineral-bearing waters
have deposited throughout this mass, from wall to wall, the minerals
now found within this zone in the form of baryta, carrying silver. The
finding of baryta in the shattered planes of the liparite, which is
entirely foreign to the rock itself, is sufficient evidence that a crack or
space must have existed prior to its deposition, from the solutions
which penetrated this broken zone of a once massive rock formation.”

53

CROSS SECTIONS OF
SILVER KING MINE
TAKEN FROM COURT RECORDS IN SUIT OF
JOHN S. DOE VS. WATERLOO MINING CO.

54
REPORT STATE MINERALOGIST
M.
W IRELAN, JR.
STATE MINERALOGIST.
VERTICAL CROSS SECTION
SHOWING THE FORMATION OF THE
SILVER KING LODE
CALICO MINING DISTRICT.
SAN BERNARDINO CO. CAL.
COPIED FROM EXHIBIT “P”
COURT RECORDS OF
JOHN S. DOE
VS.
WATERLOO MINING CO.

55
STATE MINERALOGIST’S REPORT
M.
W IRELAN, JR.
 STATE MINERALOGIST
SKETCH MAP SHOWING THE FAULT SYSTEM
OF THE CALICO MINING DISTRICT
PARTLY TAKEN FROM A MAP
BY
W. LINDGREN, E.M.
BY
W. H. STORMS, E.M.
ASSISTANT IN THE FIELD.

The Odessa Mine offers good illustrations of impregnated 56

masses, as does also the Waterloo. In each of these mines, as
in many others, the ore bodies are found in bunches or pockets,
varying from little deposits of nominal value to great ore chambers
containing thousands of tons of pay rock. In these cases, as at the
King Mine, a system of faulting planes marks the general strike of a
mineral-bearing zone or lode, but the great rock masses of tufa, in
which these ore bodies occur (and also of sandstone in the
Waterloo), are quite loose and porous in texture, and undoubtedly
the ore bodies in these mines resulted partially, at least, from the
impregnation of the rock with the mineral solutions which found an
easy passage along the fault planes that had cut the rocks in every
direction.

In the Waterloo Mine one of the fault planes exhibited a regularity

seldom seen in any mine. It coursed through the light-colored, soft
tufa in an easterly and westerly direction, was perfectly true, and as
smooth as any hard-finished wall could be made by the most skillful
artisan. The fracture was of knife-blade thinness, and its sides were
coated with dark red iron oxide. It dipped to the southward at an
angle of about 40°. At one time it was considered to be the hanging
wall of the lode, but a miner broke through the wall to cut a hitch for
a timber and it was found that the overlying rock beyond the slip was
ore-bearing also. Stopes in this mine were frequently over ten sets in
width, or over 60 feet. At the eastern end of the claim some
extremely rich ore was mined from a belt of jasper, a metamorphosed
clay shale, which by heat and pressure had become an intensely
hard, fine-grained, flinty rock, yet some of this jasper contained over
1,000 ounces of silver per ton.

In West Calico, 2 miles west of the Waterloo, is the Langtry group of

claims. The principal development is on the west end of the Langtry
Mine. The Langtry may be called the anomaly of the camp, as it is a
fissure vein pure and simple, or, more strictly speaking, two fissures.

The strike of these two fissures, which are 60 feet apart, is nearly
parallel, but they will undoubtedly meet in depth. That on the south
side dips northerly, while the other pitches toward the south slightly.
Both stand at a high angle, and it is doubtful if they will converge
inside of 250 feet from the surface. The veins are composed
principally of a coarsely crystallized baryta with quartz, containing
brown iron oxides, lead carbonate, ochre, manganese oxide, and
chloride of silver. The average value of the ore was about 22 ounces
per ton. The veins vary from a thin seam to over 10 feet in width on
the north vein, having an average width of 3 or 4 feet. These veins
occur in the “outside” or “mud” country, which lies along the flank of
the southern slope of the Calico Mountains. The mud shales and
argillaceous sandstones here lie nearly horizontal, the veins cutting
them at an angle closely approximating 90°.

