Ensuring continuous AI operations

with efficient battery backup

Badha Susheel (Product Architect BMS)
Garcia Rafael (System Architect PBU)

public 1
Today’s agenda

1 Introduction 3

2 Power supply generation in server applications 6

3 Battery backup for 48 V servers 9

Conventional solution for battery backup 12

Ultra high power density innovative solutions for hyperscale servers 17

4 Peak capacitance units for peak power shaving 21

Solutions for peak power shaving 22

5 Overview of Infineon's offering for 48 V DC-DC conversion 29

6 High voltage (HV) battery backup systems architecture 32

Conventional emerging solutions for HV BBU 37

Overview of Infineon's offering for high voltage DC-DC conversion 40

01.2025 public Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2025. All rights reserved. 2

Today’s agenda

1 Introduction 3

2 Power supply generation in server applications 6

3 Battery backup for 48 V servers 9

Conventional solution for battery backup 12

Ultra high power density innovative solutions for hyperscale servers 17

4 Peak capacitance units for peak power shaving 21

Solutions for peak power shaving 22

5 Overview of Infineon's offering for 48 V DC-DC conversion 29

6 High voltage (HV) battery backup systems architecture 32

Conventional emerging solutions for HV BBU 37

Overview of Infineon's offering for high voltage DC-DC conversion 40

01.2025 public Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2025. All rights reserved. 3

BBUs in server power flow

Grid PSU1 1st DC-DC stage 2nd DC-DC stage GPU

Hot swap 20 V

Protection
Isolated
DC/DC
AC/DC
(80 V/ 100 V FET Integrated

Protection
Isolated
DC/DC
AC/DC
+ Controller)
E -fuse

FET + Driver)
(80 V / 100 V
Prot.
Isolated
1

DC-DC
AC-DC
230 VAC 2 Hot swap 12 V DC 20 V ~1 V DC

Oring
(80 V / 100 V FET Integrated
5+1 + Controller) E -fuse

48 V BUS
BMS +
Protection

Protection
DC/DC
+
Protection

Protection
DC/DC
BMS

FET+ driver)
+
Protection

(80 V / 100V
Prot.
BBU2
DC-DC
BMS

1 Hot swap 20V

Integrated

ORing
2 (80 V / 100 V FET
+ Controller) E -fuse
5+1 Protection
sCAP control

DC/DC
+ Protection

Protection
sCAP control

DC/DC
+ Protection
control

PCS3
DC-DC

80V / 100V
Oring Prot.
+ protection

1
sCAP

2
5+1

Note:
1. PSU: Power Supply Unit
2. BBU: Battery Backup Unit
3. PCS: Peak Capacitance Unit

01.2025 public Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2025. All rights reserved. 4

BBUs play a crucial role in…

Ensuring Data integrity Peak power shaving

uninterrupted power

Data center success relies on Compromised data integrity can lead Datacenters could save millions of
efficient power management, which to biased outcomes, inaccurate dollars in the electricity bill by adapting
is crucial for battery conversion, preditions and security vulnerabilities. peak power shaving.
preventing power outages, and
ensuring reliable operation.

BBUs ensure continuity in power

The power flow efficiency of an during the downtime which assures In an ITIC survey from 2020, ~30% of
average AI data center (in 2024) AI success, increase reliability and firms indicated that their hourly
is at around 85% only. minimizes the loss of data. downtime was costing >$1M.

…and consequently, protecting the reputation and the business of hyperscale data center operators
01.2025 public Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2025. All rights reserved. 5
Today’s agenda

1 Introduction 3

2 Power supply generation in server applications 6

3 Battery backup for 48 V servers 9

Conventional solution for battery backup 12

Ultra high power density innovative solutions for hyperscale servers 17

4 Peak capacitance units for peak power shaving 21

Solutions for peak power shaving 22

5 Overview of Infineon's offering for 48 V DC-DC conversion 29

6 High voltage (HV) battery backup systems architecture 32

Conventional emerging solutions for HV BBU 37

Overview of Infineon's offering for high voltage DC-DC conversion 40

01.2025 public Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2025. All rights reserved. 6

BBU generations in server
Generation N-1 ‒ Generation N Generation N+1

Power Supply Unit (PSU)

12VBus
PFC HVDC
Boost
converter LVDC Server
AC
shelves
(IBC & IT
Charge Battery Backup Unit (BBU) Shelf)
400V DC to 52VBat HVDC LVDC B
Discharge M Battery
48VBat to 400V DC HVDC S
LVDC

