CHEMISTRY (043)

PROJECT REPORT
ON
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of

CBSE Practical Examinations of Class XII

(2025 - 2026)

NAME : …………………………………………

CLASS : …………………………………………

ROLL NO : …………………………………………
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that …..……………………………………………Roll

No: …………………has successfully completed the project work entitled

………………………………………………………………………. On the

Subject CHEMISTRY laid down in the regulations of CBSE for the purpose of

Practical Examination in Class XII to be held in KMC Public Senior Secondary

School, Perumanallur, Tirupur. On…………………………

Subject In-charge Principal

Internal Examiner External Examiner

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my heartfelt gratitude and indebtedness to our Correspondent

Shri. C S MANOHARAN from the bottom of my heart, for his unlimited
support, motivation and infrastructural aid rendered at all times.

I am grateful to our CEO Ms. SWASTHIKA M for providing us the

resources and facilities to enable our project work.

I am sincerely grateful to our school principal, Mrs. DHANALAKSHMI

MURALIDHARAN for providing the necessary resources and facilities that
allowed me to carry out the project effectively. Her words of encouragement
motivated me to work hard and do justice to the project.

I am extremely thankful to my teacher Mr. SREEVISAKH.C for his

continuous guidance, encouragement, and expertise.

I extend my sincere thanks to my parents, other faculty members of the

school and friends for their valuable suggestions given to me in completing the
project.
 INDEX

1. Certificate

2. Acknowledgement

3. Aim

4. Objective

5. Introduction

6. Materials and Equipment

7. Theory

8. Experimental Procedure

 Experiment 1

 Experiment 2

 Experiment 3

9. Result

10. Precautions

11. Bibliography
 AIM

Measuring the Amount of Acetic

Acid in Vinegar by Titration with an

Indicator Solution
 OBJECTIVE

The goal of this project is to determine

the amount of Acetic Acid in
different types of vinegar using titration
with a coloured pH indicator to
determine the endpoint.
 INTRODUCTION
Vinegar is a solution made from the fermentation of ethanol
(CH3CH2OH), which in turn was previously fermented from sugar.
The fermentation of ethanol results in the production of acetic
acid (CH3COOH). There are many different types of vinegar, each
starting from a different original sugar source (e.g., rice, wine,
malt, etc.). The amount of acetic acid in vinegar can vary, typically
between 4 to 6% for table vinegar, but up to three times higher
(18%) for pickling vinegar.

In this project, we will determine the amount of acid in different

vinegars using titration, a common technique in chemistry.
Titration is a way to measure the unknown amount of a chemical
in a solution (the titrant) by adding a measured amount of a
chemical with a known concentration (the titrating solution). The
titrating solution reacts with the titrant, and the endpoint of the
reaction is monitored in some way. The concentration of the
titrant can now be calculated from the amount of titrating
solution added, and the ratio of the two chemicals in the chemical
equation for the reaction.

To measure the acidity of a vinegar solution, we can add enough

hydroxyl ions to balance out the added hydrogen ions from the
acid. The hydroxyl ions will react with the hydrogen ions to
produce water. In order for a titration to work, we need three
things:

1. a titration solution (contains hydroxyl ions with a precisely

known concentration),
2. a method for delivering a precisely measured volume
of the titrating solution, and
3. a means of indicating when the endpoint has been reached.
For the titrating solution, we'll use a dilute solution of sodium
hydroxide (NaOH). Sodium hydroxide is a strong base, which
means that it dissociates almost completely in water. So for
every NaOH molecule that we add to the solution,we can
expect to produce a hydroxyl ion.

To dispense an accurately measured volume of the titrating

solution, we will use a burette. A burette is a long tube with a
valve at the bottom and graduated markings on the outside to
measure the volume contained in the burette. The burette is
mounted on a ring stand, directly above the titrant solution (as
shown in the picture).

Solutions in the burette tend to creep up the sides of the glass at

the surface of the liquid. This is due to the surface tension of water.
The surface of the liquid thus forms a curve, called a meniscus. To
measure the volume of the liquid in the burette, always read from
the bottom of the meniscus.

In this experiment, we will use an indicator solution called

phenolphthalein. Phenolphthalein is colourless when the solution
is acidic or neutral. When the solution becomes slightly basic,
phenolphthalein turns pinkish, and then light purple as the
solution becomes more basic. So when the vinegar solution starts
to turn pink, we know that the titration is complete.
 Materials and Equipment
To do this experiment we will need the following
materials and equipment:

1. Vinegar, three different types.

2. Distilled water

3. Small funnel
4. 0.5% Phenolphthalein solution in alcohol (pH indicator
solution)

5. 0.1 M sodium hydroxide solution

6. 125 mL Conical flask

7. 25 or 50 mL burette

8. 10 mL graduated cylinder

9. Ring stand

10. Burette clamp

 THEORY
 Required amount of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) can be
calculated using the following formula:

W = Molarity x Molar mass x volume (cm3)

1000
Molar mass of NaOH = 40 g/mol

0.5  40  500
=
1000
= 10 g

 The acetic acid content of a vinegar may be determined

by titrating a vinegar sample with a solution of sodium
hydroxide of known molar concentration (molarity).

CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) --> CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l)

(acid) + (base) --> (salt) + (water)

At the end point in the titration stoichiometry between the

both solution lies in a 1:1 ratio.

MCH COOH VCH COOH = 1

MNaOHVNaOH 1

 Strength of acid in vinegar can be determined by the

following formula:
 Strength of acetic acid = MCH3COOH  60
3

Indicator:- Phenolphthalein End Point:- Colourless to pink

 Experimental Procedure
Performing the Titration

1. Pour 1.5 ml of vinegar in an Conical flask.

2. Add distilled water to dissolve the vinegar so that the

volume of the solution becomes 20 mL.

3. Add 3 drops of 0.5% phenolphthalein solution.

4. Use the burette clamp to attach the burette to the ring

stand. The opening at the bottom of the burette should be
just above the height of the Conical flask we use for the
vinegar and phenolphthalein solution.

5. Use a funnel to fill the burette with a 0.1 M solution of

sodium hydroxide.

6. Note the starting level of the sodium hydroxide solution in

the burette. Put the vinegar solution to be titrated under
the burette.

7. Slowly drip the solution of sodium hydroxide into the

vinegar solution. Swirl the flask gently to mix the solution,
while keeping the opening underneath the burette.

8. At some point we will see a pink colour in the vinegar

solution when the sodium hydroxide is added, but the
colour will quickly disappear as the solution is mixed.
 When this happens, slow the burette to drop-by-drop addition.

9. When the vinegar solution turns pink and remains that

colour even with mixing, the titration is complete. Close the
tap (or pinch valve) of the burette.

10. Note the remaining level of the sodium hydroxide solution

in the burette. Remember to read from the bottom of the
meniscus.

11. Subtract the initial level from the remaining level to

figure out how much titrating solution we have used.

12. For each vinegar that we test, repeat the titration at least
three times.
 EXPERIMENT-1
1. Take the household vinegar in the conical flask and
do the titration with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as
mentioned.

OBSERVATIONS

S.no Volume of Burette Reading Volume of

vinegar NaOH
Initial Final
solution solution
(in mL) (in mL)
used

1. 20 0 27 27

2. 20 0 27 27

3. 20 0 27 27

Concordant volume = 27 mL

CALCULATIONS
We know that,

MCH3COOH VCH3COOH  MNaOHVNaOH

3 3

MCH 3 COOH = MNaOHVNaOH

VCH3COOH
3

MCH 3 COOH = 0.5 27

20
= 0.675 mol/L
 Strength of acetic acid = 0.675 60

= 40.5 g/L

EXPERIMENT-2
1. Take the wine vinegar in the conical flask and do the titration
with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as mentioned.

OBSERVATIONS

S.no Volume of Burette Reading Volume of

vinegar NaOH
Initial Final
solution solution
(in mL) (in mL)
used

1. 20 0 48 48

2. 20 0 48 48

3. 20 0 48 48

Concordant volume = 48mL

CALCULATIONS
We know that,

MCH COOH VCH COOH  MNaOHVNaOH

3 3

MCH COOH = MNaOHVNaOH

3

3
VCH3COOH
 MCH COOH = 0.5 48
3

20
= 1.2 mol/L
Strength of acetic acid = 1.2  60
= 72 g/L

EXPERIMENT-3
1.Take the fruit(Persimmon) vinegar in the conical flask and do
the titration with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as mentioned.

OBSERVATIONS

S.no Volume of Burette Reading Volume of

vinegar NaOH
Initial Final
solution solution
(in mL) (in mL)
used

1. 20 0 32 32

2. 20 0 32 32

3. 20 0 32 32

Concordant volume = 32 mL
CALCULATIONS

We know that,

MCH COOH VCH COOH  MNaOHVNaOH

3 3

MCH COOH = MNaOHVNaOH

3

VCH3COOH
3

MCH COOH = 0.5 32

3

20
= 0.8 mol/L
Strength of acetic acid = 0.8  60
= 48 g/L
 RESULT
 Strength of acetic acid in household vinegar = 40.5 g/L.

 Strength of acetic acid in wine vinegar = 72 g/L.

 Strength of acetic acid in fruit vinegar = 48 g/L.

Graphically plotting various vinegar samples in

accordance with the amount of acetic acid present in
them we present a stunning find:

80
Strenth of Different Vinegars

70

60

50

40

30

20

10
Household Vinegar Wine Fruit Vinegar
0

Order of amount of acetic acid in different samples

of vinegar is:
Wine > Fruit vinegar > Household vinegar
 PRECAUTIONS
 Transference of measured vinegar into a
measuring flask should be done very carefully.
 Measuring must be performed carefully.
 Look at the meniscus of solution at eye level to
avoid parallax.
 Look at the lower meniscus in the light
coloured solution and upper meniscus in the
dark coloured solution because of visibility.
 Do not forget to add distilled water to the vinegar.
 Bibliography

 http://www.google.com.

 http://www.iCBSE.com

 http://cbse-sample-papers.blogspot.com