ENG631

Distributed Power System and

Microgrid Planning and Reliability

Reliability in Renewable-rich Microgrid

 Microgrid Reliability Evaluation

It can be observed that the Reliability of the above microgrid system depends on
the availability of renewable energy resources such as solar irradiation, required
wind speed, and the availability of equipment such as solar panel and wind turbine
in a healthy state.
 System Adequacy Modeling

The system's reliability at any point in time is determined by the availability of the
components that are engaging in operation at that time. Thus, the hourly reliability
value of MG is calculated by determining which energy providers supply electricity at
the current time. The variable renewable energy resources WT, solar PV diesel power
generator (DPG), and BESS operate in parallel in this MG architecture, while the MG
distribution network operates in series.

Microgrids are an emerging technology that supports renewable energy integration.

However, due to the intermittent and uncertain nature of renewable energy resources,
the reliability of the MG system can sometimes be poor and vulnerable. The MG
system's criticality is to ensure system reliability at a required level
 System Adequacy Modeling

To evaluate the LOLP of a SMG system, modelling and simulation of hourly power
generation using the availability of energy resources such as solar irradiation and
wind speed are typically used. Analytical techniques use mathematical models to
represent the system to calculate reliability indices based on probability theory
solutions. In general, these techniques are used to calculate the average values of such
indices. However, an average value provides no information about the variability of
the reliability index. The probability distributions are used to overcome this and
account for the variability inherent in the reliability index.

The simulation procedure for the load and the availability of energy resources should
realistically represent their time-varying behavior as well as any correlation between
them
 System Adequacy Modeling

Load demand typically has peak and off-peak demand hours; however, using average
demand for a day does not capture the fluctuations in load demand. The hourly power
generation from renewable energy resources such as solar PV and WT is directly
dependent on hourly climate data such as solar irradiation and wind speed. As a
result, the calculation of solar irradiation has a direct impact on a power system’s
reliability.

Many researchers assumed the solar irradiation data from last year is equivalent to the
present year and the future years as well. Weather parameters not only change
momentarily, but also change between years (e.g climate change). To illustrate this,
solar irradiation of a particular hour in January 2021 and the same hour in January
2022 may have different values. Therefore, when evaluating the system reliability and
considering an operational lifespan of 20 to 25 years, it is important to include the
expected fluctuation in weather parameters, using appropriate statistical models.
 Modelling of PV Generation

The weather data such as solar radiation and ambient temperature are the important
parameters to calculate the generated power by the solar PV. In solar PV studies, the
output power is determined by analyzing the current-voltage characteristics. The
characteristics are usually determined by the following equations
 Modelling of PV Generation

where the radiation level is s; the ambient temperature is TA; Tc is the cell
temperature in degrees Celsius; I refers to the short-circuit current of the solar PV
module in amperes; KI indicates the temperature factor of the short-circuit current in
terms of an ampere per Celsius degree; V represents the open-circuit voltage in V;
and Kv is the open-circuit voltage temperature factor. The fill factor FF depends on
the material of the PV cell, which can be calculated by the following equation

where VMPP and IMPP represent voltage and current in the maximum power point
respectively; VOC is the open-circuit voltage; ISC refers to short-circuit current, and
N is the number of modules. These values are usually provided by the manufacturer
of the equipment in their specifications
Solar Power Curve
Modelling of Wind Power Generation

0, 0 < 𝑣𝑣 < 𝑣𝑣𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐−𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑘𝑘 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 , 𝑣𝑣𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐−𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 < 𝑣𝑣 < 𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑃𝑃𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 =
𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 , 𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 < 𝑣𝑣 < 𝑣𝑣𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐−𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
0, 0 < 𝑣𝑣 < 𝑣𝑣𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐−𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑎𝑎 = 3 3
𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 − 𝑣𝑣𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐−𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
Prated - rated power
V cut-in - cut-in wind speed
3
V cut-out - cut-out wind speed
vcut−in
b= 3 3 vrated - rated wind speed
vrated − vcut−out
v- actual wind speed
Wind Power Curve
Modelling of Battery Energy Storage System

To simulate the battery storage system, the excess power and power deficit of the
MG system must be calculated for each hour. The excess power available in the
MG system is utilized to charge the battery, and the remaining excess power will
be curtailed. To reduce the complexity of this research, BESS is modeled simply
using excess and deficit energy together with the installed capacity.

Where 𝑃𝑃𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖
, 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 , 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 , 𝑃𝑃𝐷𝐷𝑖𝑖 , 𝑃𝑃𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖 , 𝑃𝑃𝑁𝑁, 𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿, represents the ith hour wind power generation, solar
𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖

PV power generation, total renewable power generation, diesel power generation,

excess power, required power, and load demand respectively
Modelling of Battery Energy Storage System

The first equation represents the total renewable power generation during ith hour,
which is equal to sum of power generation from PV, and WT during ith hour. The
second equation depicts the excess power during ith hour, which is obtained by
subtracting load demand from sum of total renewable power generation and diesel
back-up power generation. The third equation represents required power during ith
hour.
Load Modelling

The objective of load modeling is to develop simple mathematical models to

approximate load behaviors. Load modeling is essential to power system analysis,
planning, and control. The uncertainty and difficulty of load modeling comes from
the large number of diverse load components, time-varying and weather-dependent
compositions, and the lack of measurements and detailed load information.

Load models can be classified into two broad categories: static and dynamic models,
while there are two types of approaches to identify model parameters: measurement-
based and component-based.
Component based modelling is based on the knowledge of physical behaviors of
loads and mathematical relations that describe the functioning of load devices.

Measurement-based modeling collects measurements from data acquisition

equipment to derive load characteristics. The main advantage is that this approach
directly obtains the data from the actual network, and this can be applied to any
load. However, a developed model at one network location may not be applicable to
other locations.
Load Modelling

Load modeling has received more attention in recent years because of the
renewable integration, demand-side management, and smart metering devices.

The above load model is that sample of a measurement-based load model of a

suburb. This load model is modelled by using the hourly load demand data from
Aberdeen substation in New South Wales.
Loss of Load Calculation

In each hour, a loss of load (LOL) event occurs if the resource unavailability is
encountered. To illustrate, the LOL happens when the total power from renewable
energy, power from a diesel generator, and stored power in the battery during the
end of the previous hour is less than the power demand of the present hour.
Loss of Load Calculation

In each hour, a loss of load (LOL) event occurs if the resource unavailability is
encountered. To illustrate, the LOL happens when the total power from renewable
energy, power from a diesel generator, and stored power in the battery during the
end of the previous hour is less than the power demand of the present hour.
Reliability Risk Matrices

LOL is used when the planner is concerned about the potential loss of load events
in a single day during the lifespan of the project. Therefore, the LOLF is calculated
by counting the loss of load occurrence in the simulation of the actual project,
usually simulation with hourly data. LOLP is the probability of the system hourly
demand exceeding the available generation capacity during a given period