ABSTRACT

In the contemporary market, counterfeit products undermine consumer trust,

compromise brand integrity, and pose substantial risks to public safety. This project

addresses this pervasive issue by presenting an innovative Fake Product

Identification

System that leverages the immutability and transparency of blockchain technology.

The core functionality involves the creation and utilization of smart contracts, which

securely store crucial product identification details. The system's implementation

utilizes key technologies, including Truffle for smart contract development, Ganache

for local blockchain setup, and Web3.js for seamless interaction with the blockchain

network.

To establish a secure and user-friendly environment, the system is designed to work

with Chromium-based browsers, with the Metamask extension facilitating secure

transactions and interactions with the blockchain. The deployment process involves

the generation of QR codes, serving as a convenient and efficient means for end-

users to verify the authenticity of a product.

The project's success is demonstrated through rigorous testing and evaluation,

showcasing its ability to effectively thwart counterfeit attempts and enhance the

overall trustworthiness of products in the market. The proposed system not only

provides a practical solution to combat counterfeiting but also serves as a foundation

for future developments in anti-counterfeiting measures. The integration of

blockchain technology not only addresses the immediate challenges posed by

counterfeiting but also contributes to the broader discourse on the secure and

transparent identification of products in various industries.

identification, promising a more secure and trustworthy marketplace for both

consumers and businesses alike. The combination of technological innovation and

practical implementation positions this system as a valuable asset in the ongoing

battle against counterfeit products.

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 CONTENTS

Title....................................................................................................................... i

Certificate ............................................................................................................ ii

Declaration .......................................................................................................... iii

Acknowledgement ............................................................................................... iv

Abstract ................................................................................................................ v

Contents ............................................................................................................... vii

List of Figures ...................................................................................................... x

List of Abbreviations........................................................................................... xi

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction …….………………………………………. 1

1.2 Problem definition………………………………………... 2

1.3 Idea Content………………………………………………. 6

1.4 Functioning Workflow……………………………………. 11

1.5 Features……………………………………………………. 13

1.6 Current System and Their Limitations………………….. 15

1.7 Objective of Project………………………………………. 17

Chapter 2: SYSTEM ANALYSIS

2.1 System Analysis: Smart Contracts……………………… 20

2.2 Feasibility Analysis………………………………………. 22

2.3 Risk Analysis……………………………………………… 24

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 2.4 Requirements……………………………………………… 27
Chapter 3: TOOLS AND LANGAUGES USED

3.1 Solidity………………..…………………………………… 28

3.2 Solidity – go to for Smart Contracts….………………..... 31

3.3 Ganache…….……………………………………………… 33

3.4 Smart Contracts.……..…………………………………… 37

3.5 Truffle………………………………..….………………..... 40

3.6 Web3.js.…….……………………………………………… 44

3.7 Nodejs…………..……..…………………………………… 47

3.8 HTML & CSS……………………….….………………..... 51

Chapter 4: SYSTEM DESIGN

4.1 Introduction …….………………………………………. 55

4.2 Key Points………………………………………………... 56

4.3 Conclusion..………………………………………………. 58

Chapter 5: IMPLEMENTATION

5.1 UI Module….…….………………………………………. 59

5.2 Backend….………………………………………………... 61

5.3 Blockchain..………………………………………………. 64

5.4 Code…….....………………………………………………. 66

Chapter 6: TESTING

6.1 Testing A Part Of SDLC…………………………………. 68

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 6.2 Evaluation.………………………………………………... 70

6.3 Outputs…...………………………………………………. 71
SUMMARY………………………………………………………………
………73

REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………..74

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig No. Fig. Label Page No

1.1 Blockchain 9
1.2 Functioning Workflow 11
1.3 Features 13
3.1 Solidity Logo 28
3.2 Ganache Logo 33
3.3 Smart contracts working 37
3.4 Truffle logo 40
3.5 Web3.js Logo 44
3.6 Nodejs Logo 47
3.7 HTML&CSS Logo 51
4.1 System Architecture 56
5.1 Server Implementation 65
5.2 migrations.sol 66
5.3 initial_migration.js 66
5.4 deploy_contract.js 67
5.5 product.sol 67
6.1 Output 1 71
6.2 Output 2 71
6.3 MetaMask 72

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Abbreviations Explanation
DOM Document Object Model

FTP File Transfer Protocol

HTML Hyper Text Markup Language

HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

IDE Integrated Development Environment

JSON JavaScript Object Notation

JS Java Script

NPM Node Package Manager

SQL Structured Query Language

XML Extensible Markup Language

ETH Ether (also known as Ethereum)

AWS Amazon Web Services

GCP Google Cloud Platform

DAO Decentralized Autonomous Organization

DApps Decentralized Applications

P2P Peer to Peer

viii
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

In an era where counterfeit products proliferate, jeopardizing consumer safety, brand

reputation, and market integrity, the need for robust and innovative anti-

counterfeiting solutions is paramount. This project introduces a pioneering "Fake

Product Identification System" designed to combat the escalating challenges posed

by counterfeit goods. At its core, the system harnesses the power of blockchain

technology, employing smart contracts to securely store and manage product

identification details. By doing so, it establishes an immutable and transparent ledger,

ensuring the authenticity of products throughout their lifecycle.

This groundbreaking system integrates seamlessly with key technologies such as

Truffle, Ganache, and Web3.js, offering a comprehensive solution for product

identification and verification. The utilization of smart contracts not only enhances

security but also mitigates the risks of tampering or fraudulent activities, providing a

trustworthy framework for businesses and consumers alike.

To facilitate user engagement and streamline the verification process, the system is

designed to work harmoniously with Chromium-based browsers, incorporating the

MetaMask extension for secure interactions with the blockchain. The deployment of

the system involves the generation of QR codes, empowering end-users with a

simple yet effective tool to verify the authenticity of products effortlessly.

As we delve into the intricate details of the project, we explore not only the technical

aspects but also the broader implications of utilizing blockchain in the fight against

1
counterfeiting. This endeavour represents a significant step forward in fostering a

secure and transparent marketplace, promoting consumer confidence and bolstering

the resilience of businesses against the threats of counterfeit infiltration. The

subsequent sections of this report will provide a comprehensive overview of the

project's objectives, methodologies, results, and its potential impact on the landscape

of product identification and anti-counterfeiting measures.

Tech Stack:

• HTML

• CSS

• JavaScript

• Solidity

• Truffle

• Ganache

• Web3.js

• MetaMask

1.2 PROBLEM DEFINITION

The pervasive proliferation of counterfeit products has emerged as a formidable

challenge in contemporary markets, undermining consumer confidence, tarnishing

brand reputation, and posing significant threats to public safety. As industries grapple

with the rising sophistication of counterfeiters, traditional anti-counterfeiting

measures prove increasingly inadequate. This project aims to address the

multifaceted problems associated with counterfeit goods through the implementation

of a Fake Product Identification System, leveraging the transparency and security of

2
blockchain technology. The following points encapsulate the key dimensions of the

problem:

1. Consumer Safety Concerns:

• Counterfeit products often contain substandard materials or even

hazardous substances, posing serious health risks to unsuspecting

consumers.

• Lack of reliable product identification mechanisms leaves consumers

vulnerable to the potential dangers associated with counterfeit goods.

2. Brand Integrity and Economic Impact:

• Legitimate businesses suffer from the erosion of brand reputation,

revenue losses, and diminished market share due to the infiltration of

counterfeit products.

• Economic losses extend beyond individual businesses to impact entire

industries, hindering growth and innovation.

3. Sophistication of Counterfeiting Techniques:

• Counterfeiters employ increasingly sophisticated methods, including

advanced replication techniques and manipulation of supply chains,

making detection challenging.

• Traditional anti-counterfeiting measures struggle to keep pace with the

evolving tactics of counterfeiters

4. Inefficacy of Traditional Solutions:

• Current anti-counterfeiting measures, such as holograms and serial

numbers, are prone to replication and manipulation.

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 • A need exists for a more robust and technologically advanced solution

to effectively combat the growing threat of counterfeit products.

5. Need for a Comprehensive Technological Approach:

• The limitations of conventional methods underscore the necessity for

a comprehensive solution that integrates advanced technologies to

ensure the secure and transparent identification of products.

• Blockchain technology, with its inherent properties of immutability

and transparency, presents a promising avenue for addressing the

challenges associated with counterfeit goods.

By addressing these facets of the problem, the proposed Fake Product Identification

System aims to provide a technologically advanced, secure, and transparent solution

to counterfeiting, contributing to the establishment of a more resilient and

trustworthy marketplace.

Objectives

1. Enhance Consumer Safety:

o Develop a system that enables consumers to easily verify the

authenticity of products, mitigating the risks associated with

counterfeit goods containing substandard materials or hazardous

substances.

2. Safeguard Brand Reputation:

4
 o Implement a robust product identification system to protect the integrity

of legitimate brands, reducing the likelihood of brand dilution caused

by the infiltration of counterfeit products.

3. Minimize Economic Losses:

o Create a solution that diminishes revenue losses for businesses by

establishing a secure product identification framework, deterring

counterfeiters and preserving market share.