Intermittent Power Power

Trend 12 V bus backup 48 V Bus backup HVDC Rack
backup capacitance unit capacitance Unit
Module rating <3300 W <4200 W 5.5 to 25 kW 8 to 20 kW 23 kW to 50 kW
Modules per shelf 2+1 5+1 5+1 3+1 / 5+1 2+1/3+1
DC bus voltage 12 V 12 V 50 V +/- 400 V
Backup time 90 sec 90 Sec 90 to 240 sec 90 to 240 sec
Battery pack 48 V (13S) 48 V (12S,13S) 48 V (11S to 14S) <300 Vmax
Charging 400 VBUS to 52 VBAT 12 VBUS to 52 VBAT 50 VBUS to 54 VBAT 400 VBUS to 300 VBAT
36 V to 48 VBAT to
Discharging 36 V to 54 VBAT to 12 VBUS 36 V to 54 VBAT to 50 VBUS 183 V – 300 VBAT to 400 VBUS
400 VBUS

Isolated Non-Isolated Non-isolated Non-isolated buck/ boost to charge and discharge

receptively
Converter • Push-pull & • Boost to charge (500 W) • Boost to charge (500 W) Isolated phase shifted full bridge to
• Full bridge • Buck to discharge • Buck to discharge charge/discharge

01.2025 public Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2025. All rights reserved. 7

Today’s agenda

1 Introduction 3

2 Power supply generation in server applications 6

3 Battery backup for 48 V servers 9

Conventional solution for battery backup 12

Ultra high power density innovative solutions for hyperscale servers 17

4 Peak capacitance units for peak power shaving 21

Solutions for peak power shaving 22

5 Overview of Infineon's offering for 48 V DC-DC conversion 29

6 High voltage (HV) battery backup systems architecture 32

Conventional emerging solutions for HV BBU 37

Overview of Infineon's offering for high voltage DC-DC conversion 40

01.2025 public Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2025. All rights reserved. 8

48 V server BBU
Functional block in battery backup unit

Battery management system DC-DC converter to charge

Battery monitoring and state Battery protection Charging:
estimation ‒ Protects battery from ‒ Charges battery by PSU left over-power
‒ Monitors voltage, current & abnormal situations ‒ Charge ratings are app. <500 W max
temperature of cells
‒ Estimates SoC, SoH, DoD,
RUL etc. ORing/ output protection
‒ Optimizes performance ORing:
‒ Avoids reverse current flow into BBU
‒ Ensures current sharing between the
Parallel modules
‒ Protects the rest of the modules in case
abnormal situation within its converter

DC-DC Converter to discharge

Discharging
− For minutes upon AC power loss
− Power ratings are equivalent to PSU rating (3.3
kW to 25 kW)

01.2025 public Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2025. All rights reserved. 9

Demand to increase power density of the converter

BBU overview
Power supplies
and BBU power v/s volume available
Battery backup
70 Volume (in^3)
unit (BBU) 58
60
49 49 49
50

DCDC Converter
44

Volume [in^3]
Upgrades

40 35
Battery managements 29
Battery DC-DC converter
system 30 24 24
20
10
CPU, GPU BMS
0
87.6mm

& memory 48V, 5.5KW

48V, 12KW 3,3 4,4 5,5 8 10 12 15 18 25
1
1 2
2 3
3 4
4 5
5 6
6 7
7 8
8 9
9 10
10 1
1 2
2 3
3 4
4 5
5 6 7 8 9 10

8
FAN

FAN
70mm
5.5KW 12KW Converter
Converter

10
1
1 2
2 3
3 4
4 5
5 6
6 7
7 8
8 9
9 10
10 1
1 2
2 3
3 4
4 5
5 6 7 8 9 10

6
BBU module power [kW]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
300 X 70 (mm)
150 X 70 (mm)

9
694mm
Upgrades

Upgrades in BBUs,
BBUs DC-DC converters shall offer
Demands to increase
− High power density
AI Learning and • Battery size  to increase capacity [Ah]
high computation − High efficiency
• Converter power density  to fit the reduce volume for converter
activities − Reliability
• Efficiency  to extend back uptime, reduce thermals & optimize battery size

01.2025 public Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2025. All rights reserved. 10

Today’s agenda

1 Introduction 3

2 Power supply generation in server applications 6

3 Battery backup for 48 V servers 9

Conventional solution for battery backup 12

Ultra high power density innovative solutions for hyperscale servers 17

4 Peak capacitance units for peak power shaving 21

Solutions for peak power shaving 22

5 Overview of Infineon's offering for 48 V DC-DC conversion 29

6 High voltage (HV) battery backup systems architecture 32

Conventional emerging solutions for HV BBU 37

Overview of Infineon's offering for high voltage DC-DC conversion 40

01.2025 public Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2025. All rights reserved. 11

48 V server BBU
State of the art solutions for DC-DC conversion using conventional topologies
DC-DC converter topologies for battery backup unit

Multiphase buck or boost Multiphase buck-boost

Boost Buck Buck Boost
Protection
Half Bridge -N
LN +BUS

Half Bridge -2 +BAT

+BAT L2
Gate
Half Bridge -1 Driver
L1 Protection
Gate switch
Driver
Driver
Gate -BAT
-BAT Driver -BUS

