See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/380010739

Water-Saving Dyeing Process: A Sustainable Approach for Exhaust

Dyeing of Cotton Fabric

Article · June 2023

DOI: 10.59383/bjft.2023.8001

CITATIONS READS
0 46

4 authors, including:

Md. Reza Ul Hoque M. Abdul Jalil

BGMEA University of Fashion & Technology BGMEA University of Fashion & Technology
2 PUBLICATIONS 0 CITATIONS 25 PUBLICATIONS 186 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Shahin Hossain
BGMEA University of Fashion & Technology
34 PUBLICATIONS 396 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Md. Reza Ul Hoque on 30 July 2024.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

BJFT 2023 Volume 8: 07-20 Md. Reza-Ul-Hoque 2023

Water-Saving Dyeing Process: A Sustainable Approach for Exhaust

Dyeing of Cotton Fabric
Md. Reza-Ul-Hoque1, M. Abdul Jalil2*, Shahin Hossain3 and Ayub Nabi Khan4

Abstract
The global demand for water conservation and sustainability in textile manufacturing is
imperative in addressing the scarcity of fresh water and environmental pollution. This study
introduces an innovative water-saving process for exhaust dyeing of cotton fabrics with
reactive dyes, without compromising the dyeing quality or requiring extra investments.
Traditional textile dyeing practices consume approximately 120 liters of fresh water per
kilogram of cotton fabric, contributing to environmental degradation. In this research, a
process modification is proposed that recycles water used for neutralization and rinsing at
the second step of the dyeing process. This recycled water is utilized in the fourth step,
effectively reducing the total water consumption to 104 liters per kilogram of fabric, thus
saving 16 liters per kilogram without any additional investment. The dyed fabrics produced
using this water-saving process exhibit excellent colorfastness, matching the quality of
conventionally dyed textiles. The color fastness to light, washing, rubbing, and perspiration
meets international standards. CMC tests indicate no significant differences compared to the
existing dyeing process. Implementing this eco-friendly approach can not only significantly
reduce water consumption and wastewater generation but also diminish the need for costly
water treatment and effluent management facilities. This research paves the way for cleaner
production in the textile industry, promoting water conservation, reducing environmental
pollution, and minimizing production costs.
Keywords: Exhaust Dyeing, Sustainable, Water-saving, Reactive Dye, Cotton fabric

1. Introduction
Fresh water is considered as a vital resource for all lives on the Earth, playing a
crucial role in supporting human well-being, ecosystems, and the overall health of our

1 Square Fashion Ltd, Jamirdia, Habirbari, Bhaluka, Mymensingh 2240, Bangladesh

2 Department of Natural Science, BGMEA University of Fashion and Technology (BUFT), Dhaka 1230,
Bangladesh
3 Department of Environmental Science, BGMEA University of Fashion and Technology (BUFT), Dhaka 1230,

Bangladesh
4 Department of Textile Engineering, BGMEA University of Fashion and Technology (BUFT), Dhaka 1230,

Bangladesh
*
Corresponding author email: [email protected] (M. A. Jalil)
https://doi.org/10.59383/bjft.2023.8001
7
BJFT 2023 Volume 8: 07-20 Md. Reza-Ul-Hoque 2023