4. Counteract Advanced Counterfeiting Techniques:

o Utilize blockchain technology to counteract the increasingly

sophisticated methods employed by counterfeiters, ensuring a higher

level of security against replication and supply chain manipulation.

5. Improve Detection and Prevention:

o Enhance the detection and prevention of counterfeit products by

leveraging the immutability and transparency of blockchain, making it

more challenging for counterfeiters to operate undetected.

6. Provide a User-Friendly Interface:

o Design a user-friendly interface that allows consumers to easily

interact with the product identification system, ensuring widespread

adoption and usability.

7. Integrate with Existing Technologies:

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 o Enable seamless integration with existing technologies, such as web

browsers and the Metamask extension, to enhance user experience and

facilitate widespread adoption.

8. Promote Transparency in the Supply Chain:

o Utilize blockchain to create a transparent and tamper-resistant ledger,

allowing stakeholders to trace the origin and journey of products

through the supply chain, reducing the likelihood of counterfeiting at

various stages.

9. Establish a Foundation for Future Innovations:

o Lay the groundwork for future developments in product identification

and anti-counterfeiting measures by creating a scalable and adaptable

system that can accommodate advancements in technology.

10. Contribute to Industry-wide Security Standards:

o Contribute to the establishment of industry-wide security standards by

showcasing the effectiveness of blockchain-based product

identification, encouraging other businesses and industries to adopt

similar secure practices.

These objectives collectively aim to create a comprehensive Fake Product

Identification System that not only addresses the immediate challenges posed by

counterfeit goods but also sets a precedent for the integration of advanced

technologies in ensuring a secure and transparent marketplace.

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1.3 IDEA CONTENT

The project revolves around the development and implementation of a "Fake Product

Identification System" designed to combat the pervasive issue of counterfeit goods in

various industries. At its core, the system leverages the transformative capabilities of

blockchain technology, specifically utilizing smart contracts to securely store and

manage critical product identification details. By anchoring product information in a

transparent and tamper-resistant blockchain ledger, the system aims to provide a

reliable and immutable source of truth, enhancing product authenticity and mitigating

the risks associated with counterfeit goods.

The technological backbone of the project includes key components such as Truffle

for smart contract development, Ganache for local blockchain setup, and Web3.js for

seamless interaction with the blockchain network. This integrated approach ensures a

robust and comprehensive solution to counteract the increasingly sophisticated

methods employed by counterfeiters. The deployment process involves generating

QR codes, enabling end-users to effortlessly verify the authenticity of products. The

system further interfaces with Chromium-based browsers, utilizing the MetaMask

extension to facilitate secure transactions and interactions with the blockchain.

Beyond its technical dimensions, the project addresses the broader challenges

associated with counterfeit goods, encompassing consumer safety concerns, threats

to brand integrity, and the economic impact on legitimate businesses. By setting clear

objectives to enhance consumer safety, safeguard brand reputation, and minimize

economic losses, the Fake Product Identification System aims to establish a secure,

transparent, and user-friendly framework. This endeavour not only contributes to the

7
immediate fight against counterfeit products but also lays the foundation for future

innovations in product identification and anti-counterfeiting measures.

Drawbacks of Conventional System

1. Vulnerability to Replication:

o Traditional methods, such as holograms and serial numbers, are often

easily replicated by sophisticated counterfeiters using advanced

technologies, undermining the reliability of these identification

measures.

2. Limited Traceability and Transparency:

o Conventional systems may lack comprehensive traceability features,

making it difficult to track the origin and movement of products

throughout the supply chain. This limitation reduces the ability to

swiftly detect and address counterfeit products.

3. Susceptibility to Tampering:

o Physical identifiers, such as labels and tags, are prone to tampering.

Counterfeiters can manipulate or remove these identifiers,

compromising the integrity of the identification system and allowing

counterfeit products to go undetected.

4. Inconsistent Industry Practices:

o Different industries often employ varying methods for product

identification, leading to a lack of standardized practices. This

inconsistency makes it challenging to implement universal

anticounterfeiting measures applicable across diverse sectors.

8
 5. Manual Verification Processes:

o Many traditional systems rely on manual verification processes,

introducing the risk of human error and making the detection of

counterfeit products a time-consuming and inefficient process.

Automated verification processes are often needed for increased

accuracy and efficiency.

Leveraging Blockchain Technology to Maintain Immutable Records

Fig 1.1 Blockchain Definition

Blockchain technology serves as a groundbreaking solution for the establishment and

preservation of immutable records, offering a decentralized and secure framework. At its

core, blockchain operates on a network of decentralized nodes, ensuring that no single

entity holds unilateral control over the records. This decentralized consensus, achieved

through mechanisms like Proof of Work or Proof of Stake, plays a pivotal role in fortifying

the immutability of records by necessitating majority agreement before any modifications

can be made.

The utilization of cryptographic hash functions is fundamental to the tamper-resistant

design of blockchain. Each block within the chain possesses a unique cryptographic hash

9
that is intricately linked to the information within the block and the hash of the preceding

block. This cryptographic linkage not only enhances security but creates an immutable

chain, making any retroactive alteration to a single block an impractical and detectable

endeavour. The tamper-evident nature of blockchain, therefore, safeguards the integrity of

records.

Smart contracts, a hallmark feature of blockchain, contribute significantly to the

immutability of records. Once deployed, smart contracts are immutable and execute as

programmed, adding an additional layer of reliability and transparency to automated

processes. Moreover, the transparent and auditable nature of blockchain ensures that all

participants within the network can openly scrutinize the complete history of transactions

or records. This transparency, coupled with cryptographic security, establishes an auditable

trail that fosters accountability and engenders trust among participants.

In summary, the decentralized consensus, cryptographic hash functions, immutable smart

contracts, and transparent auditability of blockchain collectively create an environment that

is exceptionally adept at maintaining immutable records. This transformative technology

finds applications across diverse industries, instilling confidence in the reliability,

accountability, and integrity of recorded data in areas ranging from financial transactions to

supply chain management and healthcare.

10
1.4 FUNCTIONING WORKFLOW

Fig 1.2 Functioning Workflow

1. Record Creation:

o The workflow begins with the creation of a new record. This record

can represent a transaction, an event, or any piece of information that

needs to be securely stored. The data associated with the record is

compiled and prepared for inclusion in a block.

2. Block Formation:

o The prepared record is grouped with other transactions into a block.

Each block contains a cryptographic hash of the previous block,

creating a secure link between all blocks in the chain. This linkage

ensures the immutability of records since altering any block would

require modifying all subsequent blocks, a computationally infeasible

task.

11
3. Consensus Mechanism:

o The block is broadcast to the decentralized network of nodes. The

consensus mechanism (e.g., Proof of Work or Proof of Stake) is

employed to validate the transactions within the block. Nodes reach a

consensus on the accuracy of the information, and once achieved, the

block is added to the blockchain.

4. Cryptographic Hashing:

o Each block within the blockchain contains a unique cryptographic

hash. This hash is generated based on the content of the block and the

hash of the previous block. The hashing process not only secures the

integrity of the data within the block but also forms an irreversible

connection with the entire chain.

5. Tamper Resistance:

o Once a block is added to the blockchain, attempting to alter the

information within it becomes practically impossible. The

cryptographic links between blocks and the consensus mechanism

ensure that any tampering with a single block would disrupt the entire

chain, making such attempts immediately evident.

6. Immutable Smart Contracts (Optional):

o Smart contracts, if incorporated, are deployed onto the blockchain.

These self-executing contracts operate according to predefined rules

and are immutable once deployed. Smart contracts add another layer

of reliability and transparency to the workflow, automating processes

without the need for intermediaries.

12
 7. Transparent Access and Auditing:

o The completed blockchain, now containing a secure and tamperresistant

history of records, is accessible to all participants in the network. The

transparency allows for real-time auditing and

verification of records. Participants can scrutinize the entire history of

transactions, fostering trust and accountability.

8. Continuous Repetition:

o The workflow continues with the creation of new records, subsequent

block formation, consensus validation, and the addition of blocks to

the blockchain. This cyclical process ensures a continuous and secure

ledger of immutable records.

1.5 FEATURES

13
 Fig 1.3 Features

1. Flexibility: The blockchain-based immutable records system boasts

remarkable flexibility, accommodating a diverse array of data and

transactions. Whether recording financial transactions, supply chain events, or

healthcare information, the system's design allows it to seamlessly integrate

and adapt to various types of data, making it highly versatile for different

industries and applications.

2. Security: Security is at the forefront of the blockchain-based system,

employing cryptographic hash functions and consensus mechanisms to ensure

the integrity and protection of each record. With a tamper-evident design and

a decentralized architecture, the system provides robust resistance against

unauthorized alterations, significantly reducing the risks of fraud, data

breaches, and tampering. This inherent security instills trust in the recorded

information, making it particularly well-suited for industries where data

integrity is paramount.

3. Transparency: Transparency is a key feature of the system, facilitated by the

open and accessible nature of the blockchain. Participants within the network

have clear visibility into the entire history of transactions or records. The

cryptographic hashing adds an extra layer of security, creating a transparent

and auditable trail. This transparency enhances trust among participants,

allowing them to independently verify information and fostering increased

accountability in the accuracy of records.