Devices DC-DC to charge DC-DC to discharge

Topology 1 to 2-ph buck 1 to 2-ph buck-boost ≈4-Ph boost ≈6 to 9-Ph buck-boost

Battery voltage <48 Vmax 36 VMin, 48 VNom,58 Vmax <48 Vmax >60 Vmax
Power rating <500 W <1 kW <4.4 kW >5.5 kW
Technology OptimosTM 5/6/8, CoolGaNTM OptimosTM 5/6/8, CoolGaNTM
80 V 80 V, 100 V 80 V 80 V, 100 V
MOSFETs
SS08, S308 SS08, S308 SS08, S308 SS08, S308
GaN NA 100 V (PG-TSON-6) NA >8 kW, 100 V (PG-TSON-6)
Low FOM Qg/Qoss/Qrr Low FOM Qg/Qoss/Qrr
Requirements
Soft recovery body diode Soft recovery body diode

01.2025 public Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2025. All rights reserved. 12

State of the art solutions and their limitations

State of the art solutions for 48 V bus architecture Increasing power density of the DC-DC converter
Topology Multiphase buck or boost Multiphase buck-boost
Volume (in^3) Power density [W/in^3]
Protection
Half Bridge -N
LN +BUS 1200 100

Power density [W/in3]

1029
+BAT
Half Bridge -2
L2
+BAT
90
Half Bridge -1
Gate
1000 80

Volume [in3]
Driver
L1 Protection
Gate switch
Driver
Driver
800 741 70
Gate 58
60
-BAT
-BAT Driver -BUS
49 49 49
State600
of 44 515 50
35
art limit 40
Limited to <44 VBAT_MAX < 60 VBAT_MAX 400 29
24 24 30
229
343
< 4.4 kW > 4.4 kW to < 12 kW 200
165 20
68 91 94
10
Complexity Simple, Complex, 0 0
4-phase design 6 to 9-Phase design 3,3 4,4 5,5 8 10 12 15 18 25
BBU module power [W]
Efficiency < 98% < 98%
BOM Cost Low High Year 21 – 24
Si 23 – 24
Not only advanced power electronic devices,
Si 25 – 26
also advanced in DC-DC conversion architectures are essential to align GaN

with the evolving demands Si GaN

01.2025 public Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2025. All rights reserved. 13

Today’s agenda

1 Introduction 3

2 Power supply generation in server applications 6

3 Battery backup for 48 V servers 9

Conventional solution for battery backup 12

Ultra high power density innovative solutions for hyperscale servers 17

4 Peak capacitance units for peak power shaving 21

Solutions for peak power shaving 22

5 Overview of Infineon's offering for 48 V DC-DC conversion 29

6 High voltage (HV) battery backup systems architecture 32

Conventional emerging solutions for HV BBU 37

Overview of Infineon's offering for high voltage DC-DC conversion 40

01.2025 public Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2025. All rights reserved. 14

48 V server BBU
Innovative solutions for DC-DC conversion using partial power concept
Differential power current-fed (DPCF)
5.5 kW multistage partial power converter
partial power converter
Cx
VPPC=VBUS-VBAT Discharge Charge
Q1 Buck/Boost Buck/Boost T1 T2

L
Gate Driver
VBUS=VBAT+VPPC

Current
+ Sensor QP1 QP2 QS1 QS2
-
QB1
+

Gate Driver
Q2 - QT1 Q1 Q3
+ 3X
T3 T4
- Current
Load Sensor
Q2
CBUS
+
- QP3 QP4 QS3 QS4 QT2
Gate Gate Gate Gate Gate Gate
QB2 Q2 Q4
Driver Driver Driver Driver Driver Gate
Driver
Gate
Driver
Driver

• High power density and efficiency • Ultra high power density

• Limited to <8kW due to BOM cost • High efficiency
Topology Location Device Partnumber • Lower BOM cost
GAN IGC019S06S1
Primary
Gate driver 1EDN71X6U
ISOP LLC Location Device Partnumber
Magnetic RM14 + Coil + Coil Former
converter
MOSFET IQDH45N04LM6 MOSFET ISC031N08NM6
Secondary Primary Gate driver 2EDL8134G3C
Gate driver 2EDB7259K
MOSFET IQDH45N04LM6SC Transformer ELP32
Totempole 1-Stage MOSFET ISCH42N04LM7
Gate driver 2EDB7259K
MOSFET BSC007N04LS6SC Gate driver 2EDB7259K
Interleaved Secondary
Gate driver 1EDN71X6U Inductor XAL1580-741
buck 3-Phases Current sensor TLE4973
Magnetics RM8
converter Bidi. protection MOSFET ISC014N08NM6
Current sensor TLI4978
Protection MOSFET ISC014N08NM6 switch Gate driver ISSI20R02H
1-Stage Control unit Microcontroller XMC7000
switch Gate driver ISSI20R02H
Control unit Microcontroller PSoC C3
01.2025 public Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2025. All rights reserved. 15
Infineon´s novel solution for partial power conversion
using patented differential-power current-fed converter
4 kW DP-CF-SUSD Technical specifications
‒ Input voltage: 36 VDC ~ 60 VDC
‒ Output power: 3.6 kW (4 kW with heatsink)
‒ Topology: Differential-power current-fed DC-DC converter
‒ System efficiency: 99.5% (peak), 98.8% (full-load worst case)
‒ Power density: 2150 W/in3
‒ Dimensions DC-DC converter: 56 x 36 x 15 mm
‒ BOM: PSoC C3 microcontroller, 40 V & 80 V OptiMOS ,
EiceDRIVER gate driver