57
SUSPENDED MINING OPERATIONS.

The low price of silver during the past two years has resulted
disastrously to the mining industry in Calico District. The great
Waterloo, for many years the largest producer, and employing not
less than 150 men in mines and mills, was closed down, as it seemed
foolhardy to exhaust the great ore bodies when the profit derived
from the extraction and milling of the ores was merely nominal. For
years these mines had kept the sixty-stamp Boss process mill and the
fifteen-stamp pan mill at Daggett busy night and day, but in the
spring of 1892 the stamps were hung up and the mines closed,
awaiting better prices for silver.

The Silver King Mining Company (limited), of London, has continued

to operate, dropping twenty to thirty stamps night and day, under the
superintendency of William S. Edwards. The King Company owns or
controls three important groups of mines in this district, viz.: the
Odessa, the Oriental, and the Occidental. The Odessa made a record
during the early history of the camp by the production of ores of high
grade. The policy which was pursued in those “palmy days”—to
gouge out the rich ore whenever it could be found, without regard to
future condition of the mine—left most of the mines in very bad
shape. The Odessa is now recovering under the new management,
and the property is being systematically opened, and it is thought all
the ore can be extracted. In this mine are stopes from which
thousands of tons of ore have been mined, and there is not a stick of
timber of any kind in them.

These old stopes are being cleaned out, new levels opened, and good
results are expected in the future. What applies to the Odessa in this
respect is true to a great extent of every other large mine in Calico.
They were all worked in a hand-to-mouth sort of fashion, and
although many of these mines paid handsome dividends, little of the
money was ever put back in anything like permanent improvement.
All seemed to share a common opinion—that the deposits were
superficial, and would not go down, and as a result no one felt like
laying out money in an extravagant and unwarranted manner. But the
mines have gone down, and the men in charge of the mines to-day
can see the result of the mistaken economy of the early operators,
and see in Calico an era of recovery of low-grade ore bodies and
development work which is calculated to give the mines greater
apparent permanency than ever heretofore. December 1, 1891, the
King mill was enlarged by the addition of ten stamps, making thirty in
all. The Boss process of continuous amalgamation was also adopted.

CHLORIDING THE MINES.

A system of leasing portions of mining claims, called “chloriding” in
Calico, was introduced in the early days, and is still in vogue. Many
poor men have made moderate fortunes in the district, and in days
gone by all did well. The mines are leased on a royalty of one fourth
to one sixth of the ore to the claim owner, according to its value, the
owner receiving more as the grade is higher. Chloriders were at work
on the Loo, Little Waterman, Humbug, Bismarck, Blackfoot, and other
mines, during the past year. The ore obtained in this manner is
usually sacked and shipped to a custom mill, where it is crushed, the
charges ranging from $9 to $12, according to the character of 58
the ore, some (the more brittle) milling much faster than
others.

THE WATERLOO MINE.

The Waterloo property consists of four claims. The principal workings

are in the Waterloo Mine, where large stopes have been extracted,
though considerable amounts of ore still remain in sight. An idea of
the extent of some of these Calico mines may be gained from the
fact that the great ore body of the Waterloo is 1,100 feet in length,
and is known to extend from the surface down to the 525-foot level.
At the east end the ore-bearing zone is from 4 to 7 feet in width,
widening downward. Going westward it increases in width until it is
60 to 70 feet wide. This mine, like those immediately about Calico,
was worked for rich pockets, and, as a natural consequence, the
mine was left in bad condition. Jos. D. Kerbaugh, the last
Superintendent of the mine, had inaugurated a systematic method of
extracting ore and recovered much lost ground. The ore is usually
low grade, and this, in connection with the low price of silver, has
resulted in the closing up of the mines. A narrow gauge railroad has
been in use for several years to transport the ore from the Waterloo
group and the King and Red Jacket Mines, owned by the same
company, to their mills at Daggett, timber and supplies being brought
to the mines on the return trips. The transportation of ore, I was
informed, cost 12 cents per ton. The railroad is about 7 miles in
length, and runs on a pretty steep grade.
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