4. Untraceability: The system ensures the untraceability of individual records

back to specific entities or individuals, a crucial feature for maintaining

privacy. While the transparency of the blockchain allows participants to

14
 verify the overall integrity of the ledger, cryptographic techniques preserve

the confidentiality of individual transactions. This is particularly essential in

sectors such as healthcare and finance, where protecting sensitive information

is paramount.

5. Decentralization: Decentralization is a foundational aspect of the system,

distributing decision-making across a network of nodes to prevent a single

point of failure and resist manipulation. The consensus mechanism ensures

that no single authority has complete control over the records, enhancing the

reliability and robustness of the system. This decentralized architecture

eliminates the risks associated with centralized control, making the records

more secure and resistant to malicious activities.

1.6 CURRENT SYSTEM AND THEIR LIMITATIONS

1. Centralized Databases:

o Current System: Many industries rely on centralized databases to

store and manage records, often maintained by a single authority or

organization.

o Limitations: Centralized systems are vulnerable to single points of

failure and are more susceptible to security breaches. A breach in the

central database can compromise the entire dataset. Additionally, these

systems often lack transparency, as access and control are

concentrated in the hands of a few entities, limiting visibility for end-

users.

2. Paper-Based Systems:

15
 o Current System: Some sectors still heavily rely on paper-based

records for various processes, including documentation and

transactions.

o Limitations: Paper-based systems are prone to human errors, loss,

and deterioration over time. Retrieval and verification processes can

be time-consuming and inefficient. Moreover, these systems often lack

the real-time accessibility and auditability required for modern, fast-

paced environments.

3. Traditional Authentication Methods:

o Current System: Authentication methods such as passwords, PINs,

and security questions are widely used to secure access to systems and

data.

o Limitations: Traditional authentication is susceptible to security

breaches due to weak passwords, phishing attacks, and human

negligence. Once compromised, these systems may not offer sufficient

protection. Additionally, these methods often lack the robustness

needed for ensuring secure access in an era of increasing cyber threats.

4. Legacy Supply Chain Management Systems:

o Current System: Some industries still operate with legacy supply

chain management systems that rely on manual data entry and

fragmented information storage.

o Limitations: Legacy systems often lack real-time visibility and

traceability in supply chains. Manual data entry is error-prone and can

lead to inaccuracies, impacting the efficiency and transparency of the

16
 entire supply chain. Additionally, these systems may struggle to adapt

to the dynamic and interconnected nature of modern supply chains.

5. Traditional Financial Transaction Systems:

o Current System: Traditional financial transaction systems, such as

credit card networks and wire transfers, remain prevalent in many

sectors.

o Limitations: These systems can be susceptible to fraud, chargebacks,

and delays. The reliance on intermediaries for transaction processing

can lead to high fees and slow settlement times. Moreover, these

systems may lack the level of transparency and security demanded by

modern financial ecosystems.

The limitations of these current systems underscore the need for innovative solutions

that address issues of centralization, inefficiency, security vulnerabilities, and lack of

transparency. Transitioning to advanced technologies, such as blockchain-based

systems, can mitigate these limitations and usher in a new era of secure, transparent,

and efficient record-keeping across various industries.

1.7 OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT

1. Enhance Product Authenticity:

o Establish a robust system utilizing blockchain technology and smart

contracts to enhance the authenticity of products. By securely

recording and storing product identification details, the project aims to

provide consumers with a reliable means of verifying the genuineness

of a product.

17
2. Mitigate Counterfeiting Risks:

o Address the pervasive issue of counterfeiting by leveraging the

tamperresistant properties of blockchain. The project aims to mitigate

risks associated with counterfeit goods entering the market by creating

an immutable ledger that records and tracks the entire lifecycle of

products.

3. Improve Consumer Safety:

o Prioritize consumer safety by implementing a product identification

system that not only deters counterfeiters but also ensures that

consumers can confidently identify genuine products. The project

intends to contribute to the reduction of potential health risks posed by

counterfeit goods containing substandard materials or hazardous

substances.

4. Safeguard Brand Integrity:

o Protect the integrity of legitimate brands by implementing a secure

product identification framework. This involves creating an

unalterable record of product details on the blockchain, deterring

counterfeiters and preserving the reputation of authentic brands in the

market.

5. Utilize Advanced Technologies:

o Leverage cutting-edge technologies, including Truffle, Ganache,

Web3.js, and smart contracts, to create a technologically advanced and

scalable product identification system. The project aims to

18
 demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of integrating blockchain

into anticounterfeiting measures.

6. Ensure User-Friendly Interaction:

o Design an intuitive and user-friendly interface for both consumers and

stakeholders. The project emphasizes seamless interaction with the

product identification system, ensuring that end-users can easily verify

product authenticity through methods such as QR codes.

7. Encourage Industry Adoption:

o Contribute to the establishment of industry-wide standards for secure

product identification. The project seeks to showcase the viability and

benefits of blockchain-based anti-counterfeiting measures,

encouraging other businesses and industries to adopt similar

technologies for ensuring product authenticity.

8. Facilitate Supply Chain Transparency:

o Enhance transparency within the supply chain by utilizing blockchain

to record and trace the journey of products from manufacturing to

distribution. The project aims to demonstrate how blockchain

technology can revolutionize supply chain management, reducing the

likelihood of counterfeit products infiltrating the market.

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 CHAPTER 2

SYSTEM ANALYSIS

2.1 SYSTEM ANALYSIS: Smart Contract Based Identification

Introduction:

The proposed project centers on revolutionizing product authentication through the

implementation of a blockchain-based Fake Product Identification System. This

innovative system is composed of three integral components: Smart Contracts for

20
Product Information Storage, QR Code Generation, and User Verification Interface.

The primary objective is to combat counterfeit products by leveraging the

transparency and security of blockchain technology. By securely storing product

identification details within smart contracts and generating QR codes for user-

friendly verification, the system aims to empower consumers to easily confirm the

authenticity of products. The ultimate goal is to establish a tamper-resistant and

transparent product identification framework, contributing to a more secure and

trustworthy marketplace.

Modules:

Manufacturer and Seller Interfacing Module:

• Objective: Make it easier for users to interact with the system.

• Technology Used: HTML, CSS and JavaScript.

• Functionality:

• Receives input from users.

• Make smart contract of the products to maintain immutable database.

• Pushes the newly formed smart contract to the blockchain.

Customer Interfacing Module:

• Objective: Make it easier for users to interact with the system.

• Factors Considered:

• Easy to navigate User Interface.

21
 • Best and fastest possible User Experience.

• Functionality:

• Provides user with QR code scanner to verify authenticity of the product.

• States the product purchase history to the customer.

Backend Blockchain Handling:

• Objective: Provide the base to form smart contract and push them to the

blockchain.

• Technology Used: Solidity and JavaScript.

• Functionality:

• Takes all the product info from the frontend.

• Forms Smart Contract out of the info.

• Pushes these newly formed smart contracts to the blockchain.

2.2 FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS

1. Technical Feasibility:

o Assessment: The project's technical feasibility is high, given the

availability of well-established technologies such as Truffle, Ganache,

Web3.js, and blockchain protocols. Smart contracts facilitate secure

data storage, and QR code generation is a widely supported

technology.

22
 o Considerations: The technical expertise required for development,

integration, and maintenance should be available. Compatibility with

existing systems and the ability to adapt to emerging blockchain

standards need consideration.

2. Economic Feasibility:

o Assessment: The economic feasibility of the project is justifiable due

to the potential long-term cost savings in combating counterfeit goods

and enhancing supply chain efficiency. Initial development costs may

include software development, smart contract creation, and integration

expenses.

o Considerations: A cost-benefit analysis should factor in the potential

reduction in losses due to counterfeit products, the increased trust in

the marketplace, and the long-term economic advantages for

businesses adopting the system.

3. Operational Feasibility:

o Assessment: Operationally, the project is feasible as it integrates with

existing technologies and involves processes (smart contract

deployment, QR code generation) that are practical and user-friendly.

o Considerations: Adequate training for system users, seamless

integration with browsers and extensions, and adherence to industry

standards will be crucial for successful implementation and adoption.

4. Legal and Regulatory Feasibility:

o Assessment: The project aligns with legal and regulatory frameworks

related to product identification, data privacy, and blockchain

technology.

23
 o Considerations: Regular updates to comply with evolving

regulations, ensuring data protection and user privacy, and obtaining

necessary permissions for deploying the system are essential

considerations.

5. Schedule Feasibility:

o Assessment: The project's schedule feasibility is contingent on the

complexity of smart contract development, system integration, and

user interface design. Clear milestones and timelines can ensure

efficient project completion.

o Considerations: Adequate planning, effective communication, and

contingency measures for potential delays or unforeseen challenges

are vital for adhering to the proposed schedule.

6. Market Feasibility:

o Assessment: The market feasibility is high, given the increasing

concern over counterfeit products across various industries. The

system addresses a critical need for product authenticity and consumer

trust. o Considerations: Market research to understand user needs,

competitor analysis, and effective marketing strategies to promote

adoption will be crucial for success.