Technical specifications Supporting material

Experimental results without heatsink, Fsw=150 kHz, VDC,bus=48 V
‒ Infineon proprietary topology enables higher power BBUs within the
same footprint
‒ Switches and energy storage components process only a partial Tmax = 71°C

portion of the power, resulting in ultra-high efficiency and high-

power density
Tmax = 98°C
‒ Power flows continuously from input to output during all switching DP-CF-SUSD
stages, leading to extremely low input and output ripple
‒ Simplicity in power scalability due to low-effort interleaving, making it
easy to adapt to increasing power requirements

01.2025 public Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2025. All rights reserved. 16

Infineon´s BBU demonstrators' evolution towards 12 kW

Proof of concept > 3 kW module

1.5 kW module
23 mm x 42 mm x 8
mm 4 kW module
36 mm x 56 mm x 12 mm
12 kW module
80 mm x 119 mm x 50 mm
Potential to address up to 15 kW

Q3-2023 Q1-2025 Q2-2025

01.2025 public Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2025. All rights reserved. 17

Today’s agenda

1 Introduction 3

2 Power supply generation in server applications 6

3 Battery backup for 48 V servers 9

Conventional solution for battery backup 12

Ultra high power density innovative solutions for hyperscale servers 17

4 Peak capacitance units for peak power shaving 21

Solutions for peak power shaving 22

5 Overview of Infineon's offering for 48 V DC-DC conversion 29

6 High voltage (HV) battery backup systems architecture 32

Conventional emerging solutions for HV BBU 37

Overview of Infineon's offering for high voltage DC-DC conversion 40

01.2025 public Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2025. All rights reserved. 18

Today’s agenda

1 Introduction 3

2 Power supply generation in server applications 6

3 Battery backup for 48 V servers 9

Conventional solution for battery backup 12

Ultra high power density innovative solutions for hyperscale servers 17

4 Peak capacitance units for peak power shaving 21

Solutions for peak power shaving 22

5 Overview of Infineon's offering for 48 V DC-DC conversion 29

6 High voltage (HV) battery backup systems architecture 32

Conventional emerging solutions for HV BBU 37

Overview of Infineon's offering for high voltage DC-DC conversion 40

01.2025 public Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2025. All rights reserved. 19

AI demands PSU higher peak power and transient dynamics

‒ GPU draws high peak power and high load transient  i.e. PSU must deliver the needed peak
power

Load for AC/DC AI power

500 μs 500 μs
190% Load

160% Load 5 ms

130% Load 50 ms
2.5 A/μs

100% Load 1000 ms

10% Load
500 μs

‒ Proper control of the currents demanded by PSUs is required:

‒ Energy buffer circuits (power pulsating) in PSU to buffer the grid from load jumps
‒ Peak shaving super capacitor shelves/units to supply high transients during load jumps

01.2025 public Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2025. All rights reserved. 20

Peak shaving shelf to supply 48 V supply
Similar to battery backup

48V DC Server Rack Conventional solutions using Innovative solution using

buck-boost converter (VS-Cap < VBUS) partial power concept (VS-Cap ≤ ≥ VBUS)
1-Ph Non isolated DC DC Converter
+48V
AC DC Cx
PMIC/ T1 T2
DC DC Boost Converter -9 Regulator
+VE L1
3-phase PSU (5+1) Protection Boost Converter -2
L1Converter -1
L
Unit Boost
L1
Gate

Gate Driver
Driver
Gate Hot swap
Driver Q1 Q3
Gate Controller T3 T4
Driver
DC Super Q2

Comm. Port
Micro
BMS

Capacitor
controller CBUS
Buck Converter -2
DC BBU (5+1)
Management
Buck Converter -1 L1
Unit
1L
L1 L1
Q2 Q4
Gate e taG Ga
Driver revireD Driv
Gate Connectivi
Gate taG
Driver rDriver
evirD ty
DC
sCap
MS

DC
PCU

Charging Discharging Bidirectional solution for

+12V
DC DC
0V
charging and discharging
DC DC - High power multiphase boost
LV IBC - Low power buck converter
0V converter - Ultra high power density solution
6V
- 80 /100 V MOSFET based
To VRM
CPU/ GPU - 80/ 100 V MOSFETs based - High efficiency
design
design - Low BOM cost 40V & 100 V MOSFET based
- High efficiency
Switch Gear - High efficiency - Scalable solution for different power levels
- Simpler and low cost design
- Simpler and low cost design - Efficient solution for limited operating voltage
*Note
range
PSU: Power supply unit
BBU: Battery backup unit
PCU: Power capacitance unit