planet. As a finite and increasingly scarce resource, understanding and prioritizing the
importance of fresh water has become a burning issue in addressing global challenges
such as scarcity of water, pollution, and climate change [Dudgeon et al. 2006;
Vörösmarty et al. 2010].
Freshwater ecosystems, including rivers, lakes, wetlands, and groundwater systems,
harbor a remarkable diversity of species and provide numerous ecological services.
These ecosystems support fish populations, regulate water flow and quality, recharge
groundwater reserves, and provide habitats for various flora and fauna. The
degradation and loss of freshwater ecosystems have far-reaching consequences,
affecting biodiversity, ecological stability, and the provision of essential ecosystem
services. Conservation and sustainable management of freshwater resources are
essential for maintaining the health and resilience of ecosystems.
Fresh water is intricately linked to climate change, both as a driver and as a
vulnerable component of the Earth's system. Rising global temperatures alter
precipitation patterns, leading to increased frequency and intensity of droughts,
floods, and extreme weather events [IPCC 2014]. These changes significantly impact
water availability, water quality, and ecosystem functioning. Adapting to climate
change and mitigating its effects on freshwater resources require proactive measures
such as water resource management, conservation, and the development of climate-
resilient infrastructure [UN-Water 2020].
The textile industry plays a significant role in the global economy, providing
employment opportunities and meeting the growing demand for clothing and other
textile products. However, this industry is also known for its intensive water
consumption and environmental impact, particularly in the dyeing process [Prakash et
al. 2019]. Reactive dyes, commonly used for dyeing fabrics due to their excellent
color fastness and compatibility with various fiber types. However, conventional
textile dyeing practices require substantial amounts of water, energy, and chemicals,
leading to water pollution and depletion of freshwater resources. About 120 litters of
fresh water are required to dye 1 Kg of cotton fabrics which is huge and alarming. An
average-sized textile mill with a capacity of 8 tons/day usually consumes about 1.6
million liters of water per day [Allègre et al. 2006]. Apart from that, the effluents
produced from reactive dyeing are relatively heavily colored, contain high
concentrations of salt, alkali and exhibit high BOD/COD values. [Erswell et al. 1988;
Cooper 1995; Hachem et al. 2001].

8
BJFT 2023 Volume 8: 07-20 Md. Reza-Ul-Hoque 2023

Therefore, implementing water-saving processes in reactive dyeing is crucial for

reducing the industry's water footprint and promoting sustainable practices [Bhanu
Prakash et al. 2020; Hossain et al. 2022]. To address these challenges and promote
sustainability, innovative techniques such as water-saving dyeing processes have
emerged as a promising solution.
Researchers are constantly striving to develop greener methods for reactive dyeing of
cotton. One of the approaches is to use supercritical carbon dioxide instead of water
[Fernandez et al. 2005; Wang & Hu 2014]. However, the nonpolar supercritical
carbon dioxide cannot effectively swell up highly polar cotton fibers leading to low
dye uptake and poor color shade [Fernandez et al. 2007]. In addition, the supercritical
carbon dioxide dyeing process is expensive because it requires high pressure, which
greatly limits its application. Cationic modification of cotton fibers is another method
that improves dye absorption and reduces salt consumption [Hauser et al. 2001].
However, a large number of cationic auxiliaries is required, which causes additional
pollution of the wastewater. Organic solvent dyeing has received considerable
attention in recent years. Since a single non-nucleophilic organic solvent cannot
effectively swell up cotton fibers, polar - non-polar systems have been developed
such as N, N-dimethylacetamide/dimethyl carbonate, ethyl octanoate/dimethyl
sulfoxide, etc., Ethyl octanoate (EO)/dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to reduce the
hydrolysis of reactive dyes [Chen et al. 2015; Zhao et al. 2018]. However, achieving
zero emissions of organic solvents is difficult. Similarly, Decamethylcyclopen
tasiloxane (D5)-water system, oil-water system and ethanol-water system have also
been tested to achieve the aim of clean cotton dyeing. [Fu et al. 2015; Mu et al. 2019;
Xia et al. 2021]. The dye and D5 can realize salt-free cotton dyeing by ball-milling
and reverse micellar. However, cotton dyeing in ball-milling and micellar dyeing
systems are not satisfactory because of rapid dyeing where dye fixation is low.
Furthermore, D5 is not biodegradable which may cause environmental concerns
[Sparham et al. 2008].
The present study aims to provide a water-saving process for dyeing the cotton fabric
with reactive dyes by exhaust dyeing process. The cotton fabrics dyed through this
process exhibited excellent colorfastness and color matching similar to that of the
existing dyeing process. This dyeing approach provides substantial reduction in
wastewater emission and consumption of freshwater, which has considerable
potential for promoting cleaner production in the textile industry. At the same time
the process allows no use of citric acid further that is needed for neutralizing the dye
bath at the 3rd step. By adopting these water-saving strategies, textile manufacturers