2.3 RISK ANALYSIS

1. Technical Risks:

o Description: The project's reliance on advanced technologies like

blockchain and smart contracts introduces technical risks such as

24
 software bugs, vulnerabilities, and integration challenges with existing

systems.

o Mitigation: Conduct thorough testing, code reviews, and implement

best practices in smart contract development. Collaborate closely with

technical experts to address integration challenges and ensure

compatibility.

2. Security Risks:

o Description: The security of blockchain systems is paramount, and

potential risks include vulnerabilities in the smart contracts,

susceptibility to hacking, and unauthorized access to sensitive data.

o Mitigation: Implement robust security measures, conduct regular

security audits, and follow industry best practices for securing

blockchain applications. Employ encryption and authentication

mechanisms to safeguard sensitive information.

3. Regulatory Risks:

o Description: Regulatory changes or uncertainties in the legal

landscape related to blockchain technology, data privacy, or product

authentication may pose risks to the project's compliance.

o Mitigation: Stay informed about relevant regulations, work closely

with legal experts to ensure compliance, and be prepared to adapt the

system to meet any evolving legal requirements.

4. Adoption Risks:

o Description: The success of the project depends on user adoption.

Resistance to change, lack of awareness, or reluctance from

stakeholders may hinder widespread acceptance of the system.

25
 o Mitigation: Conduct effective user training, implement a user-friendly

interface, and launch awareness campaigns to educate stakeholders

about the benefits of the Fake Product Identification System.

5. Operational Risks:

o Description: Operational risks include potential disruptions to the

system, downtime, or issues related to the reliability of the QR code

generation and user verification processes.

o Mitigation: Implement redundant systems, conduct regular

maintenance, and have contingency plans in place to address any

operational disruptions swiftly. Provide support channels for users

encountering issues.

6. Market Competition Risks:

o Description: The market may already have competing or alternative

solutions for product identification. Failure to differentiate the system

effectively may impact its market penetration.

o Mitigation: Conduct thorough market research, identify unique

selling points, and continually innovate to stay ahead of competitors.

Establish partnerships or collaborations to strengthen market presence.

7. Scalability Risks:

o Description: As the system gains popularity, scalability challenges

may arise, affecting the performance of the blockchain network and

the efficiency of processing transactions.

26
 o Mitigation: Design the system with scalability in mind, regularly

assess performance metrics, and be prepared to implement scaling

solutions such as sharding or layer 2 protocols as needed.

8. Data Privacy Risks:

o Description: The project involves handling sensitive product

identification data. Risks include unauthorized access, data breaches,

or mishandling of personal information.

o Mitigation: Implement robust data encryption, comply with data

protection regulations, conduct privacy impact assessments, and

regularly audit data-handling practices to ensure the highest standards

of privacy protection.

Conducting a comprehensive risk analysis and implementing proactive mitigation

strategies will be crucial for the success and resilience of the blockchain-based Fake

Product Identification project. Regular monitoring and adjustments throughout the

project lifecycle will help address emerging risks and ensure its overall effectiveness.

2.4 REQUIREMENTS

Hardware Requirements

1. Camera (Android’s Built-in or webcam)

27
 2. Any computing Device

3. Web Hosting Server

4. Blockchain hosting server

5. Printer for QR codes

Software Requirements

1. Linux Distro (e.g.: RHEL, Debian, etc.)

2. Ganache

3. Solidity

4. Nodejs/npm

5. Web3.js

6. HTML, CSS

7. Truffle

8. Any browser

9. Metamask browser extension

CHAPTER 3

TOOLS AND LANGUAGES USED

28
3.1 Solidity

Fig 3.1: Solidity logo

Solidity stands as a pioneering programming language dedicated to crafting smart

contracts for blockchain platforms, notably finding its home within the Ethereum

ecosystem. Devised by Gavin Wood in 2014, Solidity empowers developers to

construct decentralized applications (DApps) by providing a specialized toolset for

the creation and execution of self-enforcing contracts. With its roots deeply

embedded in Ethereum's architecture, Solidity is instrumental in shaping the

landscape of blockchain-based development.

Features of Solidity:

1. Purposeful Design for Smart Contracts:

o Solidity's design centers on facilitating the creation of smart contracts,

embodying predefined rules and conditions. This purpose-driven

approach streamlines the development of decentralized applications

by enabling the seamless integration of self-executing contracts into

the blockchain.

29
 2. Syntax Inspired by Familiar Languages:

o Drawing inspiration from popular languages like JavaScript and C++,

Solidity features a syntax that resonates with developers familiar with

mainstream programming languages. This familiarity enhances

accessibility for developers transitioning to blockchain development.

3. Versatile Data Types:

o Solidity supports a diverse range of data types, from elementary types

like integers and strings to more complex types like arrays and

mappings. This versatility equips developers with the tools needed to

handle a variety of data structures within their smart contracts.

4. Security-Focused Design:

o Recognizing the critical importance of security in blockchain

applications, Solidity incorporates features and best practices to

minimize vulnerabilities. While the immutable nature of blockchain

poses unique challenges, Solidity guides developers with security

considerations to fortify their smart contracts against potential threats.

5. Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) Compatibility:

o Solidity code seamlessly integrates with the Ethereum Virtual Machine

(EVM), ensuring compatibility with the Ethereum blockchain. This

compatibility is crucial, allowing developers to deploy their smart

contracts on the Ethereum network, where they can be executed by

nodes across the decentralized network.

Pros of Solidity:

1. Ecosystem Integration:

30
 o Solidity has become integral to the Ethereum ecosystem, offering

developers a streamlined experience in building applications within

one of the most widely used blockchain networks.

2. Community Support and Collaboration:

o The language enjoys robust community support, fostering collaboration

among developers. This active community contributes to the evolution

of Solidity, sharing best practices, tools, and libraries for the benefit of

all stakeholders.

3. Smart Contract Lifecycle Management:

o Solidity provides a comprehensive framework for managing the entire

lifecycle of a smart contract, from initialization to deployment and

interaction. This facilitates a structured and organized development

process for blockchain applications.

Cons of Solidity:

1. Security Challenges:

o Despite its security-focused design, the immutability of blockchain

introduces unique challenges, and developers need to be cautious

about potential vulnerabilities, such as reentrancy attacks and integer

overflow.

2. Learning Curve:

o For developers new to blockchain, Solidity's learning curve can be

steep, requiring a shift in mindset from traditional programming

paradigms. The intricacies of smart contract development, along with

31
 security considerations, demand a comprehensive understanding of

the language.

3. EVM Limitations:

o Solidity's compatibility with the Ethereum Virtual Machine imposes

certain limitations, and developers must navigate the constraints of the

EVM when optimizing for efficiency and scalability. This can pose

challenges when dealing with resource-intensive applications or

intricate smart contract logic.

3.2 Solidity a go to for Smart Contracts

Solidity has emerged as the preeminent language for developing smart contracts, and

its widespread adoption is rooted in several key attributes that position it as the go-to

choice for blockchain-based applications.

1. Ethereum Ecosystem Integration: Solidity is deeply integrated into

the Ethereum ecosystem, one of the most prominent and widely used

blockchain platforms. Given Ethereum's substantial market presence, Solidity

has become synonymous with smart contract development within this

expansive ecosystem. Developers seeking to leverage the Ethereum blockchain

for their decentralized applications invariably turn to Solidity for its seamless

compatibility and robust feature set.

2. Comprehensive Smart Contract Support: Solidity is purposefully

designed to cater to the unique needs of smart contract development. It offers a

comprehensive set of features and tools specifically crafted for constructing

self-executing contracts on the blockchain. Its syntax, inspired by familiar

32
languages like JavaScript and C++, simplifies the process for developers,

making it an accessible and efficient choice for creating intricate smart contract

logic.

3. Active Developer Community: Solidity benefits from a vibrant and

collaborative developer community. This active ecosystem ensures ongoing

support, continual improvements, and the sharing of best practices. The wealth

of resources, forums, and documentation available within the Solidity

community fosters an environment conducive to learning and innovation,

making it an attractive choice for both experienced and novice blockchain

developers.

4. Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) Compatibility: A pivotal factor

contributing to Solidity's go-to status is its compatibility with the Ethereum

Virtual Machine (EVM). The EVM serves as the runtime environment for

executing smart contracts on the Ethereum blockchain. Solidity's seamless

integration with the EVM ensures that smart contracts written in Solidity can

be efficiently deployed and executed within the Ethereum network, providing

developers with a trusted and well-established platform.

5. Security-First Design: Security is paramount in the realm of

blockchain, and Solidity has been specifically crafted with security

considerations in mind. While the immutable nature of blockchain introduces

challenges, Solidity guides developers with security best practices, mitigating

potential vulnerabilities and ensuring a robust foundation for the development

of secure and trustworthy smart contracts.

33
In summary, Solidity's prominence as the go-to language for smart contracts is

grounded in its deep integration with the Ethereum ecosystem, purposeful design for

smart contract support, an active developer community, compatibility with the

Ethereum Virtual Machine, and a security-first approach. These factors collectively

position Solidity as the language of choice for those embarking on the journey of

smart contract development within the dynamic landscape of blockchain

applications.