01.2025 public Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2025. All rights reserved. 21

Peak power shaving using power buffer in PSU

48V DC Server Rack

1-Ph
+48V
AC Power DC
Buffer
DC DC
3-phase PSU (5+1)

DC
BMS

DC BBU (5+1)

+12V
DC DC
0V
DC DC
LV IBC Power pulsating buffer for peak shaving
6V 0V
- Lower power buck/boost converter to stabilize the DC link of PSU
To VRM
CPU/ GPU - 400 V SiC MOSFETs with better FOM
- Simplifies the isolated DC-DC (ISOP DCX) design: more efficient and smaller than LLC
Switch Gear
- Can support load jumps, no need to demand it from the AC grid
- Stable input and output voltages
*Note
PSU: Power Supply Unit - Controlled re-rush current after ACLDO
BBU: Battery Backup Unit
- High switching frequency and fast control loop
PCU: Power Capacitance Unit

01.2025 public Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2025. All rights reserved. 22

Peak power shaving across intermediate bus converter
48V DC Server Rack

1-Ph
+48V
AC DC
DC DC
3-phase PSU (5+1)

6V

DC
BMS

DC BBU (5+1)

PCU acros IBC

5V DC 48VDC

12VDC 6V DC

+12V
DC DC
0V
DC DC
LV IBC
6V 0V Charging Discharging
CPU/ GPU
- High power multiphase boost
- Low power buck converter
converter
Switch Gear - 80 V MOSFET based design
- 30 V MOSFETs based design
- High efficiency
- High efficiency
- Simpler and low-cost design
*Note - Simpler and low-cost design
PSU: Power Supply Unit
BBU: Battery Backup Unit
PCU: Power Capacitance Unit

01.2025 public Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2025. All rights reserved. 23

Today’s agenda

1 Introduction 3

2 Power supply generation in server applications 6

3 Battery backup for 48 V servers 9

Conventional solution for battery backup 12

Ultra high power density innovative solutions for hyperscale servers 17

4 Peak capacitance units for peak power shaving 21

Solutions for peak power shaving 22

5 Overview of Infineon's offering for 48 V DC-DC conversion 29

6 High voltage (HV) battery backup systems architecture 32

Conventional emerging solutions for HV BBU 37

Overview of Infineon's offering for high voltage DC-DC conversion 40

01.2025 public Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2025. All rights reserved. 24

 Overview of Infineon’s offering for the 48 V DC-DC conversion
‒ DC-DC converter DC-DC charge or discharge Protection MOSFETs
MOSFETs MOSFETs
80 V, 100 V OptiMOS 6 ‒ 80 V, 100 V OPTIMOSTM 6/8, LinearFET2
‒ RDS(on) options for best cost/performance ‒ Industry standard packages
Protection
‒ Lower RDS(on) and switching losses Converter to Charge
+Pack +BUS
‒ False turn on immunity
Gate Current
‒ Industry standard packages Driver
MOSFET Sensor PMIC/
Gate
Driver Regulator
SS08 5x6 PG-TSON-12 D2PAK TOLL TOLT
Protection
S038 3x3 SS08 5x6
Phase-N
Connectivity
S308 3X3 SS08 5x6 PG-TSON-12 Dual side cooling Phase-2
Current Protection FET Driver
Sensor
GaN HEMTs
Phase-1 DC-DC EiceDRIVERTM
Converter to Discharge Gate Controller
Driver 1ED8011
100 V CoolGaNTM Gate
MOSFET
Current
Driver Sensor
-VE
‒ 135V, 0.2A/1A
‒ High power density & efficiency -Pack -BUS ‒ Single channel SS08
‒ Excellent reliability
iSSi20RxxH
‒ Lowering BOM cost ‒ Integrated supply for output channel
PG-TSON-6
‒ Improved thermal management ‒ OC and OT protection pins PG-DSO-16-33
Microcontroller Current sensors
Gate Drivers
XENSIV Hot-swap controller
PG-VDSON-8/10 PSoCTM, XMCTM
EiceDRIVER (3X3 mm)
‒ Low-power 40 nm MCUs ‒ High bandwidth (5 MHz) ‒ Programmable and pre-set FET
‒ Single- and dual-channel driver ‒ Single & dual core Arm®, Cortex®- ‒ High precision active SOA protection
‒ Isolated and functional isolated driver M7, M0+ ‒ Cost effective ‒ Precision current monitoring &
‒ Strong source/ sink current capability ‒ Built-in security
‒ Compact reporting: ≤ 1%
PG-VQFN-29
‒ Compatible for GaN SG HEMTs and MOSFET TLI497X ‒ Configurable fast FET's shut down
TLE497X

01.2025 public Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2025. All rights reserved. 25

Overview of Infineon’s offering for medium voltage BMS
MOSFETs
Balancing FETs Protection switch driver
‒ 80 V, 100 V OPTIMOSTM 6, Linear FET2
‒ Industry standard packages EiceDRIVERTM
Small signal
MOSFETS