9
BJFT 2023 Volume 8: 07-20 Md. Reza-Ul-Hoque 2023

can not only contribute to water conservation but also reduce wastewater generation
and associated pollution. Simultaneously, it can also reduce the cost by reducing the
ETP load.
2. Experimental Section
2.1 Materials
Cotton fabric: A commercially scoured and bleached ready-to-dye organic cotton
fabric (100%, Single Jersey, 160 GSM) was used. The fabric was free of fluorescent
brightener. It was tested and found to have an absorbency of 1 sec (AATCC 79 –
1995), pH extract of 8.2 and a CIE whiteness index of 78.6.
2.2 Dye Specifications:
Dyes type Reactive (Cold brand, Bi functional); Supplier: CHT Switzerland AG;
Origin: Germany. The chemical structure of the dye is presented in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. Bezaktive Red S-3B

2.3 Dye Recipe
Table 1. Recipe for Reactive Dyeing.
Auxiliaries Trade name Dosses Brand Name Origin
Mild Acid Citric Acid 0.5 g/l Trade Asia Int. Singapore
Detergent Rucogen WBL 0.5 g/l Rudolf Group Germany
Anti-creasing
Oxinol A24 1 g/l Oxford Australia
Agent
Levelling Agent Lubrimax TEL 1 g/l Oxford Australia
Electrolyte Salt (Na2SO4) 40 g/l Lenzing Indonesia
Alkali Soda Ash (Na2CO3) 20 g/l Nirma Indonesia
10
BJFT 2023 Volume 8: 07-20 Md. Reza-Ul-Hoque 2023

Alkali Caustic (NaOH) 2 g/l Arabian Alkali KSA

Shade % Bezaktive Red S-3B 3% CHT Switzerland Germany
Fixing Agent Fastasol RD 2 g/l Oxford Australia
Soaping Agent Winscour RDC 2 g/l Oxford Australia
Softener Sapamine CWS 3 g/l Huntsman Germany
2.4 Dyeing process
The dyeing process was carried out experimentally in Hamza Washing and Garment
Dyeing Plant (DBL-GROUP), Bangladesh in a small scale (500 gm of cotton in each
batch). The dyeing process was same as the existing process. However, here only the
amount of water that used for neutralization and rinsing purpose (8 + 8 = 16 L/Kg
fabric)) at the 2nd step is stored and reused for neutralization and rinsing purpose at
the 4th step.
In the existing exhaust dyeing process, there are 7 steps from scouring to softening.
Sequentially these are scouring/bleaching, neutralization, dyeing, neutralization,
soaping, fixing and softening. Each of these steps needs 1 or 2 rinse/s and the whole
process needs 15 times water use. Each time 8 L water is needed for one kilogram of
fabric. So, a total 120 L of water is needed for dyeing one kilogram of fabric. The
flowchart of the whole process is depicted in the Scheme 1. and the process steps are
stated below:

Scheme 1. Flowchart of the present reactive dyeing Process

In the 1st step, scouring and bleaching are performed in the same bath. The pH is kept
at 12 and the temperature of the bath is maintained at 95°C, where the following
11
BJFT 2023 Volume 8: 07-20 Md. Reza-Ul-Hoque 2023