3.3 Ganache

Fig 3.2 Ganache Logo

Ganache Blockchain Manager stands as a powerful tool within the blockchain

development landscape, offering developers a user-friendly and efficient

environment for testing and deploying smart contracts. Developed by Truffle,

Ganache simplifies the complexities of blockchain interaction, making it an

invaluable asset for both beginners and seasoned blockchain developers. By

providing a local blockchain environment, Ganache enables developers to simulate

34
and test their applications before deploying them on the live blockchain, fostering a

streamlined and secure development process.

Ganache is particularly renowned for its ease of use and feature-rich environment,

making it an essential component in the toolkit of blockchain developers working

with the Ethereum network.

Features of Ganache Blockchain Manager:

1. Local Blockchain Simulation:

o Ganache facilitates the creation of a local and private blockchain,

allowing developers to simulate a real blockchain environment on

their local machines. This feature is instrumental for testing smart

contracts in a controlled and isolated setting, enabling rapid iteration

and debugging.

2. User-Friendly Interface:

o One of Ganache's standout features is its intuitive and user-friendly

interface. The tool is designed to be accessible to developers at all

levels of expertise, offering a straightforward setup process and a

visual representation of blockchain activity. This ease of use

contributes to a more efficient and enjoyable development experience.

3. Quick Blockchain Deployment:

o Ganache expedites the process of deploying a personal blockchain,

reducing the time and effort required to create a testing environment.

This quick deployment feature enhances developer productivity by

minimizing setup delays and allowing them to focus on the core

aspects of smart contract development.

35
 4. Built-in Block Explorer:

o The inclusion of a built-in block explorer is a notable feature that sets

Ganache apart. Developers can inspect the details of each block, view

transaction histories, and gain insights into the inner workings of the

simulated blockchain. This transparency aids in understanding and

troubleshooting smart contract interactions.

5. Support for Ethereum Network Customization:

o Ganache provides flexibility by allowing developers to customize the

blockchain environment to simulate specific network conditions. This

includes adjusting block confirmation times, gas limits, and other

parameters. Such customization ensures that smart contracts are tested

comprehensively under various scenarios.

Pros of Ganache Blockchain Manager:

1. Simplified Testing Environment:

o Ganache streamlines the process of testing smart contracts by

providing a local blockchain environment. This enables developers to

iterate rapidly, identify potential issues, and ensure the robustness of

their applications before deploying them on the live Ethereum

network.

2. Intuitive User Interface:

o The user-friendly interface of Ganache makes it accessible to

developers with varying levels of experience in blockchain

development. The visual representation of blockchain activity and

36
 straightforward controls contribute to a more efficient and enjoyable

development experience.

3. Quick Deployment for Development:

o Ganache's quick deployment feature accelerates the setup of a

personal blockchain for testing purposes. This agility allows

developers to focus on refining their smart contracts without delays,

fostering a more productive development cycle.

Cons of Ganache Blockchain Manager:

1. Limited to Ethereum Blockchain:

o Ganache is primarily designed for Ethereum blockchain development,

limiting its utility for developers working with other blockchain

networks. Those engaged in multi-platform projects may need to use

additional tools tailored to the specific blockchain they are working

with.

2. Simplified Simulation Environment:

o While Ganache excels in providing a simplified and controlled

simulation environment, it may not capture all the complexities and

nuances of a real-world blockchain network. Developers should be

mindful of potential disparities between the simulated environment

and the live blockchain.

3. Dependency on External Tools:

o Ganache is often used in conjunction with other development tools,

such as Truffle for smart contract compilation and deployment. This

reliance on external tools may introduce additional dependencies and

37
 configurations, potentially complicating the development setup for

newcomers to blockchain development.

In conclusion, Ganache Blockchain Manager is a valuable tool for Ethereum

developers, offering a user-friendly interface, quick deployment for testing, and a

range of customizable features. However, developers should be mindful of its

limitations, such as its Ethereum-centric focus and the need for additional tools to

complete the development toolkit.

3.4 Smart Contracts

Fig 3.3 Smart contracts working

Smart contracts represent a transformative aspect of blockchain technology,

embodying self-executing contracts with predefined rules and conditions. These

programmable contracts automate and enforce agreements, ensuring trust and

transparency in various decentralized applications (DApps). Initially introduced on

the Ethereum blockchain, smart contracts have become a cornerstone of blockchain

development, extending their influence across multiple platforms and use cases.

38
Smart contracts revolutionize traditional contract execution by leveraging the

security, immutability, and decentralized nature of blockchain technology. As an

integral component of blockchain ecosystems, smart contracts facilitate the creation

of trustless and tamper-resistant agreements, significantly impacting industries

ranging from finance to supply chain management.

Features of Smart Contracts:

1. Self-Executing Code:

o Smart contracts are self-executing, meaning they automatically

execute predefined actions when specific conditions are met. This

eliminates

the need for intermediaries and ensures that contractual agreements

are executed precisely as programmed.

2. Decentralization:

o Smart contracts operate on decentralized blockchain networks,

distributing their execution across a network of nodes. This

decentralization removes a single point of control or failure,

enhancing security, reliability, and resistance to censorship.

3. Immutable Record-Keeping:

o The execution and results of smart contracts are recorded on the

blockchain, creating an immutable and transparent ledger of all

interactions. Once deployed, smart contracts cannot be altered,

providing an unforgeable and auditable history of transactions.

4. Trustless Transactions:

39
 o Smart contracts facilitate trustless transactions by automatically

enforcing contractual terms. Parties involved in a smart contract can

rely on the code's execution rather than trusting a centralized

authority, reducing the need for intermediaries and enhancing the

efficiency of transactions.

5. Tamper-Resistant Security:

o Security is inherent in smart contracts due to the cryptographic

principles underlying blockchain technology. The tamper-resistant

nature of the blockchain ensures that once a smart contract is

deployed, its code and execution are resistant to unauthorized

modifications, enhancing the integrity of agreements.

Pros of Smart Contracts:

1. Efficiency and Automation:

o Smart contracts automate processes, reducing the need for manual

intervention and streamlining complex workflows. This automation

enhances efficiency, minimizes errors, and accelerates the execution of

contractual obligations.

2. Transparency and Trust:

o The transparent and auditable nature of smart contracts fosters trust

among parties involved. Participants can independently verify the

terms and execution of agreements, promoting transparency and

reducing the potential for disputes.

3. Decentralization for Resilience:

o Smart contracts operate on decentralized networks, providing

resilience against system failures or malicious attacks. The absence of

continues even in challenging circumstances.

Cons of Smart Contracts:

1. Immutability Challenges:

o The immutability of smart contracts, while a strength in terms of

security, can be a challenge when errors are identified or contractual

conditions need adjustments. Once deployed, correcting mistakes or

updating terms requires additional layers of complexity.

2. Code Vulnerabilities:

o Smart contracts are susceptible to coding vulnerabilities that can be

exploited by malicious actors. Issues like reentrancy attacks,

unexpected behaviors, or vulnerabilities in the underlying blockchain

platform may pose risks to the security of smart contracts.

3. Complexity and Learning Curve:

o Developing robust smart contracts requires a solid understanding of

blockchain technology, programming, and the specific blockchain

platform being utilized. The complexity of creating secure contracts

and adhering to best practices can pose a steep learning curve for

developers new to the field.

41
3.5 Truffle

Fig 3.4: Truffle logo

Truffle stands as a leading development framework in the blockchain ecosystem,

designed to simplify and streamline the process of building decentralized

applications (DApps) on the Ethereum blockchain. It serves as an invaluable toolkit

for developers, providing a suite of tools, libraries, and development environments

that enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of smart contract development. Initially

introduced in 2015, Truffle has become a go-to solution for Ethereum developers,

offering a comprehensive and developer-friendly ecosystem.

Features of Truffle:

1. Smart Contract Compilation and Migration:

o Truffle automates the compilation of smart contracts, simplifying the

development workflow. Additionally, it facilitates the seamless

migration of smart contracts to the Ethereum blockchain, ensuring a

smooth transition from development to deployment.

2. Built-in Testing Framework:

o Truffle incorporates a built-in testing framework that allows

developers to create and execute comprehensive test suites for their

42
 smart contracts. This ensures the reliability and robustness of smart

contract code before deployment, contributing to a more secure and

trustworthy

DApp.

3. Scriptable Deployment & Network Management:

o Truffle enables scriptable deployment, allowing developers to script

the deployment process of smart contracts and DApps. This feature is

particularly useful for managing complex deployment scenarios and

optimizing the configuration of smart contracts on different Ethereum

networks.

4. Interactive Console (Truffle Console):

o The interactive console provided by Truffle, known as the Truffle

Console, allows developers to interact with deployed smart contracts

in a real-time and iterative manner. This facilitates efficient

debugging, testing, and exploration of contract functionalities directly

from the command line.

5. Extensibility with Plugins:

o Truffle's extensibility is enhanced through the availability of plugins.

Developers can integrate additional tools and functionalities into the

Truffle framework through plugins, tailoring the development

environment to meet specific project requirements.