SOT23, SOT323, SOT363, TSOP6 and SC59 SS08 5x6

TOLL
D2PAK TOLT

iSSi20RxxH 1ED8011
Cell monitoring & balancing Battery protection Unit OC and OT ‒ 135 V, 0.2A/1A
RLimit protection pins ‒ Single channel

TLE9012DQU
‒ 12-Cell Voltage monitoring
Bluetooth
F1 +PACK
+BAT
+Ve

AIROC Bluetooth® LE
CYW20820
Pressure CYW4373E
Microcontroller sensor Protection
+ switch Driver
PMIC/
PSoCTM 4/6 XMCTM4
Balancing
- Regulator
+
FETs Cell LDO Security Transceiver
Battery Pack

- Monitoring
+ and SLE95401
Transceiver
Balancing Micro
-

Comm. Port
controller
Temperature

‒ Low-power 40-nm MCUs Security

sensors

‒ Single & dual core Arm® Cortex®-M7, M0+ + OPTIGATM TLE925X

‒ Security is built-in to the platform architecture ᴼC
Authenticate S
- Memory
-BAT Current -PACK
Sensor

01.2025 public Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2025. All rights reserved. 26

Today’s agenda

1 Introduction 3

2 Power supply generation in server applications 6

3 Battery backup for 48 V servers 9

Conventional solution for battery backup 12

Ultra high power density innovative solutions for hyperscale servers 17

4 Peak capacitance units for peak power shaving 21

Solutions for peak power shaving 22

5 Overview of Infineon's offering for 48 V DC-DC conversion 29

6 High voltage (HV) battery backup systems architecture 32

Conventional emerging solutions for HV BBU 37

Overview of Infineon's offering for high voltage DC-DC conversion 40

01.2025 public Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2025. All rights reserved. 27

BBU generations in server
Generation N-1 ‒ Generation N Generation N+1

Power Supply Unit (PSU)

12VBus
PFC HVDC
Boost
converter LVDC Server
AC
shelves
(IBC & IT
Charge Battery Backup Unit (BBU) Shelf)
400V DC to 52VBat HVDC LVDC B
Discharge M Battery
48VBat to 400V DC HVDC S
LVDC

Intermittent Power capacitance Power

Trend 12 V bus backup 48 V bus backup HVDC rack
backup unit capacitance unit
Module rating < 3300 W < 4200 W 5.5 kW to 25 kW 8 kW to 20 kW 23 kW to 50 kW
Modules per shelf 2+1 5+1 5+1 3+1 / 5+1 2+1/3+1
DC bus voltage 12 V 12 V 50 V +/- 400 V
Backup time 90 sec 90 sec 90 to 240 sec 90 to 240 sec
Battery pack 48 V (13S) 48 V (12S,13S) 48 V (11S to 14S) <300 Vmax
Charging 400 VBUS to 52 VBAT 12 VBUS to 52 VBAT 50 VBUS to 54 VBAT 400 VBUS to 300 VBAT
36V to 48 VBAT to
Discharging 36 V to 54 VBAT to 12 VBUS 36 V to 54 VBAT to 50 VBUS 183 V – 300 VBAT to 400 VBUS
400 VBUS

Isolated Non-Isolated Non-Isolated Non-Isolated buck/ boost to charge and discharge

receptively
Converter • Push-pull & • Boost to charge (500 W) • Boost to charge (500 W) Isolated phase shifted full bridge to
• Full bridge • Buck to discharge • Buck to discharge charge/discharge

01.2025 public Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2025. All rights reserved. 28

High voltage (HV) bus architecture
HV Bus
side-car compute rack
*Note
HV IBC LV IBC PSU: Power supply unit
LFT +400V +50V 6V BBU: Battery backup unit
AC DC DC DC To PCS: Power capacitance unit
0V 0V VRM
DC DC DC DC
3-phase PSU* 0V
HV IBC
3-phase PSU*

AC DC DC DC
-400V
DC DC DC DC PCS

DC

DC BBU* HV bus architecture for AI server

BBU*
DC ‒ Address high power demands for computing and learning activities
Advantages
DC
‒ Reduced energy (I2R) losses
‒ Avoids bulky cable or bus bars
DC
‒ Less heat loss due to lower current requirements
DC ‒ Relatively as efficient as 48 V low power systems
PCS*
PCS*
Challenges
DC
‒ Relatively new ecosystem
DC
‒ Higher isolation requirements

01.2025 public Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2025. All rights reserved. 29

Modular power vs power rating of the server power rack

Module rating (2024-25) Estimation of n. of modules per rack

PSM+
PSM1

PSM2

PSM3

PSM4

PSM5

PMC
PSU-1

1
PSM+
PSM1

PSM2

PSM3

PSM4

PSM5
PSU-2
PMC
1
‒ 400 V, 25 kW
‒ Total efficiency: 97.5%
‒ Backup duration: 6 minutes
PSM+
PSM1