chemicals are used: detergent, caustic soda (NaOH), soda Ash (Na2CO3), hydrogen
peroxide (H2O2). Total operational time is 50 minutes. After completing this step,
bath water is dropped to drain. Then the fabric is washed with clean hot water at 80°C
for 5 minutes and another wash is done at room temperature for 5 minutes. After that
the bath water is dropped to drain.
In the 2nd step, citric acid is used to neutralized the pH of the fabric at 40°C for 10
minutes. After that the bath water is dropped to drain. Then a cold wash is done at
room temperature for 5 minutes then used water is dropped to drain. However, in the
present process, the water that is needed for neutralization and rinse purpose, stored
in a separate bath for reusing in the 4th step without draining.
In the 3rd step, the dyeing of fabric is done with auxiliaries. The chemicals used in this
step are: leveling agent, anti-creasing agent, salt (Na2SO4) as electrolyte, Bezaktive
Red S3B as dye stuff of 3%, caustic soda and soda ash to give an alkaline medium at
pH 12. Fabric is treated with this recipe for 60 minutes at 60°C. Then the water of dye
bath is dropped to drain and successively two washes are done with clean water. One
is hot wash at 80°C for 5 minutes and another is cold wash for 5 minutes at room
temperature. After completing of each wash, the bath water is dropped to drain.
In the 4th step, the pH of dye bath becomes highly alkaline and needs to minimize the
pH level. For this purposed citric acid is used. However, reusing the stored water of
the 2nd step can serve this purpose, no need any citric acid for adjusting the pH. The
stored water is used for neutralization and rinsing purpose at this step.
In the 5th step, to remove unfix/hydrolyzed dyes the fabric was treated with soaping
agent at 50°C temperature for 5 minutes and then one cold wash at room temperature.
In the 6th step, fabric was treated with dye fixing agent at 50°C for 5 minutes and then
one cold wash at room temperature.
Finally, softening process is done to the fabric with softener for 5 minutes at room
temperature.
In this exhaust dyeing process, total process steps are seven and total rinse steps are
eight. For every steps water needed 8 liter per kilogram of fabrics. So total water
required for 15 steps was 120 liters. But we used total 104 liters water and 16 liters
water were reused within same dyeing batch. So, water saved total 16 liters and also
the mild Citric acid was saved.

12
BJFT 2023 Volume 8: 07-20 Md. Reza-Ul-Hoque 2023

2.5 Measurements
The color fastness to light (Xenon arc fading lamp test) of dyed fabric was measured
according to the ISO 105 B02:2014 by light fastness tester and assessment of the
change in color of the specimen was done using grey scale ISO 105-A02. Three
exposure cycles were performed under 3 different conditions. 1 st cycle: humidity =
40%, BST = 47±3°C, BPT = 45±3°C, blue wool 5 to gray scale 4; 2 nd cycle: humidity
=15% BST = 62±3°C, BPT = 60±3°C, blue wool 6 to grey scale 3-4; 3rd cycle:
humidity = 85%, BST = 42±3°C, BPT = 40±3°C, blue wool 3 to grey scale 4.
The color fastness to washing of dyed fabrics was conducted according to ISO-105-
CO1. The sample is treated in a wash wheel with a thermostatically controlled water
bath and rating speed of (40±2) RPM for 30 minutes at (40±2) °C with 5gm/l
standard soap. The change and staining of color due to washing were assessed by
comparing the untreated fabric with the treated fabric samples with respect to the
rating of color change and color staining in grey scale (1 – 5).
The color fastness to rubbing was measured according to ISO 105 × 2 L: 2002 by
Rubbing Fastness Tester (Crock Master: Macro Rub, Germany). The color staining to
rubbing on fabric was assessed by measuring the contrast between the treated and
untreated white rubbing cloth with the grey scale and rated 1-5.
The color fastness to perspiration (both in acidic and alkaline media) was measured
according to the AATCC15:2013 by perspiration tester. The color change and
staining were assessed in gray scale (1 – 5). The CMC tests were performed under
standardized and controlled lighting conditions against D65, T83 and T84 light.
3. Results and Discussion
The research focuses on addressing the complex issues of water use and pollution in
the textile industry, with a specific emphasis on the dyeing process. Conventional
dyeing in the textile sector, particularly with reactive dyes, has long been associated
with significant water consumption, environmental impacts and depletion of
freshwater resources. The alarming statistics of about 120 liters of fresh water needed
to dye 1 kg of cotton fabric highlights the urgency for sustainable alternatives.
However, still now the conventional dyeing process is widely employed for dyeing
the cotton fabrics with reactive dyes because it is relatively cheaper than the recently
developed greener methods. Most of the factory owners are reluctant to invest extra
money for adopting the new advanced techniques or they don’t have the ability to do
so. Considering the present scenario of the textile industries, this study is focused on