Pros of Truffle:

1. Comprehensive Development Environment:

43
 o Truffle provides a comprehensive and integrated development

environment, covering smart contract compilation, testing,

deployment, and interaction. This all-encompassing toolkit minimizes

the need for developers to use disparate tools, fostering a cohesive and

efficient development process.

2. Community Support and Documentation:

o Truffle boasts an active and supportive community of developers. The

availability of extensive documentation, tutorials, and community

forums ensures that developers have access to resources for learning,

troubleshooting, and staying updated on best practices within the

Truffle ecosystem.

3. Rapid Prototyping and Development:

o Truffle's features, including automated compilation, built-in testing,

and scriptable deployment, contribute to rapid prototyping and

development. Developers can iterate quickly, test new features, and

refine their smart contracts efficiently, expediting the overall

development lifecycle.

Cons of Truffle:

1. Learning Curve for Beginners:

o For developers new to blockchain and Ethereum development,

Truffle's extensive feature set and configuration options may pose a

learning curve. Navigating the various components and understanding

best practices may require some initial effort.

44
 2. Limited Multi-Chain Support:

o While Truffle is well-suited for Ethereum development, its native

support for other blockchain networks may be limited. Developers

working on multi-chain projects might need to explore additional tools

or configurations to accommodate their specific requirements.

3. Occasional Version Compatibility Issues:

o Updates and new releases in the Ethereum ecosystem may

occasionally introduce compatibility issues with specific Truffle

versions. Developers should stay informed about version compatibility

and updates to ensure a smooth development experience.

3.6 Web3.js

Fig3.5 Web3.js Logo

Web3.js is a crucial JavaScript library in the realm of blockchain development,

specifically tailored for interacting with Ethereum-based decentralized applications

45
(DApps). Introduced to the community alongside Ethereum, web3.js serves as a

bridge between applications and the Ethereum blockchain, enabling developers to

build applications that seamlessly interact with smart contracts and decentralized

networks. As an integral component of the Ethereum ecosystem, web3.js empowers

developers to create dynamic and engaging user experiences while leveraging the

capabilities of the blockchain.

Features of web3.js:

1. Ethereum Blockchain Interaction:

o At its core, web3.js facilitates interaction with the Ethereum

blockchain. Developers can utilize web3.js to connect their

applications

to the Ethereum network, query blockchain data, and execute

transactions on behalf of users, creating a decentralized and

transparent user experience.

2. Smart Contract Integration:

o Web3.js plays a central role in integrating smart contracts into web

applications. Developers can utilize web3.js to deploy, invoke, and

interact with smart contracts seamlessly, enabling the creation of

decentralized applications with enhanced functionalities and

programmability.

3. Event Handling and Listening:

o The library supports event handling, allowing developers to listen for

and respond to events emitted by smart contracts. This feature is

46
 crucial for creating real-time and responsive applications that react to

changes on the blockchain, providing a dynamic user experience.

4. Account Management:

o Web3.js facilitates the management of user accounts, allowing

developers to programmatically create accounts, check balances, and

sign transactions. This functionality is essential for creating secure and

user-friendly interfaces for interacting with blockchain applications.

5. Integration with Ethereum Wallets:

o Web3.js integrates seamlessly with popular Ethereum wallets and

browser extensions like MetaMask. This ensures a smooth and secure

interaction between web applications and users' Ethereum accounts,

simplifying the onboarding process for users engaging with DApps.

Pros of web3.js:

1. Broad Adoption and Community Support:

o Web3.js enjoys widespread adoption within the Ethereum developer

community. Its longevity and active support contribute to a wealth of

resources, documentation, and community-driven improvements,

making it a reliable choice for developers.

2. Versatile and Extensible:

o Web3.js is versatile and extensible, providing developers with a wide

range of functionalities to interact with the Ethereum blockchain. Its

modular design allows developers to choose the components they

need, tailoring the library to the specific requirements of their projects.

47
 3. Enhanced User Experience:

o By enabling seamless integration of blockchain functionalities into

web applications, web3.js contributes to an enhanced user experience.

Users can interact with decentralized features without the need for

complex setups, fostering wider adoption of blockchain technology.

Cons of web3.js:

1. Learning Curve for New Developers:

o For developers new to blockchain and Ethereum, web3.js may present

a learning curve due to its intricacies and the complexities of

blockchain development. A solid understanding of Ethereum concepts

and JavaScript is essential for effective utilization.

2. Occasional Versioning Challenges:

o Updates and changes to web3.js may introduce versioning challenges,

especially when transitioning between major releases. Developers

should stay informed about updates and ensure compatibility with

their existing codebase when adopting new versions.

3. Dependency on External Providers:

o Web3.js relies on external providers like Infura or running a local

Ethereum node for accessing the Ethereum blockchain. Depending on

external providers introduces a level of dependency that developers

should be aware of to ensure reliable and consistent connectivity.

In summary, web3.js stands as a cornerstone in Ethereum development, offering

powerful features for interacting with the blockchain and creating decentralized

applications. Its broad adoption, versatility, and integration capabilities contribute to

Overall, web3.js remains a crucial tool for developers building Ethereum-based

decentralized applications.

3.7 Nodejs

Fig 3.6: Nodejs Logo

Node.js is a server-side JavaScript runtime environment that has revolutionized the

landscape of web development. It enables developers to execute JavaScript code on

49
the server, providing a non-blocking, event-driven architecture. Introduced in 2009,

Node.js has gained widespread adoption for its efficiency, scalability, and the ability

to build real-time, data-intensive applications. It has become a go-to platform for

server-side development, fostering a vibrant ecosystem and a thriving community of

developers.

Features of Node.js:

1. Asynchronous and Event-Driven:

o Node.js follows an asynchronous, event-driven model that allows for

handling multiple concurrent connections without blocking the

execution of code. This is particularly beneficial for building scalable

and responsive applications, such as those requiring real-time updates.

2. Single Programming Language (JavaScript):

o The use of JavaScript both on the client and server-side streamlines

development by eliminating the need to switch between languages.

Developers can utilize their JavaScript skills across the entire web

application stack, promoting code reuse and consistency.

3. NPM (Node Package Manager):

o Node.js comes bundled with npm, a powerful package manager that

simplifies the process of integrating third-party libraries and modules

into applications. NPM's vast repository offers a wealth of open-

source packages, contributing to the speed and efficiency of

development.

4. Scalability:

50
 o Node.js is designed with scalability in mind. Its non-blocking,

eventdriven architecture allows it to handle a large number of

concurrent connections efficiently. This scalability is particularly

advantageous for applications with varying levels of traffic and user

interactions.

5. Community and Ecosystem:

o Node.js boasts a robust and active community that contributes to its

extensive ecosystem. The availability of numerous libraries,

frameworks, and tools enhances developers' capabilities, making it

easier to address diverse requirements and challenges in web

development.

Pros of Node.js:

1. High Performance:

o The asynchronous, non-blocking architecture of Node.js enhances

performance by efficiently handling multiple requests simultaneously.

This is especially beneficial for applications requiring real-time data

processing and low-latency responses.

2. Consistent Language Stack:

o The use of JavaScript for both server and client-side development

streamlines the development process, enabling developers to share

code, libraries, and expertise across different layers of the application

stack.

3. Large and Active Community:

51
 o Node.js has a large and active community that continually contributes

to its growth and improvement. This community-driven support

ensures a wealth of resources, tutorials, and a responsive network of

developers ready to assist with challenges.

Cons of Node.js:

1. Callback Hell (Callback Pyramids):

o The asynchronous nature of Node.js can lead to callback hell, a

situation where deeply nested callbacks become hard to read and

maintain. While solutions like Promises and async/await mitigate this

issue, developers need to be mindful of callback patterns.

2. Not Ideal for CPU-Intensive Tasks:

o Node.js is best suited for I/O-bound tasks and applications with many

concurrent connections. It may not be the optimal choice for

CPUintensive tasks, where languages like Python or Java might

perform better due to their multi-threading capabilities.

3. Learning Curve for New Developers:

o Developers accustomed to synchronous programming paradigms may

face a learning curve when transitioning to Node.js. Understanding

event-driven, asynchronous programming and managing callback

patterns requires a shift in mindset for some developers.

52
3.8 HTML & CSS

53
 Fig 3.6: HTML&CSS Logo

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) and CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) form the

backbone of web development, providing the essential building blocks for creating

structured, visually appealing, and interactive websites. HTML defines the structure

and content of a webpage, while CSS adds style and formatting to enhance the

presentation. Together, HTML and CSS constitute the core technologies for crafting

modern, responsive, and aesthetically pleasing web interfaces.

Features of HTML and CSS:

1. HTML for Structure and Content:

o HTML is a markup language that structures content on the web. It uses

tags to define elements such as headings, paragraphs, lists, images,

and links. HTML provides the foundation for organizing information

on a webpage, ensuring clarity and semantic structure.

2. CSS for Styling and Layout:

o CSS is a style sheet language that complements HTML by providing

rules for styling and layout. It enables developers to control the visual

presentation of HTML elements, defining attributes such as colors,

fonts, spacing, and positioning. CSS plays a crucial role in creating

visually appealing and consistent designs.