PSM2

PSM3

PSM4

PSM5

PMC

PSU-N
1

Battery Configuration : < 75 S

Battery voltage: 156 min – 300 Vmax
BBM+
BBM1

BBM2

BBM3

BBM4

BBM5

PMC

BBU-1
1

Preferred topology:
BBM+
BBM1

BBM2

BBM3

BBM4

BBM5

BBU-2
PMC

‒ Non-isolated for low cost

1

‒ Isolated for improved safety

BBM+
BBM1

BBM2

BBM3

BBM4

BBM5

PMC

BBU-N
1

Year 24 – 25
PCM+
PCM1

PCM2

PCM3

PCM4

PCM5

PMC

PCU-1 Si SiC 25 – 26
1
PCM+
PCM1

PCM2

PCM3

PCM4

PCM5

PCU-2 SiC
PMC

PSU1 : Power supply module GaN 25 – 27

1

PSU : Power supply unit shelf

BBU : Battery back-up unit shelf BBM : Battery backup module
SiC GaN
PCU : Peak capacitance unit PCM : Peak capacitance module
PCM+
PCM1

PCM2

PCM3

PCM4

PCM5

PMC

PCU-N
1

PMC : Power mgmt. & control

01.2025 public Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2025. All rights reserved. 30

Today’s agenda

1 Introduction 3

2 Power supply generation in server applications 6

3 Battery backup for 48 V servers 9

Conventional solution for battery backup 12

Ultra high power density innovative solutions for hyperscale servers 17

4 Peak capacitance units for peak power shaving 21

Solutions for peak power shaving 22

5 Overview of Infineon's offering for 48 V DC-DC conversion 29

6 High voltage (HV) battery backup systems architecture 32

Conventional emerging solutions for HV BBU 37

Overview of Infineon's offering for high voltage DC-DC conversion 40

01.2025 public Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2025. All rights reserved. 31

Overview of battery backup unit for server
DC-DC converter to charge
Battery management Battery protection
Charging:
System and
Battery monitoring ‒ Protects battery from
‒ Charges battery by PSU left over-power
state estimation abnormal situations
‒ Charge ratings are app. <500 W max
‒ Monitors voltage, current
& temperature of cells
‒ Estimates SoC, SoH,
DoD, RUL etc.,
Oring/ output protection
‒ Optimizes performance
Oring:
‒ Avoids reverse current flow
into BBU
‒ Ensures current sharing
between the parallel modules
‒ Protects the rest of the
modules in case abnormal
situation within its converter

DC-DC converter to discharge Control unit

Discharging − Controls the DC-DC converters operation
− For minutes upon AC power loss − Provides housekeeping
− Power ratings are equivalent to PSU rating (18 kW to 60 kW) − Interfaces with peripherals within the BBU &
units external to the BBU

01.2025 public Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2025. All rights reserved. 32

Topologies for HV to HV DC-DC
Powering the HV bus with scalability at 97 ~ 98% efficiency

Non-isolated Isolated
Multiphase buck or boost converter Interleaved/ multiphase PSFB to FB sync. rec.
Conventional topology

‒ State-of-the-art design ‒ Wide operating range

‒ Lower component count
L1

Boost Converter -N
‒ Soft switching
T1

Driver

Driver
Gate

Gate
Driver
L1

Driver
Gate

Gate
Boost Converter -2 ‒ Supports high constant loads
Current L1
Sensor Boost Converter -1
‒ Lower component count
Current
Current
Sensor
L1
Gate
‒ <100 kHz switching frequencies ‒ Higher voltage class switches
Sensor Driver
‒ Hard switching topology ⇒ WBG

VBAT

VBUS
Gate
Driver
‒ Lower component count
Gate
Driver ‒ Efficiency < 98% ‒ Efficiency <98%
L1

‒ Best for < 20 kW

T1

Driver

Driver
‒ Enhanced safety

Gate

Gate
Driver

Driver
Gate

Gate
3-Level boost converter 3-Level isolated flying capacitor DC-DC converter
‒ Higher power density
Emerging topology

‒ High power density

Driver

Driver
Gate

Gate
‒ Complex control method
‒ Suitable with 400 V SiC MOSFETs ‒ Soft switching
‒ <100 kHz switching frequencies T1
‒ Complex control method
‒ Reduce passive elements size ‒ Lower component count

VBUS
VBAT
‒ Best for >23 kW ‒ < 400 V class SiC/GaN
‒ Lower component count
‒ Efficiency < 98%

Driver

Driver
Gate

Gate
01.2025 public Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2025. All rights reserved. 33
Today’s agenda

1 Introduction 3

2 Power supply generation in server applications 6

3 Battery backup for 48 V servers 9

Conventional solution for battery backup 12

Ultra high power density innovative solutions for hyperscale servers 17

4 Peak capacitance units for peak power shaving 21

Solutions for peak power shaving 22

5 Overview of Infineon's offering for 48 V DC-DC conversion 29

6 High voltage (HV) battery backup systems architecture 32

Conventional emerging solutions for HV BBU 37

Overview of Infineon's offering for high voltage DC-DC conversion 40

01.2025 public Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2025. All rights reserved. 34