13
BJFT 2023 Volume 8: 07-20 Md. Reza-Ul-Hoque 2023

exploring a way to reduce the amount of water in dyeing process within the existing
machinery setup and by avoiding any further investment.
It is a matter of great concern that many textile factories in South East Asia regions
have been discharging the effluents into the rivers or water body without doing proper
treatments of the effluents despite the standards are set for major physicochemical
parameters of textile effluents by the concerned departments. As a result, significant
deviations from the standard values are observed in many cases. This study proposes
a water-saving approach through an exhaust dyeing process, which aims to reduce
water consumption without compromising the quality of dyed fabrics.
The exhaust dyeing process, conducted in a small-scale experimental setup, has
successfully demonstrated a substantial reduction in water consumption. By
strategically reusing the water used for neutralization and rinsing purposes in step 4 in
step 2, the study achieved a significant reduction from the conventional 120 liters to
104 liters per kilogram of fabric (Scheme 1). This 13% reduction in water
consumption per unit of fabric indicates a promising step towards producing cleaner
and more sustainable textiles.
The performance of the proposed dyeing process was evaluated through various
parameters, including colorfastness to light, washing, rubbing and perspiration.
Results of various tests are presented in Table 2 (Color fastness to light, washing and
rubbing), Table 3 (Color fastness to perspiration) and Table 4 (CMC tests):
Table 2. Color fastness to light, washing and rubbing
Standard Sample-1 Sample-2 Sample-3 Sample-4
Light:
5 4-5 4-5 4-5 5
Washing:
5 4-5 4-5 4-5 5
Rubbing:
Dry 5 4-5 4-5 4-5 5
Wet 4-5 3 4 3-4 4

14
BJFT 2023 Volume 8: 07-20 Md. Reza-Ul-Hoque 2023

Table 3. Color fastness to perspiration

Color Change Color Staining
Wool Acrylic Polyester Nylon Cotton Di-
acetate
Acidic Medium:
Standard 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Sample-1 4-5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Sample-2 4-5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Sample-3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Sample-4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Alkaline Medium:
Standard 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Sample-1 4-5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Sample-2 4-5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Sample-3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Sample-4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

Table 4. CMC tests

At D65 Light:
Samples Decision DE DL Da Db Dc DH Metamerism
Sample-1 Passed 0.29 -0.27 -0.51 -0.32 -0.53 -0.29 -
Sample-2 Passed 0.30 -0.05 -0.39 -0.52 -0.42 -0.49 -
Sample-3 Passed 0.42 -0.51 -0.82 -0.59 -0.80 -0.41 -
Sample-4 Passed 0.60 -0.59 -1.12 -0.63 -1.16 -0.56 -
At T84 Light:
Sample-1 Passed 0.37 -0.39 -0.55 -0.47 -0.62 -0.38 0.17
Sample-2 Passed 0.37 -0.13 -0.38 -0.61 -0.46 -0.55 0.11
Sample-3 Passed 0.38 -0.24 -0.62 -0.57 -0.49 -0.43 0.26
15
BJFT 2023 Volume 8: 07-20 Md. Reza-Ul-Hoque 2023

Sample-4 Passed 0.52 -0.56 -0.82 -0.60 -0.89 -0.47 0.29

At T83 Light:
Sample-1 Passed 0.32 -0.35 -0.36 -0.48 -0.50 -0.34 0.18
Sample-2 Passed 0.37 -0.12 -0.34 -0.66 -0.53 -0.52 0.18
Sample-3 Passed 0.45 -0.27 -0.79 -0.87 -0.52 -0.46 0.27
Sample-4 Passed 0.71 -0.79 -1.16 -0.98 -1.41 -0.56 0.23