3. Responsive Design:

o HTML and CSS support responsive design, allowing websites to adapt

to different screen sizes and devices. Media queries in CSS enable

developers to apply styles based on the device's characteristics,

54
 ensuring a seamless user experience across desktops, tablets, and

mobile devices.

4. Ease of Learning and Use:

o HTML and CSS are known for their simplicity and ease of learning.

Their straightforward syntax and clear separation of concerns make

them accessible to beginners, while providing the flexibility and

power required for complex web development projects.

5. Interactivity and User Experience:

o While HTML defines the structure, CSS contributes to the aesthetics,

creating an engaging user experience. HTML incorporates interactive

elements like forms and links, while CSS adds animations, transitions,

and visual enhancements to capture and retain user attention.

Pros of HTML and CSS:

1. Compatibility and Cross-Browser Support:

o HTML and CSS are widely supported by web browsers, ensuring

consistency in rendering across different platforms. This compatibility

reduces the likelihood of rendering issues and enhances the user

experience.

2. Separation of Concerns:

o The separation of HTML (structure/content) and CSS (style/layout)

promotes a modular and maintainable codebase. This division allows

developers to update styles without altering the underlying structure,

fostering code readability and scalability.

3. Versatility and Extensibility:

55
 o HTML and CSS are versatile and extensible, accommodating a variety

of content types and design preferences. The extensibility is further

enhanced by the support for external libraries, frameworks, and

preprocessors that enhance development capabilities.

Cons of HTML and CSS:

1. Limited Dynamic Functionality:

o HTML and CSS are primarily static languages, and while they

contribute to the structure and style of a webpage, they have limitations

in providing dynamic functionality. JavaScript is often needed to add

interactivity and dynamic behavior to web applications.

2. Learning Curve for Advanced Features:

o While the basics of HTML and CSS are easy to grasp, mastering more

advanced features, responsive design techniques, and complex layouts

may require additional learning and practice. Staying updated with

evolving web standards is essential for leveraging the latest

capabilities.

3. Browser Compatibility Challenges:

o Despite widespread support, browser inconsistencies and rendering

variations can still pose challenges. Developers may need to

implement browser-specific hacks or use polyfills to ensure a

consistent experience across different browsers.

In summary, HTML and CSS are foundational technologies in web development,

providing the essential tools for structuring content and creating visually appealing

designs. Their simplicity, versatility, and widespread support make them fundamental
56
for building modern websites, while considerations for dynamic functionality and

browser compatibility challenges guide developers in creating robust and user-

friendly web experiences.

CHAPTER 4

SYSTEM DESIGN

4.1 Introduction

The system design of the Fake Product Identification project is a meticulous

orchestration of blockchain technologies and web development components, crafted

to create a secure, transparent, and user-friendly environment for product

identification. At its core, the architecture revolves around decentralized smart

contracts written in Solidity, ensuring that product information remains tamper-proof

and immutable. Truffle, a robust development framework, takes center stage in the

deployment process, seamlessly compiling and deploying smart contracts. This

deployment occurs on a private blockchain network facilitated by Ganache, offering

a controlled testing environment for developers to refine and validate their smart

contracts before transitioning to a live network.

57
The interaction between the web interface and the blockchain is facilitated by

Web3.js, a JavaScript library that ensures smooth communication. The web interface,

designed using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, serves as the user's gateway to the

system. Through this interface, users can register new products or verify the

authenticity of existing ones. The integration of Metamask, a browser extension, adds

an extra layer of security and convenience, allowing users to manage their wallets

and sign transactions securely. The entire system is architected to prioritize user

experience, ensuring that product identification processes are not only secure but also

intuitive and accessible.

With the integration of these technologies, the system design fosters an ecosystem
where trust in product authenticity is paramount, reshaping the landscape of product

identification through the lens of blockchain innovation.

58
 Fig 4.1: System Architecture

4.2 Key Points:

1. Decentralized Trust Infrastructure:

o The system employs blockchain's decentralized architecture to create a

trustworthy and tamper-resistant platform for product identification.

2. Truffle-Driven Smart Contract Deployment:

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 o Truffle, a powerful development framework, facilitates the seamless

compilation and deployment of smart contracts, streamlining the

development life cycle.

3. Ganache-Powered Local Blockchain Environment:

o Ganache serves as a local blockchain environment, offering developers

a controlled space for testing and refining smart contracts before

deploying them to the live network.

4. Web3.js for Seamless Blockchain Interaction:

o Web3.js acts as the bridge between the web interface and the

blockchain, ensuring smooth interaction and user-friendly access to

smart contract functionalities.

5. Metamask Integration for Enhanced Security:

o The integration of Metamask enhances security by managing user

wallets and facilitating secure transaction signing, ensuring the

integrity of every interaction.

6. User-Friendly Web Interface Development:

o The web interface, crafted using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript,

prioritizes user experience, making product registration and

verification straightforward and accessible.

7. Private Blockchain for Speed and Efficiency:

o The use of a private blockchain (Ganache) ensures enhanced transaction

speeds and development efficiency, allowing for seamless testing and

iteration.

8. Immutability Ensures Enduring Trust:

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 o The immutability inherent in blockchain records ensures that once

product details are registered, they remain tamper-proof, instilling

enduring trust in the authenticity of products.

4.3 Conclusion:

In conclusion, the Fake Product Identification System emerges as a groundbreaking

solution in the fight against counterfeit products. The integration of Truffle, Ganache,

Web3.js, and Metamask creates a secure, efficient, and user-friendly ecosystem,

redefining the way product authenticity is verified. This project not only addresses

the challenges posed by counterfeit goods but also lays the foundation for a future

where trust and transparency become integral aspects of the consumer experience.

The Fake Product Identification System stands as a testament to the potential of

blockchain technology in safeguarding consumer interests and ensuring the integrity

of products in the ever-evolving marketplace.

CHAPTER 5
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 IMPLEMENTATION

5.1 USER INTERFACE MODULE

The user interface (UI) module plays a pivotal role in the Fake Product Identification

System, serving as the gateway for users to interact with the blockchain-based

platform seamlessly. Designed with a focus on user-friendliness and accessibility, the

UI module empowers users to register new products, verify product authenticity, and

engage with the blockchain in a straightforward manner.

1. Intuitive Design:

• The UI module boasts an intuitive design crafted with HTML, CSS, and

JavaScript, ensuring a user-friendly experience. The interface presents a clean

and organized layout, guiding users through the product identification

processes effortlessly.

2. Product Registration:

• Users can register new products by providing relevant details through the UI.

The registration process is designed to be straightforward, with clear input

fields and prompts to guide users in submitting accurate and comprehensive

information.

3. Product Verification:

• The verification process is seamlessly integrated into the UI, allowing users

to input product details and receive instant feedback on the authenticity of the

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 product. The UI communicates with the smart contracts on the blockchain,

providing real-time verification results.

4. Metamask Integration:

• Metamask integration enhances the security and convenience of the UI

module. Users can seamlessly connect their wallets to the local blockchain,

ensuring secure transaction signing. Metamask manages user credentials,

simplifying the authentication process.

5. Responsive Design:

• The UI module is designed to be responsive, adapting to various screen sizes

and devices. This responsiveness ensures a consistent and engaging user

experience, whether users are accessing the system from a desktop, tablet, or

mobile device.

6. Transaction Feedback:

• Transparent transaction feedback is incorporated into the UI, providing users

with clear and concise information about the status of their transactions.

Visual cues and notifications guide users through each step, enhancing the

overall user experience.

7. Accessibility Features:

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 • Accessibility features are implemented to cater to a diverse user base. The UI

module prioritizes inclusive design principles, making it accessible to users

with different abilities and ensuring a broader reach.

8. Error Handling and Guidance:

• The UI module incorporates robust error handling mechanisms and provides

guidance in case of user errors. Clear error messages and prompts assist users

in rectifying issues, ensuring a smooth and frustration-free interaction with

the system.

In essence, the User Interface Module in the Fake Product Identification System is a

cornerstone of the project's success. It not only facilitates seamless interactions

between users and the blockchain but also prioritizes design principles that enhance

user experience, security, and accessibility. With its intuitive design and

wellintegrated features, the UI module contributes significantly to creating a

trustworthy and user-centric environment for product identification.

5.2 BACKEND CONTRACT HANDLING

The backend module of the Fake Product Identification System orchestrates the

interaction between the user interface and the blockchain, managing smart contracts

written in Solidity and powered by the Node.js server. This backend functionality is

crucial for deploying and executing smart contracts, ensuring seamless

communication with the Ethereum blockchain, and handling business logic related to

product identification.

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1. Smart Contract Deployment:

• Truffle, as part of the backend, takes charge of compiling and deploying the

smart contracts written in Solidity. This process is automated, streamlining

the deployment workflow and ensuring that the latest version of the smart

contract is available on the blockchain.

2. Blockchain Interaction with Web3.js:

• Web3.js, integrated into the backend, acts as the bridge between the Node.js

server and the Ethereum blockchain. It facilitates the seamless interaction

required for executing functions defined in the smart contracts, such as

registering new products or verifying existing ones.

3. Business Logic Execution:

• The Node.js server, as the backend logic handler, executes the business logic

defined in the smart contracts. This includes processing product registrations,

verifying authenticity, and handling any additional functions specified in the

smart contract code.