 Infineon’s offerings to HV (+/-400 V) DC-DC converter
‒ DC-DC converter DC-DC charger or discharge Protection MOSFETs
MOSFETs
Discharge
CoolSiCTM G2 Converter to Charge Protection
+DC BUS MOSFETs
+Pack
‒ > 7mꭥ, 650 V Low RDS(on) for best price / Gate
MOSFET
Current
CoolMOS S7; CoolSiCTM G2
Driver Sensor
performance Gate ‒ Low Rds_ON
Driver
‒ Lower RDS(on) and switching losses Oring ‒ Differentiating & industry standard packages
Phase-N
‒ Robust against parasitic turn-on Phase-2
Current
Sensor
‒ .XT tech. for thermal performance Phase-1 -DC BUS
TOLT
Converter to Discharge
Protection TOLL TOLT
Digital
GaN HEMTs Gate
Driver
MOSFET
Current
Sensor
FET
Controller
isolator
Regulator LDO
9 X 7.5mm CAN
11 X 9mm Small SMBUS
CoolGaNTM > 25 mꭥ, 650 V Auxilary Power Supply
CoolSETTM Micro
Signal
RS485
-Pack Rectifier FETs
CoolSET AC-DC integrated power stages
‒ High power density & efficiency TOLL
PWM
Controller
+ controller
LED Fan DC
Control Control FAN
‒ Ultrafast switching ICE5QR1680 ICE18XEM
‒ No reverse recovery charge ‒ <40 W Aux Power supply ‒ 30~100W Aux power supply
TOLT
‒ Topology: Flyback QR & FF ‒ Topology: Flyback QR ZVS
up to 150 KHz
Microcontroller Current sensors ‒ 700 V/800 V P7
CoolMOS integrated ‒ Primary controller +
Gate Drivers MOSFET + isolated
PSoCTM C3 XENSIV communication + secondary
EiceDRIVER DSO-8 ‒ <180 MHz, 48, 64, 80 pins ‒ High bandwidth (5 MHz) controller

‒ <6 A Single and dual channel driver

packages
‒ High precision
‒ Faster ADC: 12 Msps
‒ Isolated and non-isolated driver DSO-14
‒ Cost effective
‒ < 100 ps high resolution PWM
‒ Strong source/sink current capability ‒ Compact
‒ Compatible for GaN SG HEMTs and MOSFET
TLI 497X
TLE 497X

01.2025 public Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2025. All rights reserved. 35

Overview of Infineon’s offering for high voltage BMS
MOSFETs for protection Cell monitoring and balancing
Protection
CoolMOS 7/8 ; CoolSiCTM G2 TLE9012DQU
‒ Low RDS(on) ‒ 12-Cell voltage monitoring
Current ‒ Integrated 200 mA balancing switch
‒ Differentiaing & industry standard packages
Sensor ‒ Dedicated 16-bit ∆∑ADC for each cell
‒ 2 Mbit/s robust communication
Digital ‒ End-to-end CRC secured iso UART
Auxilary power supply Protection isolator
FET Driver
CoolSET TM LDO Microcontroller
D2PAK-7 TOLL TOLT RS485 ISO UART Transceiver IC
PWM
Regulator
Security Memory
Controller
TLE9015
Gate Drivers CAN ‒Two UART ports for serial
communication b/w BMS IC and
microcontroller
EiceDRIVER Transceiver

‒ <6 A Single and dual channel driver

Microcontroller
‒ Isolated and non-isolated driver
Cell Monitoring Cell Monitoring Cell Monitoring PSoCTM C3 ‒ Low-power 40-nm MCUs
‒ Strong source/sink current capability & Balancing Unit - 1 & Balancing Unit - 2 & Balancing Unit - N ‒ Single & dual core Arm® Cortex®-M7,
‒ Compatible for GaN SG HEMTs and MOSFET M0+
‒ Security is built into the platform
architecture
CoolSET AC-DC integrated power stages
+

+
+

+
+

+
-

-
-

-
-

-
Memory
ICE5QR1680 ICE18XEM
‒ 30~100 W aux power supply EXCELONTM F-RAM SEMPERTM NOR Flash
‒ <40 W aux power supply
‒ Topology: Flyback QR & FF ‒ Topology: Flyback QR ZVS ‒ Low power ‒ +1 million cycles
‒ 700 V/ 800 V P7 up to 150 KHz Security Transceiver Digital isolator memory ‒ Data retention for 25
CoolMOS integrated ‒ Primary controller +
MOSFET + isolated ‒ 2/ 4-ch 40 Mbps ‒ 100 trillion write-cycles years
SLE95401
communication + secondary ‒ Robust galvanic ‒ Data retention for 100
controller OPTIGATM isolation years
Authenticate S TLE925X

01.2025 public Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2025. All rights reserved. 36

37