The dyed cotton fabric exhibits excellent colorfastness under various conditions,
confirming the effectiveness of the proposed water-saving dyeing process. Light color
fastness was evaluated by xenon arc fading lamp test, which revealed consistent
results across three exposure cycles with varying humidity and temperature
conditions. Wash coloration, evaluated according to ISO-105-CO1, showed no
significant change or staining of the fabric after exposure to washing wheels with
standard soaps. Moreover, color fastness measured by ISO 105 × 2 L: 2002, gray
scale treated fabric showed minimal color staining with favorable scoring. The results
show that the dyed fabrics maintain excellent color fastness under various conditions,
comparable to those achieved by conventional dyeing processes. The use of reactive
dyes in advanced processes ensures vibrant and durable colors in cotton fabrics.
These results highlight the feasibility of achieving sustainable dyeing practices
without compromising color stability.
The economic feasibility of the proposed water-saving method is an important factor
for its adoption in the textile industry. The results indicate that the improved process
not only conserves water but also leads to potential cost savings by reducing the load
on Effluent Treatment Plants (ETPs). Water reuse in the dyeing process reduces
wastewater generation, leading to the dual benefits of environmental sustainability
and economic efficiency.
The proposed water-saving dyeing process addresses the limitations of alternative
methods such as supercritical carbon dioxide and organic solvent dyeing. Unlike
nonpolar supercritical carbon dioxide, which struggles with dye adsorption on highly
polar cotton fibers, the extraction dyeing process exhibits effective dye uptake.
Furthermore, the cost-effectiveness of the proposed method, in contrast to the
expensive supercritical carbon dioxide process, increases its practicality for
widespread application in the textile industry.

16
BJFT 2023 Volume 8: 07-20 Md. Reza-Ul-Hoque 2023

Cationic modification and organic solvent dyeing, while offering improved dye
absorption, pose additional pollution related challenges and difficulties in achieving
zero emissions of organic solvents. In contrast, the extraction dyeing process of the
present study stands out as an environmentally friendly alternative, reducing the need
for citric acid and reducing wastewater generation. The simplicity and efficiency of
the method make it a promising solution for sustainable textile dyeing.
The water-saving dyeing process presented in this study holds significant promise for
textile manufacturing practices. By reducing water consumption, reducing waste
water production and reducing reliance on chemical additives, textile manufacturers
can contribute significantly to environmental conservation. This innovation aligns
with the global push towards sustainable and environmentally friendly industrial
processes. Further research and industrial adoption of this approach could have huge
positive impacts, both ecologically and economically.
The improved water-saving dyeing process provides a practical and sustainable
solution for the textile industry, which addresses the pressing issues of water scarcity,
pollution and environmental impacts associated with conventional dyeing practices.
The promising results of the color fastness test, along with the potential for significant
water savings, position this method as a valuable contribution to the ongoing efforts
to produce cleaner and greener textiles.
4. Conclusion
In response to the urgent global challenges of water scarcity, pollution and
environmental sustainability, this study introduces a water-saving extraction dyeing
process for cotton fabrics using reactive dyes. The importance of freshwater
resources, intricately linked to climate change and vital to sustaining ecosystems,
emphasizes the critical need for innovative and sustainable practices in industries that
contribute to water depletion, such as the textile sector.
The developed exhaust dyeing process has demonstrated a significant reduction in
water consumption, from the conventional 120 liters to 104 liters per kilogram of
fabric. By strategically reusing water during the neutralization and rinsing steps, this
method not only conserves freshwater resources but also minimizes wastewater
production, contributing to cleaner production and reducing environmental impact.
Color fastness evaluation demonstrated that the dyed cotton fabrics maintained
excellent color fastness under various conditions, confirming the effectiveness of the
proposed dyeing method. Unlike some existing techniques that face challenges such
as high cost, excess pollution and limited environmental compatibility, the extraction
17
BJFT 2023 Volume 8: 07-20 Md. Reza-Ul-Hoque 2023