4. Ganache Local Blockchain Setup:

• Ganache, incorporated into the backend, provides a local blockchain

environment for testing and development. The backend is configured to

connect to this local blockchain during the development phase, ensuring a

controlled and efficient testing environment.

5. Event Handling and Logging:

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 • The backend handles events emitted by the smart contracts, capturing

important transaction information and logging it for future reference. This

event handling mechanism aids in maintaining a comprehensive record of

product-related activities on the blockchain.

6. Integration with Metamask:

• Metamask integration is managed by the backend, ensuring a secure and

userfriendly connection between user wallets and the blockchain. The

backend handles communication with Metamask for transaction signing,

enhancing the security of user interactions.

7. Server-Side Validation:

• The Node.js server performs server-side validation of user inputs before

interacting with the smart contracts. This validation ensures that only valid

and properly formatted data is sent to the blockchain, enhancing the overall

integrity of the system.

8. Asynchronous Operations:

• The backend is designed to handle asynchronous operations, accommodating

the asynchronous nature of blockchain transactions. This ensures that the

system remains responsive and efficient, even when waiting for blockchain

transactions to be mined.

In summary, the backend handling of contracts in the Fake Product Identification

System is a sophisticated orchestration of technologies and functionalities. From

smart contract deployment to seamless interaction with the Ethereum blockchain, the

66
backend plays a pivotal role in ensuring the reliability, security, and efficiency of the

product identification processes.

5.3 Blockchain Handling Through Ganache

Ganache serves as a crucial tool in the development of the Fake Product

System by providing a local and controlled blockchain environment for testing.

Integrated with Truffle, Ganache facilitates a seamless development workflow,

allowing for the deployment of smart contracts to a local blockchain.

In this setup:

1. Local Blockchain Environment: Ganache creates a private blockchain on

the developer's machine, offering a controlled space for testing without

interacting with the main Ethereum network.

2. Controlled Workspace: Developers configure Ganache settings within

Truffle, ensuring a consistent and predictable testing environment with

parameters such as account balance, gas limit, and network port.

3. Smart Contract Deployment: Truffle's migration process deploys smart

contracts to the local Ganache blockchain, allowing developers to quickly test

and validate changes to the contract code.

4. Testing Scenarios: Ganache enables the simulation of different blockchain

scenarios, including transactions and contract interactions, allowing

developers to test product registration, verification, and event handling.

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 5. Quick Feedback Loop: Ganache shortens the development feedback loop by

providing a rapid environment for testing. Developers can validate changes

swiftly before deploying to the live network.

6. Blockchain Explorer: Ganache includes a built-in blockchain explorer for

visualizing blocks, transactions, and contract interactions, aiding in

understanding and debugging.

7. No Real Ether Transactions: Ganache operates locally, simulating Ether

without involving real transactions. This ensures that testing activities do not

incur real costs or impact the main Ethereum network.

In essence, Ganache's role in test blockchain handling is to enhance development

efficiency by providing a simulated yet realistic testing environment for smart

contracts in the Fake Product Identification System.

Fig 5.1: Server Implementation

5.4 CODE

Some snippets of the major part of the code are given below:

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Code: migrations.sol

Fig 5.2:migrations.sol

Code: initial_migration.js

Fig 5.3: initial_migration.js

Code: deploy_contract.js

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 Fig 5.4: deploy_contract.js

Code: products.sol

Fig 5.5: product.sol

CHAPTER 6

TESTING

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6.1 TESTING A PART OF SDLC

Testing is the process of systematically evaluating a system, application, or

component to identify any discrepancies between the expected and actual behaviour.

The primary goal of testing is to ensure that the software or system meets specified

requirements, functions correctly, and delivers the desired outcomes.

Key aspects of testing include:

1. Verification: Confirming that the product is being developed according to the

specified requirements. It involves activities such as reviews and inspections

to catch defects early in the development process.

2. Validation: Ensuring that the end product satisfies the intended use and

meets the needs of the users. This involves dynamic testing where the

software is executed to assess its behaviour.

3. Debugging: The process of identifying, isolating, and fixing defects or issues

in the software. Debugging is usually performed by developers during the

development phase.

4. Types of Testing:

• Manual Testing: Testers manually execute test cases without the use

of automated tools. It is useful for exploratory testing and usability

testing.

• Automated Testing: The use of automated tools to execute test cases.

It is efficient for repetitive and regression testing.

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 • Unit Testing: Testing individual units or components of the software

in isolation.

• Integration Testing: Assessing the interaction between integrated

components or systems.

• System Testing: Evaluating the entire system's functionality to ensure

it meets specified requirements.

• Acceptance Testing: Verifying whether the system meets user

expectations and requirements.

5. Testing Life Cycle:

• Test Planning: Defining the testing objectives, scope, and approach.

• Test Design: Creating test cases based on requirements and

specifications.

• Test Execution: Running the test cases and capturing results.

• Defect Reporting: Documenting and reporting any issues found

testing.

• Retesting: Verifying that defects reported earlier have been fixed.

• Regression Testing: Ensuring that new changes do not adversely

affect existing functionality.

6. Challenges:

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 • Incomplete Requirements: Lack of clear and complete specifications

can make testing challenging.

• Limited Resources: Constraints such as time and budget may impact

the thoroughness of testing.

• Changing Requirements: Frequent changes in requirements can pose

challenges for maintaining test cases.

6.2 EVALUATION OF THE SYSTEM

The evaluation of the Fake Product Identification System employing blockchain

technology involves a rigorous examination of its core functionalities. The accuracy

of product authenticity verification is paramount, necessitating thorough testing

across diverse product categories to ensure dependable results. Security measures,

including smart contract robustness and data protection, undergo scrutiny to

guarantee the immutability of product records and safeguard against potential threats.

Additionally, user-centric aspects such as the intuitiveness of the interface,

transparency in product traceability, and seamless integration with external systems

are pivotal considerations in evaluating the system's overall effectiveness. Feedback

from users, adherence to regulatory standards, and scalability for future

developments contribute to a holistic evaluation, ensuring the system's reliability in

combating counterfeit products and fostering trust within industries and markets.

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6.2 OUTPUT INTERFACE

Fig 6.1: Output 1

Fig 6.2: Output 2

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Fig 6.3: MetaMask

75
 SUMMARY

The Fake Product Identification System leverages cutting-edge blockchain

technology to address the pervasive issue of counterfeit products in the market. The

project employs a decentralized approach, utilizing Truffle, Ganache, Web3.js, and

Metamask to establish a secure and transparent platform for product verification. The

system's architecture involves the deployment of smart contracts written in Solidity,

facilitating tamper-proof and immutable records on the Ethereum blockchain.

To set up the system, users are guided through a comprehensive process that includes

installing required packages, configuring local blockchain environments using

Ganache, and integrating Metamask for secure wallet management. The user

interface, crafted with HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, ensures an intuitive experience

for users to register new products and verify their authenticity seamlessly.

The backend, powered by Node.js, manages smart contract deployment, blockchain

interaction through Web3.js, and handles business logic execution. The integration of

Metamask enhances security, while Ganache provides a controlled testing

environment for quick feedback during development. The system prioritizes accuracy

in authenticity verification, robust security measures, and a user-friendly interface.

The evaluation of the system encompasses several crucial aspects, including

accuracy in product verification, robust security measures, user-friendliness,

transparency, and traceability. The system's integration with external technologies,

speed, costeffectiveness, regulatory compliance, user feedback, and scalability for

future developments are also key considerations.

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 REFERENCES

[1] A Blockchain-Based Fake Product Identification System - Yasmeen

Dabbagh; Reem Khoja; Leena AlZahrani; Ghada AlShowaier; Nidal Nasser

[2] Fast-HotStuff: A Fast and Robust BFT Protocol for Blockchains -

Mohammad Jalalzai, Chen Feng, Jianyu Niu, Fangyu Gai

[3] AChecker: Statically Detecting Smart Contract Access Control

Vulnerabilities - Asem Ghaleb, Karthik Pattabiraman, Julia Rubin

[4] Trade in fake goods is now 3.3% of world trade and rising, March

2019, [online] Available: https://www.oecd.org/newsroom/trade-in-fake-

goods-isnow-33-of-world-trade-and-rising.html.

[5] E. Segran, The volume of the problem is astonishing ‘: Amazon's

battle against fakes may be too little too late, May 2021, [online] Available:

https://www.fastcompany.com/90636859/the-volume-of-the-problem-

isastonishing-amazons-battle-against-fakes-may-be-too-little-too-late.

[6] Nearly 1 in 10 EU Consumers Have Mistakenly Purchased a

Counterfeit Product Over the Past Year Per Report, June 2021, [online]

Available:

https://www.thefashionlaw.com/nearly-1-in-10-eu-consumers-

havemistakenly-bought-a-counterfeit-product-over-the-past-year-per-report/.

[7] IBM Training. IBM, IBM Corporation, 2018-2019.

[8] W. Viriyasitavat and D. Hoonsopon, "Blockchain characteristics and

consensus in modern business processes", Journal of Industrial Information

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Integration, pp. 32-39, 2019.

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