dyeing process presented here emerges as a sustainable alternative. The method

avoids the problems of non-biodegradable solvents and excessive chemical
auxiliaries, providing a practical solution for textile manufacturers aiming to balance
economic efficiency with environmental responsibility.
A comparison with other green dyeing methods, including supercritical carbon
dioxide and organic solvent systems, highlights the efficiency and cost-effectiveness
of the improved process. The simplicity of the proposed method, combined with its
positive environmental impact, positions it as a promising candidate for widespread
adoption in the textile industry.
The study not only addresses specific challenges posed by water-intensive practices
in the textile industry but also aligns with broader global efforts toward sustainable
development. By significantly reducing water requirements, minimizing chemical use
and maintaining high color fastness, this method represents a real step towards
achieving cleaner and more responsible textile production. The potential impact of
this innovation extends beyond the laboratory, offering a path for textile
manufacturers to contribute meaningfully to the conservation of freshwater resources
and the overall well-being of our planet. Further research, industry collaboration and
implementation of these approaches could pave the way for a more sustainable future
for the textile sector.
References
Allègre, C., et al., Treatment and reuse of reactive dyeing effluents. Journal of
Membrane Science, 2006. 269(1–2): p. 15-34.
Bhanu Prakash KN, et al. (2020). Sustainable dyeing technologies for textiles: A
review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 266, 122069.
Chen L., et al. (2015) Comprehensive Study on Cellulose Swelling for Completely
Recyclable Nonaqueous Reactive Dyeing, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 54(9), 2439-
2446
Cooper, P., S.o. Dyers, and Colourists, Colour in dyehouse effluent. 1995: Society of
Dyers and Colourists.
Dudgeon, D., et al. (2006). Freshwater biodiversity: importance, threats, status, and
conservation challenges. Biological Reviews, 81(2), 163-182. doi:10.1017/
S1464793105006950

18
BJFT 2023 Volume 8: 07-20 Md. Reza-Ul-Hoque 2023

Erswell, A., C.J. Brouckaert, and C.A. Buckley, The reuse of reactive dye liquors
using charged ultrafiltration membrane technology. Desalination, 1988. 70(1–3):
p. 157-167.
Fernandez Cid, et al. (2007). A significant approach to dye cotton in supercritical
carbon dioxide with fluorotriazine reactive dyes, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 40(3), 477-
484
Fernandez Cid, et al. (2005). Excellent dye fixation on cotton dyed in supercritical
carbon dioxide using fluorotriazine reactive dyes, Green Chem., 2005, 7, 609–
616
Fu C., et al. (2015). A non-aqueous dyeing process of reactive dye on cotton, The
Journal of The Textile Institute 106(2), 152–161
Hachem, C., et al., Decolourization of textile industry wastewater by the
photocatalytic degradation process. Dyes and Pigments, 2001. 49(2): p. 117-125.
Hauser P. J., et al. (2001). Improving the environmental and economic aspects of
cotton dyeing using a cationised cotton, Color. Technol., 117, 283
Hossain MS, et al. (2022). Sustainable approaches to water usage in textile dyeing: A
review. Journal of Environmental Management, 308, 112248
IPCC (2014). Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working
Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer
(eds.)]. 151 pp
Mu B., et al. (2019). A semi-stable emulsion using cottonseed oil for high dyeing
quality and minimum discharges, Journal of Cleaner Production, 236, 117566
Prakash C., et al. (2019). Water footprint in textile industry: A review. Journal of
Cleaner Production, 219, 490-505.
Sparham C., et al. (2008). Determination of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane in river
water and final effluent by headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry,
Journal of Chromatography A 1212(1-2), 124-9
UN-Water (2020). United Nations World Water Development Report 2020: Water
and Climate Change, Paris, UNESCO.
Vörösmarty C. J., et al. (2010). Global threats to human water security and river
biodiversity Nature 467, 555–561. doi:10.1038/nature09549
19
 BJFT 2023 Volume 8: 07-20 Md. Reza-Ul-Hoque 2023

Wang, C., & Hu, J. (2014). Supercritical carbon dioxide dyeing technology and its
environmental benefits. Textile Research Journal, 84(12), 1259-1269
Xia L., et al. (2021). Eco-friendly dyeing of raw cotton fibers in an ethanol–water
mixture without scouring and bleaching pretreatments, Green Chem., 2021,23,
796-807
Zhao et al. (2018). A heterogeneous binary solvent system for recyclable reactive
dyeing of cotton fabrics, Cellulose 25, 7381–7392

20

View publication stats